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	The Walam Olum of Constantine Rafinesque (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Constantine S. Rafinesque (1773-1840) was a naturalist who emigrated to America from Europe in 1815.
		Rafinesque may also have been inspired by Joseph Smith's then recent translation of the Mormon Bible from golden tablets inscribed with ancient Egyptian which he claimed to have found in upstate New York.
		Rafinesque had publicly denounced the Mormon Bible as a hoax, but viewing its success, he may either have decided to attempt something similar himself, or he may have been trying to cast doubt on the Mormon assertion that Native Americans had descended from Hebrew tribes.
	www.museumofhoaxes.com /walamolum.html (263 words)

	[No title]
		Rafinesque had long lived in what can only be described as "wretched poverty." He was buried as a pauper only to have his body removed and taken back to Transylvania University where it rests in honor today marked by an epitaph taken from his 1838 autobiography, A life of travel.
		Rafinesque was born in Galata near Constantinople, to Francois and Madeleine Schmaltz Rafinesque.
		Rafinesque named more than 6500 new species of plants over his lifetime, and without the whole of his herbarium it is often difficult to know exactly what he had before him when he named his plants.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/PBIO/LnC/rafinesque.html (2937 words)

	THE WALAM OLUM: ITS ORIGIN AND AUTHENTICITY
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz, to whom we owe the preservation and first translation of the WALAM OLUM, was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinolple, Oct. 22d, 1783, and died in Philadelphia, of cancer of the stomach, Sept 18th, l840
		It is, on the whole, deprecatory, and convicts Rafinesque of errors of observation as well as of inference; at the same time, not denying his enthusiasm and his occasional quickness to appreciate zoological facts.
		Rafinesque was poor, eccentric, negligent of his person, full of impractical schemes and extravagant theories, and manufactured and sold in a small way a secret nostrum which he called " pulmel," for the cure of consumption.
	abob.libs.uga.edu /bobk/walamc.html (2458 words)

	Rafinesque : autobiography and lives / with an introd. by Keir B. Sterling.
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) is undoubtedly North America's most discussed and most controversial naturalist.
		Included in this volume are his autobiography, The Life by Call, stressing Rafinesque's years in Kentucky and Sicily and assessing his scientific accomplishments and the biographical sketch by Fitzpatrick with its detailed bibliography of 939 of Rafinesque's titles.
		A list of 134 titles of papers about Rafinesque and his work as well as data concerning his unpublished manuscripts add to the value of this important work.
	www.ayerpub.com /Product.asp?ProductID=4400000011092 (284 words)

	Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz (1783-1840)
		Rafinesque's return to the United States in 1815 was a period both of great joy and profound sadness.
		Rafinesque was born in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, to Francois and Madeleine Schmaltz Rafinesque.
		The death of Constantine's father in 1793 resulted in a decline in the family's fortune so that any opportunity of a university education was denied him by circumstances.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=518 (653 words)

	Constantine Samuel Rafinesque: A Voice in the American Wilderness
		Half a century after the death of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1840, a small number of researchers, biographers, and historians of natural science suggested that the famed botanist's last name should become the newest adjective in the English lexicon.
		Had they succeeded, "rafinesque" would have forever been a literary tool to describe those poor souls, occasionally reaching but always aspiring to lofty heights, who brought chronic calamity and defeat upon themselves through grandiose, narcissistic visions of their own importance.
		Rafinesque was the first professor of natural history west of the Allegheny Mountains, teaching at Transylvania University in Lexington, Kentucky.
	www.discountsbooks.info /discount-books-092/015.html (593 words)

	UMass Amherst W.E.B. Du Bois Library, SCUA Virtual exhibits
		Constantine S. Rafinesque (1783-1840) stands as one of the most troublesome and quixotic figures in American science during the early national period.
		At 19, Rafinesque moved to Philadelphia and was introduced into that vibrant botanical community, though only a few years later he returned to Europe to carry on a business in medicinal plants.
		Remarkably prolific, Rafinesque's natural historical work became the target of criticism from fellow scientists for his tendency to be too quick to erect new species and too slow to acknowledge the work of others.
	www.library.umass.edu /spcoll/exhibits/herbal/rafinesque.htm (448 words)

	Rafinesque at Transylvania
		It seems that Professor Rafinesque tended to miss more classes than his students, and when he taught, his lectures were often far beyond what his students could comprehend.
		Today, Rafinesque's curse still plagues the institution, at least in theory, as the entire week before Halloween is devoted to "Rafy," and there may or may not still be a secret society that bears his name.
		There are several closely related species in North America, yet Rafinesque was able to recognize this as a new species although no one else, up to the time, had realized this was not the same as the eastern North American species.
	www.lewis-clark.org /content/content-article.asp?ArticleID=520 (594 words)

	Constantine Rafinesque and John James Audubon (1818) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Rafinesque proceeded to pass through an odd sequence of facial expressions ranging sequentially from stunned to skeptic to a blank expression of what must have been deep pondering to his full-bodied finale which culminated with what could only be described as a victory jig with plentiful shouting.
		Rafinesque was, at this point, swinging only the neck while the shards of wood from the body dangled from the strings at his side.
		Rafinesque, with a smile slowly growing the more he read, remained at the table, but he was not alone.
	www.swampgasbooks.com /rafinesque (2400 words)

	CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, naturalist and philologist, was born on October 22, 1783, in Galata, a suburb of Constantinople, to Francois G. and Madeleine (Schmaltz) Rafinesque.
		Rafinesque's family moved to France the year following his birth; during the turmoil of the French Revolution, the boy was sent to live with relatives in Tuscany.
		Rafinesque fathered two children in Sicily but could not legally marry their mother, Josephine Vacarro, because he was a Protestant and she a Roman Catholic.
	faculty.evansville.edu /ck6/bstud/rafin.html (1299 words)

	Mèssochwen Tëme (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Constantine Rafinesque, a professor at the University of Kentucky, claimed that the Walam Olum was given to him in 1820 by a Dr. Ward.
		In 1822, Rafinesque acquired a collection of verses in Lënape which he claimed went along with the sticks, although he was unable to translate the verses at the time.
		Rafinesque paid little attention to these items, and, other than to copy the pictures and verses into a series of notebooks, made no further mention of them.
	www.geocities.com /wodwrght/walamolum.html (693 words)

	Record Unit 7250 - C. S. (Constantine Samuel) Rafinesque Papers, 1815-1834 and undated
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1783-1840) was born near Constantinople.
		Rafinesque showed an early enthusiasm for the study of nature, beginning the systematic collection of a herbarium when he was eleven years old.
		Rafinesque was an early advocate of evolutionary theory and his ideas were acknowledged by Charles Darwin in On the Origin of Species.
	www.si.edu /archives/archives/findingaids/FARU7250.htm (513 words)

	Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
		As a child in Marseilles (by the age of four, if we are to believe him), Rafinesque had already taught himself Latin, read the major biological works available, and started a small herbarium.
		In 1815, Rafinesque again set sail for the United States, taking with him many manuscripts, numerous drawings, notebooks, and unpublished papers.
		At this time, Rafinesque is mainly a colorful figure in American biology, not one of any real authority (quite the opposite, in fact).
	www.ilmyco.gen.chicago.il.us /Authors/Rafinesque921.html (600 words)

	Cedar Mesa, Walum Olum
		Rafinesque, who was at the time, a botanist and natural historian at the University of Transylvania in Lexington, Kentucky.
		Rafinesque was supposed to have even copied in sequence old - and known to him at the time - dictionaries of the Delaware language in some areas of his writings!
		Museum of Hoaxes, The Walum Olum of Contantine Rafinesque; http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/walamolum.html
	bcn.boulder.co.us /environment/cacv/cacvbolm.htm (351 words)

	Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Above his name on the stone are the words, "Honor to whom honor is overdue." Some believe that Rafinesque may still lie in an unmarked grave in Philadelphia.
		Betts, Edwin M., "The Correspondence Between Constantine Samuel Rafinesque and Thomas Jefferson." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol.
		Rafinesque: A sketch of his life with bibliography by T. Fitzpatrick, revised by Charles Boewe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constantine_S._Rafinesque-Schmaltz (962 words)

	FISHES SKETCHED BY RAFINESQUE
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque rarely included sketches of fish in the publications in which he gave first descriptions.
		On pages 417-422, Rafinesque introduces genera as indicated by the title, "Description of three new genera of fluviatile Fish, POMOXIS, SARCHIRUS, and EXOGLOSSUM." His sketches of representatives of these genera appear in Plate 17 of the same issue and are reproduced here.
		The third genus introduced in Rafinesque's article remains valid today, although Rafinesque was, in this case, nearly preceded by Lesueur in establishing a new genus.
	faculty.evansville.edu /ck6/bstud/rafsketch.html (654 words)

	Curator's Coalition: Archives Week (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		"Constantine Samuel Rafinesque-Schmaltz was born in a suburb of Constantinople of a French father and a Greco-German mother in 1783.
		A deputation of Osage Indians was in Washington at the same time, and he entered into conversation with them and wrote a small dictionary.
		Rafinesque has been called an "eccentric genius," "an arrant lunatic," "greatest field botanist of his time" and more by the many public figures whom he met in his travels in America during 1802-1805 and from 18l5 until his death in a Philadelphia garret in 1840.
	www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu /~gm1l/csr.html (241 words)

	FISHES FIRST DESCRIBED BY RAFINESQUE
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque published first descriptions of several genera and species of fishes.
		It reaches six feet in length, has a very obtuse and short snout, a falcated dorsal fine, a smooth skin, five rows of shields; the lateral rows composed of a great number of small shields, upwards of forty, &c.
		Rafinesque introduces this fish as the 97th species described in his book, Ichthyologia Ohiensis: Natural History of the Fishes Inhabiting the River Ohio and Its Tributary Streams, published in 1820.
	www.communalstudies.info /nhscientists/raffish.html (464 words)

	[No title]
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque was born in Constantinople in 1783, and he moved with his family to France a year later.
		Rafinesque remained at Transylvania until 1826 and was engaged during this period in numerous field studies throughout Kentucky and surrounding states.
		Among these items is a journal used by Rafinesque to record the purchase of plants and their arrangement in the garden, and a subscription book listing company shareholders.
	www.kyvl.org /kentuckiana/rawsgml/ktu/a47.sgm (374 words)

	[No title]
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque was a quintessential nineteenth-century American scientist and naturalist.
		Exalted by some, cursed by others, Rafinesque gave Latin names to over 6,700 plant species, was acknowledged by Darwin for his early insights into biological variation, and is frequently mentioned in the great natural history archives.
		In Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, the first full-length biography of this brilliant, original, and misunderstood naturalist, Leonard Warren presents a fair and surprising look at Rafinesque's life and contributions to the world of science.
	www.nhbs.com /title.php?tefno=139108 (200 words)

	Who's In a Name: Rafinesquia
		Desert Chicory is found in the desert valleys where the Creosote Bush reigns and extends east to Texas (Mary collected specimens in the Panamint Valley and east of Independence).
		Following a technical description of the new genus he explained that the name was "dedicated to the memory of an almost insane enthusiast in natural history; sometimes an accurate observer, but whose unfortunate monomania was the giving of innumerable names to all objects of nature, and particularly to plants."
		Dr. Boewe believes that Rafinesque's condition at his death was not as desperate as depicted by earlier Rafinesque scholars.
	www.csupomona.edu /~larryblakely/whoname/who_raf.htm (1755 words)

	GOPHERUS, A GENUS AUTHORED BY RAFINESQUE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, "Description of two new genera of soft shell turtles of North America," Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, 1 (1832) 64-65.
		In his choice of the name Gopherus, which means "burrowing" (cf., the burrowing mammal, gopher), Rafinesque echoes Daudin's reference to Polyphemus, the legendary burrower.
		The reason is that in prefatory material, Rafinesque, referring to his book, Analyse de la nature, Palermo, 1815, writes that he had (in 1815) "proposed to divide the Turtles" into 15 genera, the third of which, in a list, he named Gopherus.
	www.communalstudies.info /nhscientists/gopherus.html (252 words)

	Constantine Samuel Rafinesque
		RAFINESQUE, Constantine Samuel, botanist, born in Galatz, a suburb of Constantinople, Turkey, in 1784; died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 18 September, 1842.
		A gradual deterioration is found in Rafinesque's botanical writings from 1819 till 1830, when the passion for establishing new genera and species seems to have become a monomania with him.
		He assumed thirty to one hundred years as the average time required for the production of a new species, and five hundred to a thousand years for a new genus.
	www.famousamericans.net /constantinesamuelrafinesque (423 words)

	individual book page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Rafinesque’s manuscript copy of the pictographs (now in the University Museum, Philadelphia) is all that survives of them, and both their authenticity and their relationship to the song texts have been in question ever since Rafinesque’s first published mention of them in 1836.
		The two most serious studies of the Walam Olum, Brinton (1885) and Voegelin (1954), focus on the Delaware texts, and considerably amend Rafinesque’s rough-and-ready translations.
		His own poetic interpretation of each pictograph-song pair favors Rafinesque over Delaware linguistics, and a free-wheeling “reading” of the pictograph (“glyph”) over Rafinesque.
	wings.buffalo.edu /linguistics/ssila/books/indbook/b663.htm (164 words)

	American Philosophical Society Historical and Literary Committee American Indian Vocabulary Collection, American ...
		A number of individuals were invovled in recording the vocabularies, including Benjamin Hawkins, William Thornton, David Campbell, Daniel Smith, Constantine Volney, Constantine Rafinesque, William Vans Murray, John Heckewelder, Martin Duralde, Campanius Holm, and Jefferson himself.
		The majority of the vocabularies record languages in what is now the eastern half of the United States, ranging from Osage, Quapaw, and Shawnee in the lower Mississippi Valley to Natick and Mohegan in New England.
		Rafinesque submitted vocabularies for two non-North American languages, the extinct Taino language of Haiti and for Chontal in Central America, and Jefferson himself recorded one vocabulary, Unquachog from the Pusspatock settlement near Brookhaven, Long Island.
	www.amphilsoc.org /library/mole/a/vocabs.htm (1379 words)

	143. I, Sir, Am No Adjective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, one of the more unusual imports to the United States, was after specimens.
		He was born in 1783 in a suburb of Constantinople, to a prosperous French merchant and his German wife.
		For Rafinesque the word "New" was the operative one.
	home.eznet.net /~dminor/TM991002.html (389 words)

	Oak Knoll Books & Oak Knoll Press
		RAFINESQUE, A SKETCH OF HIS LIFE WITH BIBLIOGRAPHY.
		Besides the bibliography and the sketch of Constantine Samuel Rafinesque, this volume contains a bibliography of one hundred and thirty-nine books which frequently refer to Rafinesque, and information on portraits of Rafinesque.
		Loosely inserted is a commemorative booklabel which indicates that this set came from the reference library of H.P. Kraus purchased by Oak Knoll Books at the auction sale.
	www.oakknoll.com /detail.php?d_booknr=74120 (178 words)

	CONSTANTINE SAMUEL RAFINESQUE. - RAFINESQUE, CONSTANTINE SAMUEL, (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The paper is lightly and evenly toned throughout; the top and bottom sheets are lightly soiled.
		This is the seventh in a series of articles issued once a month by the National Park Service of the United States Department of the Interior supplementing two monthly clipsheets: "Nature Notes" and "Facts and Artifacts." The text is a biographical sketch of the Kentucky naturalist, Rafinesque, followed by a brief bibliography.
		Given the ephemeral nature of this publication, this is a very good copy.
	www.antiqbook.com /boox/bos/60429.shtml (170 words)

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