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| | Progress Of Liberal Ideas |
 | | Poland, which had been given to Russia by the Congress of Vienna, rose as one man. It had been made a Constitutional Kingdom, attached to Russia, with an administration of its own; its name and language were preserved, and a charter was granted containing a large measure of freedom for the people. |
 | | The rude, energetic, and cruel Grand Duke Constantine, brother of the Emperor Alexander, was Military Governor. |
 | | The greatest cruelty, extortion, and peculation were practiced by the Russian officials, and the accession of Nicholas as Czar (1825), a stern wielder of despotic authority, did not mend matters. |
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