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Topic: Constituent (linguistics)

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	UNC Undergraduate Bulletin 2002-2003
		Courses in linguistics are intended to open up systematic perspectives on the nature of human language by means of detailed studies of language structure and language change, the sound system of language, and the syntactic/semantic system of language.
		The major is designed to provide a fundamental understanding of modern linguistics for the student seeking a general education in the liberal arts as well as for the student preparing for graduate study.
		Suggested second-field options are: linguistic anthropology, computer processing of language data, psychology of language, philosophy of language, sociology of language, study of a particular language or language family, applied linguistics.
	www.unc.edu /ugradbulletin/2002-03/depts/ling.html (1436 words)

	Sequentiality
		Second, the post-modifier, being a constituent itself (as an S or PP) is separated from the N by several brackets, indicating a looser constituent structure.
		Linguistic cases of the opposite type, that is, those that appear to show hierarchy dominating sequentiality, as when constituents are discontinuous are discussed in section 14, where it is argued that the linear constraints on discontinuous constituents, such as the Heavy NP Constraint and the Distance Principle, demonstrate that sequential organization underlies even discontinuous constituents.
		A purely linguistic argument for the importance of sequentiality even in these cases is the well-documented existence of constraints on the material intervening between the two parts of the constituent.
	www.unm.edu /~jbybee/sequentiality.htm (8692 words)

	UNCG 2004-2005 UGB: Linguistics
		Linguistics is not the study of a language, or even of many languages; it is, rather, an investigation into the principles that underlie human language.
		Linguistics majors and minors undertake the formal study of language in several disciplines of the social sciences and humanities, and are prepared for graduate work in many fields as well as for further study for careers in teaching, especially in language arts, foreign languages, and communication studies.
		The Applied Linguistics concentration gives students a firm grounding in linguistics as a preparation for teaching English as a second language, for teaching in multilingual contexts, for clinical work or research in communications sciences and disorders, and for teaching deaf or hard-of-hearing students.
	www.uncg.edu /reg/Catalog/0405/Linguistics/intro.html (345 words)

	Introduction to Prolog and Computational Linguistics -- "Gap Threading"
		The idea is that every local subtree holds two pieces of information: whether there is a remote constituent which has yet not been linked to a null constituent at the point of entering the subtree, and whether such a link has been made when the subtree is completed.
		There may be a remote constituent inside the subtree (which could contain a relative clause for instance) but in that case the null constituent will be inside the subtree too and need not concern us anymore.
		It would mean that there was no remote constituent when we came in, but we still have a null constituent in the subtree.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /kit/2003k/ctl272/Bangor/clbook_75.html (996 words)

	Linguistics and the Peopling of the Americas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The use of linguistics is a great example displaying the necessity of analyzing contemporary aboriginal culture in the study of their people's ancestral past.
		This occurrence is interpreted as linguistic groups migrating from unglaciated areas into areas that were uncovered by the retreating ice, and not having sufficient time to differentiate in the deglaciated area.
		It is certain that linguistics has played a key role in the overthrowing of the conventional paradigm of American prehistory, and further developments in the study of aboriginal languages can only support the archaeological evidence for the early origins for the ancestors of today's native cultures.
	www.ualberta.ca /~nativest/pim/zazula.html (5722 words)

	Hierarchical Structure Introduction to Linguistics for Language Teachers
		And because they are larger constituents consisting of 2 or more words, they are considered higher up in the hierarchy of syntactic constituents than words.
		The analogy I want to use is a parallel between the hierarchical structure of ever larger, semantically coherent constituents in a sentence and the hierarchical structure of age-graded constituents in a family.
		Since it may be hard for you to identify the constituents of a sentence or phrase, let's discuss a procedure to help with the identification.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/aschramm/linguistics2001/6hierstr.html (1274 words)

	Kenneth Lee Pike
		Tagmemics is an outgrowth of Bloomfieldian immediate constituent analysis and of Pike's own general theory of human behavior, described in his Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behavior.
		Tagmemics is also known as string constituent analysis and differs, in part, from Bloomfieldian linguistics in that semantic as well as syntactic function is used in identifying tagmemes.
		At one point he was the Professor of Linguistics, Chairman of the Department of Linguistics, and the Director of the English Language Institute all at the same time.
	www.mnsu.edu /emuseum/information/biography/pqrst/pike_kenneth_lee.html (416 words)

	Linguistics 001: Homework 5
		Linguistics 001 Fall 2000 Homework 6 Due We 10/25
		Treat the conjunctions as establishing a 3-element constituent, of the form (A and B), where the letters A and B stand for constituents of arbitrary size.
		Treat the prepositions as forming a 2-element constituent with the noun phrase that follows them.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_2000/ling001/homework6.html (563 words)

	Yehuda N. Falk bibliography
		Proceedings of Israel Association of Theoretical Linguistics 19, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev.
		Proceedings of Israel Association of Theoretical Linguistics 17, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
		"Constituent Structure and Grammatical Functions in the Hebrew Action Nominal." in Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King, eds., Proceedings of the LFG 01 Conference, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
	pluto.huji.ac.il /~msyfalk/Biblio.html (503 words)

	JBG: Formal Contrasts between Language and Other Forms of Behavior-Action
		Formal linguistic models are useful to anthropologists to the extent that language shares fundamental properties with other forms of human cultural behavior.
		The big divide in linguistics between Chomsky's competence and performance rests precisely on distinguishing what is possible to say from what may be appropriate or inappropriate to say in a given speech situation.
		This would be like a linguist, who wants to write a grammar for Language X, starting the inquiry by cataloging the communicative intents of speakers saying particular things in particular contexts, then noting classes of linguistic forms that accomplish these objectives.
	www.lehigh.edu /~jbg1/lingmod.htm (2212 words)

	UNDERGRADUATE COURSES IN LINGUISTICS, The University of West Indies at Cave Hill (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It approaches language from 1) the perspective of meaning and the meaning of its constituent parts, and 2) the perspective of grammatical structure and the grammar of its constituent parts.
		The aim is to give students a general introduction to the field of Linguistics: the nature and origin of language; Socio-Linguistics; Language Acquisition; language typology and families; language change; grammar; writing systems.
		Topics to be covered include: the validity of the term 'creole' and the phenomenon of creolization; theories concerning the genesis and genetic affiliation of pidgins and creoles; decreolization and theories of linguistic change and acquisition; implications of creole language studies for general linguistic theory.
	www.cavehill.uwi.edu /fhe/LLL/Linguistics/UGCourses.htm (861 words)

	LINGUIST List 10.36: Remnant & Feature Movement, Applied Linguistics
		As a matter of policy, LINGUIST discourages the use of abbreviations or acronyms in conference announcements unless they are explained in the text.
		Recent developments in linguistic theory have led to the view that phrasal movement of the traditional kind is not the only kind of XP movement.
		Session 3: The Role of Applied Linguistics in Departments of Language and Literature This session explores the political, intellectual, and professional differences and/or common ground between the fields of applied linguistics, literature, and cultural studies.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/10/10-36.html (1199 words)

	MULTIDISCIPLINARITY IN THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY
		Authors from linguistics, philosophy, neuroscience, industry, and other fields have been only occasional contributors to cognitive science, and, if anything, are becoming less frequent contributors in recent years.
		Although citations of linguistics sources have remained relatively low and even decreased slightly over the history of the journal, it is interesting to note the participation of linguistics in the journal is larger in the citation data than in the affiliation data.
		Alternatively, it could be that researchers from the constituent disciplines are learning the theories and methodologies from other areas and are capable of doing multidisciplinary work themselves.
	www.lrdc.pitt.edu /Schunn/research/papers/multidisc.html (8628 words)

	SIL Publications: 1556710933
		Covers topics of constituent order, sentence conjunctions, patterns of reference, backgrounding and highlighting, and reporting conversations.
		Levinsohn is an expert in both New Testament Greek and discourse analysis and is an International Linguistics Consultant with SIL International.
		He did fieldwork in Colombia from 1968 to 1998 with the Inga (Quechuan) people, and directs linguistic and "Discourse for Translation" workshops in different parts of West Africa and Latin America.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_product.asp?isbn=1556710933 (206 words)

	Linguistic Methodology
		The methodological errors that seem to me to be made by most linguistic traditions were recognized by de Saussure when he said that linguistics is the study of language, not grammar.
		The effect on the linguistics community of this mode of research is to divide the field into factions warring for theoretical supremacy at the expense of investigation into the real substantive findings which survive the collapse of this or that instantiation of the theory.
		It usually moves a constituent to a COMP position which is defined to be at the head of the constituent S'.
	www.conknet.com /~mmagnus/Method (16093 words)

	Syntactic Structure Representations
		Since the verb is regarded as the head of the predicate, this consitutuent is classified as a verb phrase and is identified by the VP label.
		The arrow symbol may also be read as 'includes' or 'is the parent of' when the rule is understood to express a constituency relation on the categories for which the symbols in a rule serve as labels.
		The left-hand side category may be referred to as the 'parent' or 'mother' of the right-hand side 'children' or 'daughters' categories, with each of these categories being described as the 'sibling' or 'sister' of the other.
	web.uvic.ca /~ling48x/ling484/notes/structures.html (4797 words)

	Linguistics 550, Solution to Midterm
		C. The difference between (a) and (b) is that the sequence of indirect and direct object is represented as a constituent in (b), but not in (a).
		The inability of the sequence to pass the standard constituenthood tests suggests that (a) is the correct representation.
		Since coordination does not agree with the results of the standard constituenthood tests, it is clear that is not on a par with them.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /courses/Fall_1997/ling550/sol-exam1.html (857 words)

	John 4:17-18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Cross-linguistic studies demonstrate that there are overwhelmingly high percentages of languages in which answers are given to questions using certain predictable consituent orders (typically, the constituent "answer" if mentioned first in the answer).
		It is part of a discourse and that discourse is logically connected its original author and is held together by principles which the speakers of the language internalized as toddlers.
		ANDRA is an important constituent in the discourse flow.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-greek/2001-June/017322.html (398 words)

	Yehuda N. Falk homepage
		In this context, I have written a book on subjecthood which is going to be published this year by Cambridge University Press (an earlier version is my paper from the LFG 2000 conference at Berkeley), and developing LFG analyses for various constructions in both English and Hebrew (auxiliaries, mixed categories, infinitives, etc.).
		As a freshman at Brandeis University, I took Introduction to Linguistics with Ray Jackendoff, and I was hooked.
		I was on sabbatical as a Visiting Scholar in the Linguistics Department at Stanford University August 1999-February 2000.
	pluto.huji.ac.il /~msyfalk (1757 words)

	Improved Statistical Language Models
		Several researchers have noted that we could speed up chart-parsing by removing constituents from the agenda according to some figure of merit, an estimate of how likely this constituent is to be part of the correct parse.
		One standard figure of merit is the constituent's inside probability which is defined as the probability of the words dominated by the constituent given the type of the constituent (e.g., its an np).
		These probabilities are to be interpreted as the probability of expanding a constituent, say an np, using this particular rule, as opposed to any of the other rules that could be used to expand this kind of constituent.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /nsf/isgw97/reports/charniak.html (1890 words)

	[No title]
		The stimulus is the thing that the experiencer perceives or the thing that caused the emotional response.
		Linguists keep making up new role names without proper motivation.
		Linguists keep writing about the same small set of verbs that have clearly identified roles.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /afs/cs.cmu.edu/project/cmt-55/lti/Courses/722/Spring-04/lectures/syntax-1-checklist.ppt (1165 words)

	[No title]
		Introduction to Linguistics Summary (c) 2002-01-26 Fabian M. Suchanek http://www.mpi-inf.mpg.de/~suchanek/personal/texts/summaries/lingu.txt This is a summary of the lecture "Introduction to linguistics" held by Prof.
		Suprasegmental phonology, prosody: The study of linguistically relevant properties of speech sound that are not properties of phonetic speech elements (like word stress and sentence stress).
		Thus, sentence stress is linguistically relevant and belongs to the domain of phonology.
	www.mpi-sb.mpg.de /~suchanek/personal/texts/summaries/lingu.txt (5318 words)

	CA163 Practice of Linguistics Lecture Notes ACL1 2 - Doing Syntax (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Constituents are coherent pieces of syntax, pieces which hang together somehow.
		Constituents tend to have a HEAD, which is the most important word or sub-constituent, and some MODIFIERS which are often optional.
		The labels for the constituents are generally based on the label for the head: an NP must contain a Noun (or similar item), a VP must contain a Verb, a phrase whose head is an Adjective would be an AdjP, and so on.
	www.compapp.dcu.ie /~alex/CA163/ch3.html (2077 words)

	Syntactic Constituents Introduction to Linguistics
		When constituents in a sentence can be combined into larger and larger units, these ever larger units form a hierarchy of sentence constituents.
		For a better understanding of constituents in a sentence, I gave you the task to identify the constituents in several ambiguous headlines.
		I hope you were able to identify constituents accounting for the ambiguity in the rest of the headlines.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/aschramm/linguistics2001/7constit.html (779 words)

	Machine Assisted Translation - Hebrew Cantillation Marks and Constituent Structure Analysis
		Constituent Structure trees have been used by linguists since Bloomfield to provide a clear and graphic representation of the grammatical components of a sentence.
		The punctuation imposed on the biblical text by the Masoretes can be used as a ready-made constituent structure for many functions of a Chomsky-type grammar.
		It is possible to write transformational rules to re-map the output leaves to a different language structure while ensuring that the integrity of the text is maintained.
	www.bfbs.org /osis/structureanalysis.htm (255 words)

	Amazon.com: Transformational Grammar : A First Course (Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics): Books: Andrew Radford,S. R. ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It covers four main topics: the goals of linguistic theory, syntactic structure, the nature and role of the lexicon, and the function and operations of transformations.
		The aim of this chapter is to give you some idea of the goals of linguistic theory, and to introduce you to some simple concepts which will be used throughout the rest of the book.
		The introductory student of linguistics may be intimidated by the size of this book (over 600 pages) and the small font (probably 9 point).
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0521347505?v=glance (1025 words)

	constituent - OneLook Dictionary Search
		noun: a member of a constituency; a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes (
		Phrases that include constituent: immediate constituent, grammatical constituent, constituent enzyme, constituent structure, tidal constituent, more...
		Words similar to constituent: component, constituently, constitutional, constitutive, element, factor, ingredient, organic, grammatical constituent, member, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=constituent&ls=a (348 words)

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