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	Constantine XI - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constantine XI Palaiologos or Palaeologus (Greek: Κωνσταντίνος ΙΑ' Δραγάσης Παλαιολόγος, Kōnstantinos XI Dragasēs Palaiologos), (February 9, 1404 – May 29, 1453) was the last reigning Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, from 1448 to his death.
		Constantine was born in Constantinople as the eighth of ten children of Manuel II Palaiologos and Helena Dragaš, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine Dragaš of Kumanovo.
		Constantine XI married twice: the first time on July 1, 1428 to Maddalena Tocco, niece of Carlo I Tocco of Epirus, who died in November 1429; the second time to Caterina Gattilusio, daughter of the Genoese lord of Lesbos, who also died (1442).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constantine_XI_of_the_Byzantine_Empire (642 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Byzantine Empire (native Greek name: Βασιλεία τῶν Ρωμαίων) is the term conventionally used since the 19th century to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		The Eastern Roman Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries (see Crisis of the Third Century) in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome.
		The Hunnic Empire collapsed and Constantinople was free from the menace of Attila.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Byzantine_Empire (11528 words)

	Byzantine Empire - Phantis
		The Byzantine Empire is the term conventionally used to describe the Greek-speaking Roman Empire during the Middle Ages, centred at its capital in Constantinople.
		The term Byzantine Empire was invented in 1557, about a century after the fall of Constantinople by German historian Hieronymus Wolf, who introduced a system of Byzantine historiography in his work Corpus Historiae Byzantinae in order to distinguish ancient Roman from medieval Greek history without drawing attention to their ancient predecessors.
		The Eastern Empire was largely spared the difficulties of the west in the 3rd and 4th centuries, in part because urban culture was better established there and the initial invasions were attracted to the wealth of Rome.
	wiki.phantis.com /index.php/Byzantine_Empire (3669 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Byzantine Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		The core of the empire consisted of the Balkan Peninsula (i.e., Thrace, Macedonia, Epirus, Greece proper, the Greek isles, and Illyria) and of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey).
		The reconstructed empire was soon attacked from all sides, notably by Charles I of Naples, by Venice, by the Ottoman Turks, by the new kingdoms of Serbia and Bulgaria, and by Catalonian adventurers under Roger de Flor.
		The collapse of the empire opened the way for the vast expansion of the Ottoman Empire to Vienna itself and also enabled Ivan III of Russia, son-in-law of Constantine XI, to claim a theoretical succession to the imperial title.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/B/ByzantinE1mp.asp (1441 words)

	Byzantine Empire - All About Turkey
		The Byzantine Empire is also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, for it was in fact a continuation of the Roman Empire into its eastern part.
		For 1100 years, the Byzantine's were able to maintain control of their empire, although somewhat tenuously at times; the Empire's expansion and prosperity were balanced by internal religious schisms (such as Nika Riot) and recurring wars with enemies from the outside.
		The Byzantine Empire, however, had left its mark on the culture, never to be entirely erased even after the Conquest.
	www.allaboutturkey.com /bizans.htm (423 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The Byzantine Empire
		The decline of the Byzantine Empire is strikingly exhibited in the depreciation of currency during the reigns of the Comneni.
		Byzantine civilization produced a succession of typical women of middle class who are a proof, first, of the high esteem in which women were held in social life and, secondly, of the sacredness of family life, which even now distinguishes the Greek people.
		The eastern frontier of the empire in Asia Minor was the home of these multifarious sects, which guaranteed the separate existence of the tribes which belonged to them and regarded themselves as the "faithful" in opposition to the state Church.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03096a.htm (16914 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Donation of Constantine
		By this name is understood, since the end of the Middle Ages, a forged document of Emperor Constantine the Great, by which large privileges and rich possessions were conferred on the pope and the Roman Church.
		The distinctions conferred on the pope and the cardinals of the Roman Church the forger probably invented and described according to certain contemporary rites and the court ceremonial of the Roman and the Byzantine emperors.
		Therefore it was highly important for him to establish the legitimacy of the newly founded empire, and this purpose was especially aided by all that the document alleges concerning the elevation of the pope.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/05118a.htm (3217 words)

	Constantine XI
		Constantine was born in Constantinople, the eighth of ten children of Manuel II and Helena Dragas, the daughter of the Serbian prince Constantine of Serres.
		Constantine became the Despotes of Morea (the Medieval name for the Peloponnesus) in 1443 which he ruled from the palace in Mystra.
		Constantine married twice: the first time on July 1, 1428 to Maddelena Tocco, the niece of the Italian ruler of Epirus, who died in November 1429; the second time to Caterina Gattilusio, daughter of the Genovese lord of Lesbos, who also died (1442).
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/Medieval/Bio/ConstantineXI.html (602 words)

	Byzantium
		The Byzantine Empire made great contributions to civilization: Greek language and learning were preserved for posterity; the Roman imperial system was continued and Roman law codified; the Greek Orthodox church converted some Slavic peoples and fostered the development of a splendid new art dedicated to the glorification of the Christian religion.
		Homer became the vehicle for the praise of the noblest church in the empire.
		In contrast to the Christians, both Roman and Byzantine, who were intolerant of religious differences, the Turks allowed monotheists, or any of the believers in a "religion of the book" (the Bible, Torah, or Koran), to retain their faith and be ruled by a religious superior through the millet system, a network of religious ghettoes.
	www.yasou.org /byzantium/byz.htm (10267 words)

	Great Martyr and Emperor Constantine IX
		He is venerated among Orthodox and Byzantine Catholics alike, regardless of their positions about his religious views, for his deep faith in Christ, his faithfulness to his people and to his duties as Emperor in the face of certain death at the hands of the Sultan’s forces.
		Constantine had to intervene, to remind them that they had a more important conflict on their hands.(24) Strange signs and portents added to the tension among the besieged.
		Constantine commanded that the most venerable icon of the Mother of God, protectress of the city, should be brought out and carried in procession round the streets.
	rumkatkilise.org /constantineXI.htm (2156 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Constantine XI (1405-1453)
		Constantine XI Paleologoi (Constantine XIII or Constantine Drageses) the last reigning emperor (r.1448-1453) of the Byzantine Empire born Feb. 9, 1409 and died May 29, 1453.
		Constantine was the eighth of ten children of Manuel II and Irene.
		Constantine became the despot of Peloponnesus in the years after his father's death in 1425 and lived at the palace in Mistra.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=435 (457 words)

	Byzantine Empire: Reconstructed and replica flags (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Crete was part of the Byzantine Empire from 395 until 1204.
		He established Christianism as the official religion of the Empire and founded Constantinople, later the capital city of the Byzantine Empire, as the "Second Rome".
		Constantine XI (1403-1453) was the last Byzantine Emperor (1449-1453).
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/gr!byz.html (341 words)

	Royalty.nu - Eastern Roman Empire - The Byzantine Empire - Emperors of Byzantium
		Notable Byzantine empresses include Justinian's wife Theodora, who fully shared her husband's power, and Irene, who ruled during the time of Charlemagne and became a saint of the Greek Orthodox Church.
		Essays and illustrations portray the emergence and development of the Byzantine Empire from the fourth century to the mid-15th century.
		Argues that the Crusades began in the seventh century with the conquest by the Persians of the Byzantine Empire.
	www.royalty.nu /history/empires/Byzantine (2147 words)

	Constantine, XI Biography / Biography of Constantine, XI Biography
		Constantine XI (1405-1453) was the last Byzantine emperor.
		The fourth son of Emperor Manuel II Palaeologus (reigned 1391-1425), Constantine was born on Feb. 8, 1405.
		It was then agreed that Constantine should renew Byzantine efforts to conquer the areas of the Peloponnesus still in Latin hands, thus making an enclave for himself.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-constantine-xi (508 words)

	Constantine XI Dragazes
		For his part Constantine was everything anyone could have asked for in a leader who knew full well, as well as everyone else, that the end was coming soon.
		Constantine himself time and again refused to flee but chose to die a heroic death for his people.
		Coins of Constantine XI, therefore, are all exceedingly rare and of utterly crude craftsmanship.
	www.dirtyoldcoins.com /gandinga/id/c11.htm (695 words)

	Byzantine Empire
		For convenience, the Byzantine Empire can be considered to start in the reign of Anastasius I (491 -518 AD), because that was when the coinage was changed from a Roman type to a completely new style.
		The conquests of the Muslims, and later the Turks and Mongols, encroached on Byzantine territory.
		The last emperor, Constantine XI was last seen on the walls, defending the city to the last.
	www.forumancientcoins.com /historia/byzantine_1.htm (295 words)

	Byzantine
		Traditionally, numismatists categorize the "Byzantine Empire" from the reign of Anastasias I in 491 to Constantine XI Palaeologus, ending in 1453.
		Constantine V Copronymus and Leo IV the Khazar 741-775
		Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus and Romanus I Lecapenus 913-959
	www.beastcoins.com /Byzantine/Byzantine.htm (508 words)

	The Open Door Web Site : Living History Project : Byzantium : Homework Exercises
		In the year 307 A.D. Constantine became Emperor of Rome and although he was not a Christian (he did convert to Christianity just before his death in 337 A.D.) he was sympathetic to Christians and in the year 312 he decreed that Christians had complete freedom of worship.
		In 313 Constantine went further and decreed that Christianity was one of the official religions of the Roman Empire.
		One of the last great achievements of the Byzantine Empire and one which we can still see today was the conversion of Vladimir Prince of Kiev to Christianity and the introduction of the Greek alphabet into Russia.
	www.saburchill.com /history/chapters/project5/byzantium/007.html (839 words)

	The Empire (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		It is also worth noting, for it is a fact neglected even by some professional historians, that the Byzantine Empire retook the City of Rome from the Ostrogoths in 553, and held it for the next 200 years.
		Stephen and Constantine Lecapenus were co-Emperors with their father Romanus, who had overshadowed Constantine VII - in 944, impatient to suceed to full authority, they rebelled against Romanus and had him exiled.
		The Western division of the Empire, encompassing Rome itself together with Italy, Gaul, Britain, Iberia, and northwestern Africa, was utterly unable to maintain itself in the face of overwhelming barbarian invasion/migration.
	www.hostkingdom.net /empire.html (1774 words)

	Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		To secure Western aid against the Turkish assault on what remained of the empire, he proclaimed (1452) the union of the Western and Eastern Churches.
		After almost two months of heroic defense, directed by the emperor, the city and the empire fell.
		Constantine died fighting with the last of his men.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/Constnt11Byz.html (139 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Byzantium
		The history of the Roman Empire 976-1078 by one of the liveliest writers of the middle ages.
		The account of her father, the Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, by Princess Anna Comnena is perhaps the most important historical work by a woman writer written before the modern period.
		Akropolites: Testament of Constantine Akropolites for the Monastery of the Resurrection (Anastasis) in Constantinople (trans.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/sbook1c.html (3421 words)

	Byzantine Empire, Part One
		In the east, the eastern Roman, or Byzantine, Empire stood for a
		Byzantine empire, a work that would affect jurisprudence throughout Europe.
		takeovers and this was the case with the Byzantine empire.
	history-world.org /Byzatines.htm (4078 words)

	The Immortal Emperor - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Constantine XI Palaiologos was the last Christian Emperor of Constantinople and Byzantium.
		In 1453, when Constantinople fell to the Ottoman Turks, he was last seen fighting at the city walls, but the actual circumstances of his death have remained surrounded in myth.
		Donald Nicol's book tells the gripping story of Constantine's life and death, and ends with an intriguing account of claims by reputed descendants of his family - some remarkably recent - to be heirs to the Byzantine throne.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521414563&print=y (323 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Constantine XI (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Constantine XI" at HighBeam.
		Between anti-Judaism and anti-Semitism, Pius XI's response to the Nazi persecution of the Jews: precursor to Pius XII's "silence"?
		The fall of Constantinople: Judith Herrin tells the dramatic story of the final moments of Byzantine control of the imperial capital.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/Constnt11B1yz.asp (277 words)

	Byzantine Empire - ENCYCLOPEDIA - The History Channel UK (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-21)
		In 1261 the Nicaean emperor Michael VIII conquered most of the tottering Latin empire and reestablished the Byzantine Empire under the Palaeologus
		The reconstructed empire was soon attacked from all sides, notably by Charles I
		The collapse of the empire opened the way for the vast expansion of the Ottoman Empire to Vienna itself and also enabled Ivan III
	www.thehistorychannel.co.uk /site/search/search.php?enc=7836 (1290 words)

	Virtual Catalog of Roman Coins -- Specific Articles of Interest
		An authoritative encyclopedia of emperors from Augustus to the death of the Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI Palaeologus.
		The Disruption of the Empire, by Arthur E. Noot.
		Carausius Carved an Empire from Within an Empire, by Arthur E. Noot.
	artemis.austincollege.edu /acad/cml/rcape/vcrc/articles.html (643 words)

	AllRefer.com - Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor (Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor, Ancient History, Late Roman And Byzantine, Biographies
		More articles from AllRefer Reference on Constantine XI, Byzantine emperor
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Constnt11Byz.html (231 words)

	Roman Emperors - DIR--De Imperatoribus Romanis Roman History Roman Roman Empire Imperator Basileus De Imperatoribus ...
		WHAT IS is an on-line encyclopedia on the rulers of the Roman empire from Augustus (27 BC-AD 14) to Constantine XI Palaeologus (1449-1453).
		DIR and ORB Ancient and Medieval Atlas There, view maps of the Roman Empire and follow live links to selected maps elsewhere.
		Go to the DIR Historical Source Index for other on-line primary sources relating to the Roman Empire and its rulers.
	www.roman-emperors.org (601 words)

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