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Topic: Constantine Phaulkon

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	PHAULKON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phaulkon amassed enormous wealth, and during the height of his career he exercised incredible power while living in opulence, for much of the period at Lopburi.
		The interior glory has, however, vanished for the most part, but the Throne Hall, was reputedly ablaze with mirrors from France, the nation which "was mainly responsible for such imported amenities of life as existed in Siam at the end of the 17th century," in the words of one historian.
		In favouring the French, Phaulkon was initially simply pursuing earlier policies as, in 1680, Narai had sent a first Siamese mission to Paris, though it never arrived and was presumably lost at sea.
	www.stormpages.com /miliaresis/siam.htm (3024 words)

	simply-thai.com-King Narai and the Falcon of Siam
		At his height of power, Phaulkon's life style was magnificent two palaces, a personal, bodyguard of twenty European mercenaries, an extravagant dinner table, wine to and annual value of over 14,000 crowns and everyone, except the French, having to crawl before him.
		Phaulkon gave loyal service to King Narai but he failed to see that what was good for himself was not necessarily good for the King or the Siamese people.
		The ruins of Constantine Phaulkon's palace, at Lopburi, may be visited and are a reminder that Thailand has never been colonized either by a foreign power or a foreign individual.
	www.simply-thai.com /Thailand_History_Ayutthaya_Period_9.htm (1255 words)

	Constantine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constantine Maroulis finalist on the television show American Idol.
		The Constantines are an indie rock band from Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
		Constantine is a movie based on the comic book Hellblazer whose main character is called John Constantine.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constantine (154 words)

	Wikipedia: Narai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1675 the greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon came to Ayutthaya and started working for the royal court.
		Paired with the xenophobic prejudice it made Phaulkon a controversial person - he is still controversial amoung historians today.
		However when Narai became terminally ill, his old foster brother Petraja started a coup d'état and killed both Mom Pi as well as Phaulkon, and leaving Narai to die with the knowledge that his power has slipped away.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/n/na/narai.html (276 words)

	Constantine Phaulkon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Constantine Phaulkon (born Constantinos Gerakis, often short Phaulkon) (1647 - June 5, 1688) was a Greek adventurer, who became first counsellor to King Narai of Ayutthaya.
		Phaulkon's proximity to the king earned him the envy of many Thai members of the royal court.
		In a coup d'état started by Phetracha, the foster brother of Narai, Phaulkon and his followers as well as the royal heir were arrested and killed on June 5, 1688 in Lopburi.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Constantine_Phaulkon.htm (291 words)

	Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kingdom of Thailand : : England (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Phaulkon also had his own ship for trading with Thailand but this ship was wrecked at the same spot as that of a Thai envoy to Iran.
		Although Phaulkon was a Thai government official, with the duty of conducting trade in the name of the Phra Klang (the Minister of the Treasury), he also engaged in his own private trade.
		Phaulkon then instructed Coates to seize ships from Golconda as retaliation for Golconda’s involvement in the sinking of one of White’s ships, which was sailing under the Thai flag.
	www.mfa.go.th /web/116.php (975 words)

	Constantine Phaulkon -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Phaulkon signed on an English merchant ship in Greece at 12 years of age and sailed to Thailand.
		After the Emperor Constantine published his edict of toleration for all religions in AD 313, Christianity emerged as the most prevalent and powerful religious movement in the Roman Empire (see Constantine the Great).
		The conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity is attributed to Constantine.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9059599 (643 words)

	Diplomatic exchange between Ayutthaya and France - China History Forum, online chinese history forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		However, in 1688 a coup was launched which resulted in the ejection of the French garrisons and the Greek Constantine Phaulkon (the pro-French advisor of King Narai).
		I've heard of Constantine Phaulkon - it seems that King Narai was enthusiastic about European learning, and wanted to promote it to his subjects, but Phaulkon was unpopular and this caused the policy to fail.
		Phaulkon truly must have been an international character, he must have been, otherwise he couldn't have succeeded in such an culturally alien environment.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=2189 (1573 words)

	List of Greeks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constantine Phaulkon (1648-1688), first counsellor of King Narai of Siam.
		Constantine II, former King of Greece, Sailing (Gold Dragon Class) Gold, Rome Olympics, 1960.
		Constantine Kanaris, (1793 or 1795 - 1877), freedom fighter, politician and later Prime Minister
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_Greeks (953 words)

	Constantine Phaulkon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		When King Narai became terminally ill, the rumor was spread that Phaulkon wants to use the designated heir Phra Pui to become king himself later.
		In a coup d'état started by Petraja, the foster brother of Narai, Phaulkon and his followers as well as the royal heir were arrested and killed on June 5, 1688 in Lopburi.
		After king Narai died a few days later, Petraja became the new king of Siam and started a xenophobic regime.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/constantine_phaulkon (309 words)

	Narai (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Paired with xenophobic prejudice it made Phaulkon a controversial person - he is still controversial among historians today.
		However, when Narai became terminally ill, his old foster brother Petraja started a coup d'état and killed both Mom Pi and Phaulkon, leaving Narai to die with the knowledge that his power has slipped away.
		Petraja then expelled the French and cut the connections with the west, until King Mongkut reestablished them in the 19th century.
	hallencyclopedia.com /Narai (554 words)

	AllRefer.com - Thailand : History : Contacts with Europe, Thailand (Thai Political Geography) - Encyclopedia
		Siam became, so far as Europe was concerned, the most consequential kingdom in Southeast Asia, and the brilliance of its court under King Narai (reigned 1657–88) was proverbial.
		The French, aided by the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon, who had risen to power at the Siamese court, launched a bid for dominance in Siam that provoked an antiforeign coup (1688).
		Phaulkon was executed, and Siam was closed to most foreigners for over a century.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/T/Thailand-history-contacts-with-europe.html (222 words)

	Pattaya Mail - Pattaya's First English Language Newspaper
		Phaulkon, in some accounts he is also referred to as a Venetian although this appears doubtful, was appointed as George White’s trade representative.
		In reality, although Phaulkon was not on good terms with the English he tried to maintain a semblance of friendship by sending expensive gifts for George White to distribute in London, including a present for King James II.
		Although Phaulkon was a Thai government official, charged with conducting trade in the name of the Treasury, he also engaged in his own private trade.
	www.pattayamail.com /463/columns.shtml (8879 words)

	bookideas.com: The Falcon of Siam by Axel Aylwen
		This is a pity on several levels, not the least of which is the romance and mystery surrounding one of the central figures, Constantine Phaulkon, the so-called Falcon of Siam.
		Born on the Greek island of Cephallonia then under the rule of Venice, the young Phaulkon fled his provincial home for a life of adventure with the British navy and, in due course, with the East India Company.
		Focusing on the early part of the story, from the time of Phaulkon’s initial plan to transport Dutch cannon to the rebels of Pattani, the novel takes us through the various intrigues with the other foreign contingents at Ayutthaya and introduces us to life at that period in some loving detail.
	www.bookideas.com /reviews/index.cfm?fuseaction=displayReview&id=2789 (508 words)

	HI-VIMOLRAT, LOPBURI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A partial brick and stucco tower off Thanon Ramdecho east of the train station is all that's left of a Jesuit Church founded by the Portuguese during King Narai's reign.
		King Narai built this Thai-European palace as a residence for foreign ambassadors, of whom the Greek Constantine Phaulkon was the most famous.
		Phaulkon became one of King Narai's advisers and was eventually a royal minister.Wat San Paolo
	www.tyha.org /LopburiYH.html (599 words)

	Narai -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Narai's flirtations with the French were encouraged by the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon, who became his chief minister and adviser.
		Thai diplomatic missions were sent to King Louis XIV of France in 1680, 1684, and 1686; and, encouraged by Phaulkon to hope for territorial concessions and even Narai's conversion to Christianity, the French sent increasingly large delegations to Siam in 1682, 1685, and 1687—the last including 600 soldiers in six warships.
		Though expecting the French to be satisfied with the cession of distant Songkhla, Narai was forced to accept their occupation of Bangkok.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-9054835 (541 words)

	Lopburi, Thailand
		He received King Louis XIV's ambassador, the Chevalier de Chaumont, and it is to his reports that we owe much of what we know about Lopburi.
		The king also appointed the Greek ambassador, Constantine Phaulkon, to serve as his adviser.
		When the king died in 1688 his Minister of War Luang Sorasak, later King Petracha, seized the throne, murdering Phaulkon and many of his predecessor's other supporters, local traders and the French diplomats among them.
	www.planetware.com /thailand/lopburi-tha-lb-lbl.htm (625 words)

	acknowledge
		The French arrive in Ayuthaya, and zealously begin an ill-fated campaign to convert the Budhist Kingdom of Siam to Christianity.
		Constantine Phaulkon, the son of a Greek innkeeper, befriends King Narai, and so entangles him with the deceptive, double-dealing French that an anti-European revolt results.
		King Narai dies, Constantine Phaulkon is executed, the Europeans flee Ayuthaya, and Siam enters a period of isolationism that will endure for the next 163 years.
	www.kiwithai.com /Thai_History.html (440 words)

	History-4
		In 1678 a Greek adventurer named Constantine Phaulkon arrived in Ayutthaya in the service of the English East India Company and rapidly rose to become first minister of King Narai, whose pro-French inclinations he did much to encourage.
		The death of King Narai in 1688 was followed by a succession conflict which broke out in 1688 an anti-French official seized power, drove out the French garrisons, and executed King Narai's Greek favorite Constantine Phaulkon, who had bee championing the French cause in a vain attempt to convert Narai to Catholicism.
		This caused the expulsion of the Jesuit missionaries.
	www.usmta.com /history-4.htm (2416 words)

	Southeast Asian History; History of Thailand, Cambodia, Indonesia, Burma, Laos, Malaysia
		In 1678 the English East India Company sent one of its agents, a Greek named Constantine Phaulkon, to the court of Ayutthaya.
		His commercial and linguistic gifts quickly gained the attention of King Narai (1657-88), and soon he was serving as both the king's interpreter in diplomatic negotiations and as the chief official in charge of Siam's foreign trade.
		In a palace coup they seized and beheaded Phaulkon; the small French garrisons could not hold out for long against native opposition and were evacuated.
	www.guidetothailand.com /thailand-history/phaulkon.htm (433 words)

	Thailand - Ayuthaya Period
		The magnificence of the Ayuthaya Court is incomparable'.
		A rather exceptional episode unfolded in Ayuthaya when Constantine Phaulkon, a Greek, became a very high official in Siam under King Narai from 1675 to 1688.
		Eventually, the Thais, fearing a takeover, forcibly expelled the French and killed Phaulkon.
	www.hotelthewhitehouse.com /thailand-history-ayuthaya.html (504 words)

	Chiangmai Mail- Vol. II No. 18 Saturday 3 May - 9 May 2003Book-Movies-Music
		The contents are not a superficial overview of times gone by, but include such concepts as promulgated by Phaulkon when asked what his salary should be when offered a position with the Siamese government, "Lesser men might name their price, but for me there is no sum that will satisfy.
		In the end, it is left to the reader to decide whether Constantine Phaulkon was a soldier of fortune, an opportunist, a brilliant strategist or someone who was stupid enough to become a martyr to a cause that was not his in the first place.
		It is only when you think again and remember the sacking of Ayutthaya around 80 years after the Phaulkon era that destroyed all written records, and that the Greek Phaulkon, even if he did keep a journal, would most probably not have written it in English anyway!
	www.chiangmai-mail.com /028/bmm.shtml (1458 words)

	Thailand Historical Background (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At the urging of his foreign minister, the Greek adventurer Constantine Phaulkon, Narai turned to France for assistance.
		Louis XIV's personal interest was aroused by reports from missionaries suggesting that Narai might be converted to Christianity.
		When word spread that Narai was dying, a general, Phra Phetracha, killed the designated heir, a Christian, and had Phaulkon put to death along with a number of missionaries.
	www.geocities.com /tokyo/garden/2011/thaihistory2_4.html (322 words)

	THE SIAM SOCIETY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Intrigue, mystery, murder, double-dealing, corruption, and deception are all found in the accounts of the twelve persons (three of whom are anonymous and hitherto unpublished) who describe here their roles in the dramatic events of 1688 in Siam surrounding the coup d’état of Phetracha and the death of King Narai.
		The succession was complicated by the role of Constantine Phaulkon, a Greek adventurer who acted, without the title, as minister of foreign affairs and trade, and who cultivated the French presence in the country to support his own position.
		The French had stationed troops in Bangkok, “the key to the Kingdom” and Mergui, on the Bay of Bengal, and became hopelessly embroiled in events beyond their comprehension, leading to their retreat in November that year.
	www.siam-society.org /public (1589 words)

	Myanmar Cultures: Ayutthaya
		In addition to engaging in extensive trade with China, Southeast Asia, and India, the rulers of Ayutthaya also sent triennial tribute missions to the Chinese imperial court, established Buddhist missions in Sri Lanka and sent emissaries abroad as far afield as Europe.
		King Narai (ruled 1656-88) initiated a series of diplomatic exchanges between Ayutthaya and the French court at Versailles and even appointed a Greek adventurer, Constantine Phaulkon, as his chief minister.
		Eventually, however, the Europeans became overly zealous in their efforts to convert Buddhist Siamese to Christianity.
	myanmarculture.blogspot.com /2005/03/ayutthaya.html (935 words)

	Windows on Asia
		The missionary activities of the French, however, aroused resentment from the nobles and the Buddhist establishment.
		When King Narai was dying, a general, Phra Phetracha, killed the designated heir to the throne, who was a Christian, and executed Phaulkon and a number of missionaries.
		The British sent warships which resulted in a battle, the massacre of additional foreigners, the expulsion of the remaining foreigners, and the closing of Thailand to the West for the next 150 years.
	www.isp.msu.edu /asianstudies/wbwoa/seasia/Thailand/history.html (3163 words)

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