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Topic: Constituent Cortes

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	Emilio Castelar y Ripoll - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Castelar soon became famous by his rhetorical speeches in the Constituent Cortes of 1869, where he led the republican minority in advocating a federal republic as the logical outcome of the recent revolution.
		The Cortes were dissolved, and the federal and constituent Cortes of the republic convened, but they only sat during the summer of 1873, long enough to show their absolute incapacity, and to convince the executive that the safest policy was to suspend the session for several months.
		The Cortes went on wrangling for a day and night until, at daybreak on the 3rd of January 1874, General Pavia forcibly ejected the deputies, closed and dissolved the Cortes, and called up Marshal Serrano to form a provisional government.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Emilio_Castelar_y_Ripoll (1821 words)

	Constituent Cortes - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constituent Cortes (Cortes constituyentes) is the description of the Cortes (Spanish parliament) when convened as a constituent assembly.
		In the 20th century only one Constituent Cortes was officially opened ("Cortes" are "opened" in accordance with a mediaeval royal proclamation), and that was the Republican Cortes in 1931.
		The Cortes in 1977 passed the new Spanish constitution; however, that was never officially considered "constituent", as the 1977 general elections were not mandated to consider a new constitution, but to rule under the constitution of the former dictatorship - the so called "Leyes Fundamentales" (fundamental laws).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constituent_Cortes (153 words)

	Portugal - HISTORY
		Cortes were convoked at the king's will and were limited to advising on issues raised by the king and presenting petitions and complaints.
		Pedro received confirmation for his regency by summoning the cortes at Évora and paved the way for his continuance in power by arranging the marriage of his daughter Isabel to the young king, who, when he reached his majority in 1446, agreed to the match and asked his uncle to continue the regency.
		The new king, who was more resolute than his father, convoked a cortes at Évora, where he imposed a new written oath by which nobles swore upon their knees to give up to the king any castle or town they held from the crown.
	www.mongabay.com /reference/country_studies/portugal/HISTORY.html (19074 words)

	[No title]
		The old marshal vainly endeavoured to keep his own Progressists within bounds in the Cortes of 1854-1856, and in the great towns, but their excessive demands for reforms and liberties played into the hands of a clerical and reactionary court and of the equally retrograde governing, classes.
		O'Donnell's pronunciamiento in 1856 put an end to the Cortes, and the militia was disarmed, after a sharp struggle in the streets of the capital.
		To all—to the Revolution of 1868, the Constituent Cortes of 1869, King Amadeus, the Federal Republic of 1873, the nameless government of Marshal Serrano in 1874, the Bourbon restoration in 1875—he simply said: " Cumplase la voluntad nacional " (" Let the national will be accomplished ").
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /correction/edit?content_id=23597&locale=en (1266 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.3, Entry 206, SPAIN: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The organic law of the tribunals, voted by the constituent cortes, in establishing a new system, the system of the municipal tribunals, courts of investigation, courts of apportionment, courts of appeal, and the supreme court, separated the magistracy of the bench from that of the public prosecutor, by conferring permanence of tenure on the former.
		The cortes, with the view of reconciling the interests of the treasury with the wants of the church, decided that the municipalities and the provincial deputations should bear a part of the expenditures for worship and the salaries of clergymen; the state contributed its share by an annual subsidy of thirty millions of francs.
		The constituent cortes of 1869 subjected ecclesiastics to the oath which is considered a condition preliminary to the payment of the salaries assigned them as public functionaries.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy976.html (8306 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Cortes
		In 1863 he was elected to the Cortes, and as colonial minister in the cabinet of Juan Prim he advocated the abolition of slavery.
		A leader of the Progressive party in the Cortes, he was twice exiled for his opposition to the government of Isabella II.
		From 1903 he served in the Cortes several times and was Portuguese minister (1917) in Madrid and secretary for foreign affairs (1918-19).
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Cortes&StartAt=1 (676 words)

	Cortes - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the consolidation of the royal power (15th cent.) and the unification of Spain, the cortes were seldom convoked except to pay homage, and their powers were curtailed.
		The first national Cortes of Spain met at Cádiz in 1810 in the Peninsular War, the Spanish war of liberation from Napoleonic rule.
		At the fall of the monarchy in 1931, a constituent Cortes promulgated a republican constitution, and the Cortes was the parliament of Spain until 1939.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-cortes.html (462 words)

	Spanish Transition To Democracy Encyclopedia Article @ DemocraticGold.com (Democratic Gold) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		February 23, a university professor from the ranks of the Movimiento was the president of both the Cortes and the Council of the Kingdom.
		According to the Communists, the Law for Political Reform was anti-democratic, and, moreover, the elections for the Constituent Cortes should be called by a provisional government that formed part of the political forces of the opposition.
		The Cortes began to draft a constitution in the summer of 1977 and, in PSOE, the right was formed, under which all major parties agreed on major provisions of a new constitution to ensure its passage through the Constituent Cortes.
	www.democraticgold.com /encyclopedia/Spanish_transition_to_democracy (3187 words)

	Spanish Constitution of 1978 - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		After the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, a general election in 1977 convened the Constituent Cortes (parliament) for the purpose of drafting and approving a constitution.
		A seven-member panel was selected among the elected members of the Cortes to work on a draft of the Constitution to be submitted to the body.
		The constitution was approved by the Cortes Generales on October 31, 1978, and by the Spanish people in a referendum on December 6, 1978, before being promulgated by King Juan Carlos on December 27.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/s/p/a/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978_4785.html (701 words)

	The Dispatch - Serving the Lexington, NC - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		After the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975, a general election in 1977 convened the Constituent Cortes (the Spanish Parliament, in its capacity as a constitutional assembly) for the purpose of drafting and approving the constitution.
		The constitution was approved by the Cortes Generales on October 31, 1978, and by the Spanish people in a referendum on December 30, 1978, before being promulgated by King Juan Carlos on December 27.
		The People's Party has attempted to reject the admission in Cortes of the 2005 reform of the Autonomy Statute of Catalonia on the grounds that it should be dealt with as a constitutional reform rather than a mere statute reform.
	www.the-dispatch.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Spanish_Constitution_of_1978 (751 words)

	...:Spanish news in English:...
		On June 28, elections for the Constitutional Convention (constituent Cortes) were held and the Socialist party won the largest number of seats in the new assembly.
		The Cortes, which was under the control of the Socialists, was dissolved, and in the general elections of 19 November, 1933, the Conservatives triumphed.
		The demand of Premier Chapaprieta that the Cortes approve his proposal to raise 200,000,000 pesetas by increasing taxes on the rich caused the overthrow of his cabinet on December 10.
	www.spanish-review.com /article212.html (2949 words)

	IIR Working Paper
		The particular agenda of the leader varied greatly across the cases, ranging from competitive constituency building of Disraeli and Gladstone, to Giolitti's Africa venture and cooptive goals, to Batlle's model country, but for all three it was a fairly well-specified political program.
		Just as Disraeli had cut into a natural Liberal constituency, Gladstone saw a suffrage extension to rural workers as a means to increase the Liberals' support base and draw support from a potential Tory sector.
		Manhood suffrage was first established for the constituent assembly elections of April 1848 and reaffirmed in the constitution that it promulgated.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~iir/wpapers/pdf/wp62.html (14028 words)

	Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The new Cortes depose Alcala Zamora and appoint Manuel Azaña President of the Republic.
		The Cortes approve the end of the Spanish presence in Spanish Sahara and the transfer of the territorial administration of the colonial Government (November 18th).
		The new Government proposes a bicameral Cortes and requests that workers be allowed to organize their own unions apart from the 'vertical syndicates'.
	www2.ups.edu /faculty/velez/Span_350/recursos/caudillo/caud_05.htm (1938 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The president would be elected for a single six-year term by the deputies of the Cortes plus an equal number of elected "commissioners." He would choose the prime minister ("president of the government"), who would then select the other ministers, all subject to approval by the Cortes.
		Before it could be brought to the Cortes, the Constituent Cortes had been dissolved, conservatives were in control, and the statute was buried until the outbreak of the Civil War.
		The Cortes debated at length the rival proposals and finally passed a compromise bill in September 1932 that let the municipalities decide between collectivization and individual ownership.
	libro.uca.edu /herr/ms11.htm (8043 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		During the two years of the Constituent Cortes, public opinion had become more and more polarized around the issue of the relation between the state and the church.
		In the new climate of Spain, he was elected to the Cortes in November 1933 and returned from Paris to become the head of a monarchist party called Renovation Española.
		According to the constitution, after a president dissolved the Cortes for a second time, the first act of the new Cortes was to examine and decide upon the necessity of the decree of dissolution.
	libro.uca.edu /herr/ms12.htm (6521 words)

	Spain - CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM
		Spain has a history of failed constitutions, and the framers of the 1978 Constitution endeavored to devise a document that would be acceptable to all the major political forces.
		By June 20, this committee had completed revisions of the draft document, which was presented for debate in the Congress of Deputies (lower chamber of the Cortes) in July, a year after the formation of the constitutional committee.
		The draft constitution then went to the Senate (upper chamber of the Cortes), where it again received more than 1,000 amendments and was revised by another constitutional committee.
	countrystudies.us /spain/72.htm (540 words)

	General Elections. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Cortes Generales exercise the legislative power of the State, approve its Budgets, control Government action and all the other powers vested in them by the Constitution.
		Title III of the Constitution, which comprises articles 66 to 80 inclusive, refers solely to the Cortes Generales, which is the constitutional term covering both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate.
		In the course of fifteen articles, a detailed account is given of the structure of the legislative power, that mainstay of the democratic State, together with the executive and the judiciary.
	www.sispain.org /SiSpain/english/politics/election/general.html (214 words)

	L. Fersen: The Political Situation in Spain (December 1934)
		A protest in the Cortes could only have provoked a Cabinet crisis, while the whole country was engaged in an armed struggle, and this would have meant risking the loss of the positions which had been won in the government at such great cost and with such tremendous difficulty.
		Thanks to the the tricky electoral mechanism existing in the country, the Cortes was the stronghold of reaction and the weak spot for the proletariat.
		To the demand that all energies be devoted to bringing about the overthrow of the Cortes, they replied that it was not necessary to concentrate the struggle on positions beyond which the proletariat had advanced, and that what was now necessary was the preparation of the insurrection for the overthrow of the capitalist regime.
	www.marxists.org /history/etol/newspape/ni/vol02/no02/fersen.htm (4821 words)

	IIR Working Paper #62
		While at a minimum a democratic regime did not appear until classical elections were held, the emphasis in the analysis will be on an earlier point when authoritarian incumbents took decisive action to step down and yield to a relatively free electoral regime.
		What we have in mind is a proximate, concrete decision to relinquish power in a relatively short period of time, such as the decision to elect a constituent assembly or to hold relatively free elections, thus ceding power to democratically elected leaders.
		In June 1977 free elections to a democratic Cortes were held, and the new constitution that was subsequently written provided the institutional st ructure of the new democracy.
	socrates.berkeley.edu /~iir/wpapers/pdf/iirworkpap63.html (19045 words)

	Plan of Iguala and Treaty of Cordova
		The Provisional Junta of Government after the election of its president, shall name a regency composed of three persons selected from its own body, or from without it, in whom shall be vested the executive power, and who shall govern in the name and on behalf of the monarch till the vacant throne be filled.
		The Provisional Junta as soon as it is installed, shall govern ad interim according to the existing laws, so far as they may not be contrary to the "Plan of Iguala," and until the cortes shall have framed the constitution of the state.
		The regency immediately on its nomination, shall proceed to the convocation of the cortes in the manner which shall be prescribed by the Provisional Junta of Government, conformably to the spirit of Article No. 7 in the aforesaid "Plan."
	www.tamu.edu /ccbn/dewitt/iguala.htm (1958 words)

	Castelar y Ripoll, Emilio Manuel @ Archontology.org: presidents, kings, prime ministers, biography, database
		The Cortes convened at a session on 2 Jan 1874, which continued through the early hours of 3 Jan 1874.
		The Cortes took a recess to discuss the choice of a new Presidente del Poder Ejecutivo and then proceeded with voting in which the votes were favoring Eduardo Palanca Asensi.
		By 08:00 General Pavía convened, in the office of the Presidencia de las Cortes, a meeting of "notables", including Francisco Serrano and Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, and charged them with finding a solution to the crisis.
	www.archontology.org /nations/spain/spain_1868_74s/castelar.php (370 words)

	Portugal - Moderate vs. Radical Liberals
		The radicals nullified the Constitutional Charter and reestablished the constitution of 1822 until it could be revised by a constituent cortes to make it more compatible with changed social and economic circumstances.
		The actions of the radicals resulted in a violent reaction from the moderates, who saw their power threatened and considered the charter the symbol of the liberal victory in the War of Two Brothers.
		As a compromise, the Constituent Assembly, convoked in March 1838, attempted to reconcile the constitution of 1822 and the Constitutional Charter.
	countrystudies.us /portugal/37.htm (620 words)

	Cortes — FactMonster.com
		Henry Cort - Cort, Henry, 1740–1800, English inventor.
		Hernán Cortés - Cortés, Hernán, or Hernando Cortez, 1485–1547, Spanish conquistador, conqueror...
		Sea of Cortés - Cortés, Sea of: see California, Gulf of.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0813663.html (257 words)

	AllRefer.com - Cortes (Foreign Government Agencies) - Encyclopedia
		The three estates : clergy, nobility, and burghers : voted the taxes, recognized the kings upon their accession, and indirectly exercised some legislative influence.
		The cortes of AragOn and Catalonia were particularly powerful.
		The first national Cortes of Spain met at CAdiz in 1810 in the Peninsular War, the Spanish war of liberation from Napoleonic rule.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Cortes.html (315 words)

	Constituent Cortes Books \| Elections To The Constituent Assembly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
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	agzy.info /constituent-cortes-books.htm (278 words)

	Julian Besteiro
		In the summer of 1917 Besteiro became involved in the organization of a political strike in Spain.
		The strikers demanded the establishment of a provisional republican government, elections to a constituent Cortes and action to deal with inflation.
		Following parliamentary elections Besteiro was elected president of the Constituent Cortes.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /SPbesteiro.htm (865 words)

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