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Topic: Constantine of the Picts

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	Roman Emperors - DIR Constantine I
		Flavius Valerius Constantinus, the future emperor Constantine, was born at Naissus in the province of Moesia Superior, the modern Nish in Serbia, on 27 February of 271, 272, or 273.
		Constantine convened a synod of bishops to hear the complaint; the synod met in Rome's Lateran Council and is known as the Synod of Rome.
		"Constantine's Epistle to the Bishops at the Council of Arles: A Defense of Imperial Authorship." JRH 17 (1993) 274-89.
	www.roman-emperors.org /conniei.htm (5004 words)

	AncientWeb.org
		Constantine, having overcome Conal, the son of Tarla, in 789, succeeded him in the throne.
		This event, no doubt, hastened the downfall of the Pictish monarchy; and as the Picts were unable to resist the arms of Kenneth, the Scottish king, he carried into execution, in the year 843, a project he had long entertained, of uniting the Scots and Picts, and placing both crowns on his head.
		The Picts were recognised as a distict people even in the tenth century, but before the twelfth they lost their characteristic nominal distinction by being amalgamated with the Scots, their conquerors.
	www.ancientweb.org /Scotland (0 words)

	Constantine the Great, c.274-337
		The Roman emperor, Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, or Constantine I, was born at Naissus, in Upper Moesia.
		Constantine joined his father, who ruled in the west, at Boulogne on the expedition against the Picts, and before Constantinus died (306) he proclaimed his son his successor.
		Constantine was now sole emperor of the west; and by the death of Galerius in 311 and of Maximin in 313, Licinius became sole emperor of the east.
	www.historyguide.org /ancient/constantine.html (515 words)

	Constantine I - LoveToKnow 1911
		Maximianus thereupon recognized Constantine as Augustus (A.D. 307); their alliance was confirmed by the marriage of Constantine with Fausta, the daughter of Maximianus, and the father and son-in-law held the consulship, which, however, was not recognized in the East.
		Constantine, with his customary union of prudence and decision, tacitly ignored this arrangement; he continued to bear the title of Augustus, and in 309, when he himself was proclaimed consul (with Licinius) in the East, no consuls were recognized in his dominions.
		Constantine was preparing to lead his army in person, when he was taken ill, and after a vain trial of the baths at Helenopolis, died at Ancyrona, a suburb of Nicomedia, on the 22nd of May, having received Christian baptism shortly before at the hands of Eusebius.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Constantine_I (3167 words)

	Picts - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The early Picts are associated with piracy and raiding along the coasts of Roman Britain.
		The Picts were probably tributary to Northumbria until the reign of Bridei map Beli, when the Anglians suffered a defeat at the battle of Dunnichen which halted their expansion northwards.
		In the reign of Cínaed's grandson, Caustantín mac Áeda (900–943), the kingdom of the Picts became the kingdom of Alba.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Picts (4952 words)

	York Tourism Bureau - About us
		When Constantine the Great was proclaimed as emperor on that day, it signalled the start of a period which saw Christianity adopted as the main religion of Europe, the unification of the western and eastern halves of the Empire and the creation of a new city which would become Constantinople, now Istanbul.
		The Roman emperor, Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus, or Constantine I, was born at Naissus, in Upper Moesia.
		Constantine was now sole emperor of the west; and by the death of Galerius in 311 and of Maximin in 313, Licinius became sole emperor of the east.
	www.visityork.org /media/factsheets/constantine.asp (1170 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Constantine I
		Constantine is best remembered in modern times for the Edict of Milan in 313, which fully legalized Christianity in the Empire, for the first time, and the Council of Nicaea in 325; these actions are considered major factors in the spreading of the Christian religion.
		Constantine was born at Naissus (modern Niš, Serbia) in the province of Moesia Superior on 27 February 272 or 273, to Roman general, Constantius Chlorus, and his first wife Helena, an innkeeper's daughter who at the time was only sixteen years old.
		Constantine's main goal was stability, and he tried to achieve that by immediate, often brutal punitive expeditions against rebellious tribes, demonstrating his military power by conquering the enemies on their own side of the Rhine frontier, and slaughtering many prisoners during games in the arena.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Constantine_I_(emperor) (2949 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: List of Kings of the Picts (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The list of kings of the Picts is based on the Pictish Chronicle which survives in a late copy and did not record the dates the kings reigned.
		King of Alba, the united kingdom of the Picts and Scots (858-862), brother and successor of Kenneth I MacAlpin.
		King of the Scots (from 889), son of Constantine I and successor to Eochaid and Giric (reigned 878-889).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/List-of-Kings-of-the-Picts (464 words)

	Rome's Christian Emperors to 410 CE
		Constantine's half of the empire remained from five to ten percent Christian, and the city of Rome remained largely pagan, especially the Senate, and so too did the high command of Constantine's army.
		Constantine also ruled that various other Christian groupings who did not conform to established doctrine would be considered heretics and would have their meeting places confiscated.
		Constantine II inherited rule in Spain, Britannia and Gaul, and being the eldest son he claimed authority over his brothers, who were unwilling to submit, and in the year 340 he invaded Italy.
	www.fsmitha.com /h1/ch24.htm (8410 words)

	Constantine I
		Constantine I was born to Constantius Chlorus and his (possible) concubine Helena, who some historians relate was a bar-maid.
		Constantine, who had been sent to live at the court of Diocletian (some historians make the claim that he was sent as a hostage), joined his father for a campaign against the Picts in modern day Scotland, and upon the death of Constantius in AD 306, was proclaimed Augustus by his troops.
		Constantine agreed to this, but the peace was not to last for long.
	www.celatorsart.com /bio_constantine.html (1415 words)

	Kings and Queens of Scotland, Part 1
		South of the Picts and Scots was the kingdom of Strathclyde, centred on Dumbarton Rock.
		By inheritance (his grandmother was a Pict) and by conquest, he also became king of the Picts in 843 and by 858 ruled as far as the river Tweed (near the current English border).
		Donald was a son of Constantine I and was described as rough and cunning.
	www.rampantscotland.com /features/monarchs.htm (0 words)

	Celtic Connections: Constantine I
		Constantine I, King of Scotland was the son of Kenneth I MacAlpin, King of Scotland.
		King of the Scots and Picts for 14 years and was killed in a battle with the Danes at Inverdovat.
		According to the Pictish Chronicle, Olaf was slain by Constantine when on a raid in the following year, but the Annals of Ulster relate that he destroyed Alrhyth (Dumbarton), after a four months' siege, in 870, and retired in 871 to Dublin with two hundred ships and a great body of men, Anglo-Britons and Picts.
	www.burnsfamily.org.nz /genealogy/getperson.php?personID=I0783&tree=Burns (0 words)

	Origo Constantini Imperatoris The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine
		Origo Constantini Imperatoris The Lineage of the Emperor Constantine
		Constantine was also the first Christian emperor, with the exception of Philippus who seemed to me to have become a Christian merely in order that the one-thousandth year of Rome might be dedicated to Christ rather than to pagan idols.
		But from Constantine down to the present day all the emperors that have been chosen were Christians, with the exception of Julian, whose disastrous life forsook him in the midst of the impious plans which it was said that he was devising.
	www.constantinethegreatcoins.com /Constantine/Origo.html (2451 words)

	The Picts
		The territory of the Picts was the East Coast of modern Scotland, north of the Firth of Forth and
		The Picts and Scots were drawn together by their common faith and their dissatisfaction with Northumbrian rule, but things remained quiet until the death of Oswy in 670.
		Constantine and his brother Oengus, who succeeded him in 820, both called their unified kingdom Fortren, perhaps feeling that it would indicate a union of choice rather than of conquest which might have alienated the Scots.
	www.irishwolf.net /picts/picts.html (2537 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Picts were probably tributary to Northumbria until the reign of Bridei map Beli, when the Anglians suffered a defeat at the battle of Dunnichen which halted their expansion northwards.
		In the reign of CÃnaed's grandson, CaustantÃn mac Ãeda (900â“943), the kingdom of the Picts became the kingdom of Alba.
		The Picts are often said to have practised matrilineal succession on the basis of Irish legends and a statement in Bede's history.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Picts (4683 words)

	Reinventing an empire: Constantine - The greatest Roman Emperor - Independent Online Edition > This Britain
		Constantine was far away at Nicomedia in the east of the Empire, being trained to accede to his father's position as one of the caesares (junior emperors), by Diocletian when news arrived that Constantius was facing a spot of bother from the Picts, in Scotland.
		The event which was to assign Constantine his part in Roman history occurred in 312 on the eve of the Battle of Milvian Bridge on the outskirts of Rome which, if troop allegiances were anything to go by, Constantine was expected to lose.
		Constantine's reputation as the "first Christian emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lanctitius to the modern day, though he was only baptised on his death bed.
	news.independent.co.uk /uk/this_britain/article354481.ece (1337 words)

	[No title]
		In the course of a successful reform of the currency Constantine instituted a new type of coin, the gold solidus, which won wide acceptance and remained the standard for centuries to come.
		Constantine completed and enlarged the city's hippodrome and placed in it the Serpent Column of Delphi.
		Constantine wrote and co-directed Lessons from Louise which opened at the Man in the Moon Theatre (Chelsea) in March 2000.
	www.lycos.com /info/constantine.html (735 words)

	Emperor Constantine - O So Christian?
		Constantine the Great, was the Roman responsible for promoting Christianity and arguable the most influential figure in the growth if the Church.
		Constantine is traditionally said to have been converted to Christianity in AD 312.
		Constantine associated the Christian deity with the victory while continuing to honour the Roman sun god Sol Invictus.
	www.peacockangel.net /constantine.htm (1088 words)

	In hoc signo vinces A.D. 312
		And if Constantine was the rescuer of Sophronia’s metaphorical sisters, it was not for their sake that he acted, but for Rome’s and his own.
		As Constantine rode victorious into the city, Maxentius’s head, raised on spear point, followed him — a trophy for the conqueror, a warning to rivals, a target for the spit of the Roman mob, and something more than all this.
		Constantine’s priority was a guarantee of religious freedom, which became known as the Edict of Milan.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/crocker1.html (660 words)

	Coins of Constantine I the Great (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constantine had given offices to his sons and to other male relatives, and all three sons were declared Caesars, along with a nephew.
		After Constantine's death there was a purge of his family, with almost all male relatives killed except his three sons, who carried on his rule by dividing the Empire between themselves.
		Per Constantine's orders he was buried surrounded by memorials of the 12 apostles, thereby inferring his position as the 13th apostle.
	www.ruark.org /coins/Roman/6Constantinian/Constantine.html (1496 words)

	rogueclassicism: Constantine
		Constantine was far away at Nicomedia in the east of the Empire, being trained to accede to his father's position as one of the caesares (junior emperors), by Diocletian when news arrived that Constantius was facing a spot of bother from the Picts, in Scotland.
		The event which was to assign Constantine his part in Roman history occurred in 312 on the eve of the Battle of Milvian Bridge on the outskirts of Rome which, if troop allegiances were anything to go by, Constantine was expected to lose.
		Constantine's reputation as the "first Christian emperor" has been promulgated by historians from Lanctitius to the modern day, though he was only baptised on his death bed.
	www.atrium-media.com /rogueclassicism/Posts/00003305.html (1289 words)

	Romans: Constantine the Great :: 0 A.D. :: Wildfire Games
		Constantine was born on February 27th, 271 (or 272 or 273 it is in dispute) in the city of Nassius in the province of Moesia Superior (modern Nish, Serbia).
		When Constantine marched in triumph into Rome he told his men that he victory was due solely to the “God of the Christians” and that was henceforth be an “Emperor of the Christians” saying that he would commit himself to that faith from then on.
		Constantine the Great is remembered to this day by many historians as the man who helped delay the fall of the Western Roman Empire and founded the Eastern Roman Empire, which go on to last further thousand years.
	wildfiregames.com /0ad/page.php?p=6299 (2352 words)

	Constantine Summary
		Constantine could not challenge this decision immediately, but when his father died at York in July 306, he reasserted the claim, this time backed by the British and Gallic armies, and requested confirmation from the eastern emperor.
		Constantine's motives are beyond reconstruction, but it is clear that he believed the victory had been won with divine assistance.
		Constantine had never been a persecutor; indeed, in 306 he had ordered the restoration of property in Britain and Gaul that had been confiscated from Christians during the Great Persecution (303–305).
	www.bookrags.com /Constantine (1347 words)

	JONATHAN K. KERN COINS
		The son of Maximianus, Maxentius and the son of Constantius I, Constantine were both passed over for the rank of Caesar.
		Constantine I, on campaign with his father, was immediately proclaimed emperor by his father's legions.
		In an attempt to placate Constantine, Galerius gave him the title of Caesar, whilst elevating Severus II to fill the vacant Augustus position.
	www.jkerncoins.com /folles_3.htm (1280 words)

	Rome and Romania, Roman Emperors, Byzantine Emperors, etc.
		This episode echoes the attempt of the usurper Constantine in the Fifth Century, though that failed to suppress the Germans in that era and merely served to absorb the attention of Roman forces that could have been better used, in conjunction with those of Constantine himself, against the common enemy.
		The result of the conference was the demotion of Constantine to Caesar (again), the appointment of Lincinius as Augustus, the second retirement of Maximian, and the declaration of Maxentius as an outlaw.
		Constantine's Empire went to his three sons, who might have shared it with their cousins, but killed them instead.
	www.friesian.com /romania.htm (13900 words)

	Milvian Bridge
		Constantine went on to become the Emperor of the Roman Empire.
		The most widely known is that at noon on the day of battle, Constantine saw a cross of brilliant light imposed over the sun with the words "By This, Conquer" attached.
		A triumphal arch was built three years after the battle with words about how Constantine saved the republic '"by greatness of mind and impulse of divinity." After Rome was conquered the troops carried a pennant bearing the monogram of Jesus - the Greek letters "chi" and "rho" standing for the word "Christ".
	www.christianitysite.com /MilvianBridge.htm (1132 words)

	Rea Genealogy - pafg21 - Generated by Personal Ancestral File (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constantine I, King of Picts And Scots [Parents] was born in Scotland.
		Eochaid 'the Venemous' of Argyll, King of Scots married Unuisticc of The Picts, Princess Royal.
		Unuisticc of The Picts, Princess Royal [Parents] was born about 755 in Scotland.
	members.tripod.com /garyr45/pafg21.htm (362 words)

	A Brief History of the Picts
		Perhaps the most famous missionary to the Picts was Saint Columba, a follower of Saint Patrick who, who in 563 AD left Ireland for the island of Iona to establish a monastery that persisted for 250 years.
		But the notion of a united kingdom of Picts and Scots was not forgotten, and 789-820 Constantine mac Fergus ruled Pictland and his son, Donald, became king of Dalriada.
		With the Picts to the east cut off, and the Dalriada Scots cut off from their cousins in Ireland, the impact of the new Viking threat was undecided.
	www.pictavia.org /history/history.html (1152 words)

	Council of Nicea
		In a crucial battle to gain control of the Roman empire, Constantine used a Christian symbol as his banner and so gained the support of the Christians among the warriors drawn up to fight at the Milvian Bridge, Constantine won the battle and rewarded his supporters by decreeing that Christianity would henceforth be tolerated.
		Constantine instituted use of the Chi-Rho symbol, representative of Christianity, also alleged by some scholars to have had use as an obeloi for "auspicious" thus serving both Christian and non-Christian purpose simultaneously.
		Constantine, legend has it, that he was baptized a Christian on his deathbed.
	www.carnaval.com /lent (5252 words)

	A History of Scotland Presented by Scottish Radiance - The Making of a Kingdom
		The King of Picts whom the Dalriadic king, Áed Find, fought in 768 was called Ciniod or Kenneth, son of Dérile; but that was a Gaelic name, as was that of the Pictish king, Óengus son of Fergus who had devastated Dalriada in the 730s.
		More significantly, in the two sons of Fergus, Constantine and Óengus II who ruled between 789 and 820 and between 820 and 834, are to be found the first examples of simultaneous dual kingship of Picts and Scots.
		It is no accident that the office of 'chief bishop of Fortriu' emerged by 865, in the reign of Constantine I. But the Constantine who succeeded as King of Picts in 789 was a son of Fergus and elder brother of an Óengus, both obviously Gaelic names.
	www.scottishradiance.com /scothistory/scothistory9811.htm (2248 words)

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