
	Where results make sense

Topic: Constitution of 1772 (Finland)

Related Topics

Brandon Mayfield

	Finnish War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a result of the war, the eastern third of Sweden was established as the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, according to the Finns in personal union with Imperial Russia.
		Another notable effect was the Swedish parliament's adoption of a new constitution and a new royal house, that of Bernadotte.
		Finland came to retain the Gustavian constitution of 1772 with only slight modifications until 1919.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Finnish_War (339 words)

	History of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Worried by the development in Russia, and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed for the parliament to declare Finland's independence, which was agreed on in the parliament on December 6, 1917.
		Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands a right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions.
		In Finland, CSCE was widely considered as a possibility of reducing the tensions of the Cold War, and a personal triumph for president Kekkonen.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Finland (5947 words)

	Diet of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Diet of Finland, Suomen valtiopäivät or Finlands Lantdag, was the legislative assembly, and successor to the Riksdag of the Estates, of the Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906.
		The central event at Porvoo was the sovereign pledge and the oaths of the Estates in Porvoo Cathedral on March 29.
		This was thought to essentially mean that the emperor confirmed the Swedish Instrument of Government from 1772 as the constitution of Finland, although it was also interpreted to mean respecting the existing codes and statutes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Diet_of_Finland (762 words)

	Porvoo. Who is Porvoo? What is Porvoo? Where is Porvoo? Definition of Porvoo. Meaning of Porvoo.
		Porvoo is one of the six medieval towns in Finland, first mentioned as a city in texts from 14th century.
		After the conquest of Finland by Russian armies in 1808 Sweden had to cede Finland to Russia.
		The Tsar Alexander I confirmed the new Finnish constitution (which was essentially the Swedish constitution from 1772), and made Finland an autonomous Grand Duchy.
	www.knowledgerush.com /kr/encyclopedia/Porvoo (236 words)

	Finland - CONSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK
		Finland's government structure has remained largely unchanged since it was established in 1919 with the passage of the Constitution Act.
		The Senate's head, the governor general, the highest official in Finland, was a Russian appointed by the tsar.
		Finland became in one step a modern representative democracy and the first European nation to grant women the right to vote.
	countrystudies.us /finland/111.htm (710 words)

	History of Finland - ArtPolitic Encyclopedia of Politics : Information Portal
		Thereafter, during the period 1700-1808, Finland was several times occupied by the Russians (partly or wholy), and the south-easternmost part came under Russian control in the early 18th century.
		Following Finland's incorporation into Sweden in the 12th century, Swedish had been the dominant language in administration and education, although Finnish recovered its predominance after a 19th-century resurgence of Finnish Nationalism (also working to ensure Russia of the Finns' loyalty).
		In 1952, Finland and the other countries of the Nordic Council entered into a passport union, allowing their citizens to cross borders without passports and to apply for jobs and claim social security benefits in the other countries.
	www.artpolitic.org /infopedia/hi/History_of_Finland.html (1582 words)

	Finland History
		Finland's nearly 700-year association with the Kingdom of Sweden is usually said to began in 1154 with the introduction of Christianity by Sweden's King Erik the holy who came escorted by a group of armed men and Bishop Henry to Finland-proper.
		In 1808, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar Alexander I. Thereafter Finland remained an autonomous Grand Duchy in the Russian Empire until the end of 1917, with Karelia handed back to Finland in 1812.
		Finland's foreign relations and reputation were without doubt damaged by the broad support the Lapua Movement initially was shown by Finland's elite, and by the ties between the Movement, the White Guards and Finland's army.
	www.glebbeek-internet.com /engels/history.htm (3701 words)

	Constitution of 1772
		The Constitution of 1772 took effect by the unbloody Gustavian coup d'état establishing a brief Absolute Monarchy in Sweden, and was a reaction on the perceived disadvantages of half a century of parliamentarism during the so called Age of Liberty in Sweden.
		Although criticised as authoritarian, and in 1789 modified further in autocratic direction, the constitution was relatively liberal compared with the situation in other contemporary states in Europe.
		In the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, that in 1809 was created from the eastern third of Sweden, it was replaced first July 17, 1919.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Constitution_of_1772_%28Finland%29 (150 words)

	Constitution of Sweden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The first constitutional Instrument of Government was enacted in 1719, marking the transition from Autocracy to Parliamentarism.
		De jure this Constitution puts a considerable power on the King; a power increasingly used to follow the Councillors' advice, and from 1917 to adhere to principles of Parliamentarism by choosing Councillors possessing direct or indirect support from a majority of the Parliament.
		Sweden's switch from elective to hereditary monarchy in 1544 gave reason to Sweden's first law of constitutional character, in form of a treaty between the royal dynasty and the realm represented by the four Estates to be valid for all times.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/constitution_of_sweden (960 words)

	Celsius Centre for Scandinavian Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The birth of Finland's national culture came about in 1809, when it was torn from the bosom of Sweden, its past mentor and cultural soulmate, and became a Grand Duchy under the Russian Emperor.
		The union between Finland and Russia came to an end with the Russian Revolution and the takeover by the Bolsheviks in 1917.
		Finland maintains close ties with Sweden, as of old, and its relations with Russia are peaceful and their trading arrangements are mutually beneficial.
	www.ssn.flinders.edu.au /scanlink/nornotes/vol4/reviews/matthews.html (911 words)

	Encyclopedia: Porvoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Not to be confused with the Danish town and county of Viborg in Jutland Viapori, a Finnish transcription of Sveaborg, better known as Suomenlinna castle Vyborg from the tower of the castle Vyborg (transcription of Russian Выборг) is a town with 70,000 inhabitants at Russias border to Finland...
		The Constitution of Finland defines the government and its shape, the relationship between the different topmost branches of the commonwealth and the rights of the individual.
		The Swedish Constitution consists of four fundamental laws (Swedish: grundlagar): The Instrument of Government (1974) The Act of Succession (1810) The Freedom of the Press Act (1766) The Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (1991) There is also a law on the working order of the Parliament with a special...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Porvoo (1168 words)

	Diet of Finland
		Between March 25 and July 19, 1809 the four Estates of occupied Finland (Nobility, Clergy, Burghers and Peasants) were assembled at Porvoo (Borgå) by Tsar Alexander I, the new Grand Duke of Finland.
		The diet had required that it would be convened again after the Finnish War, which separated Finland from Sweden, had been concluded.
		On September 17 of the same year, the conflict was settled by the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, but it would last another five decades until the Finnish Estates would be called again.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/d/di/diet_of_finland.html (770 words)

	The Finns as fascists in disguise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		After Finland was ceded from Sweden in 1809 and established as a separate Russian Grand Duchy, the main struggle between the governments of Finland and Russia was over Finland's constitution.
		When, after Finland's independence, first a leftist rebellion in 1918 and then a rightist rebellion in 1932 were put down, the rebels' defiance of laws and constitution was the strongest argument the government could use to rally the public and the armed forces.
		Due to many reasons, Finland's association with Nazi Germany during the Continuation War attracts more attention than her succesful keeping of distance to Nazism and the Nazis, her separate and clearly stated goals for the war (the Sword Scabbard Declaration), and the other two wars when Finland and the Third Reich were adversaries.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/T/The-Finns-as-fascists-in-disguise.htm (932 words)

	The Ultimate Constitution of 1772 (Finland) - American History Information Guide and Reference
		Sweden's Constitution of 1772 took effect through a bloodless coup d'état carried out by King Gustavus III, establishing a brief absolute monarchy in Sweden.
		The 1772 Constitution, though criticised as authoritarian, and in 1789 amended in a still more autocratic direction, was relatively liberal compared with the situations in contemporary European states (with the notable exception of the May 3, 1791, Constitution in Poland).
		It was in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, created in 1809 from the eastern third of Sweden, that the amended 1772 Constitution was first replaced (July 17, 1919).
	www.historymania.com /american_history/Constitution_of_1772_%28Finland%29 (155 words)

	CONSTITUTIONAL LAWS OF FINLAND, PROCEDURE OF PARLIAMENT
		The Constitution Act of Finland (17 July 1919/94) I. General Provisions Section 1 (17 July 1995/969) Finland is a sovereign Republic, the constitution of which shall guarantee the inviolability of human dignity and the freedom and rights of the individual as well as promoting justice in society.
		Section 50 The management and condition of the Bank of Finland, the actions of the Governors and the Board of the Bank of Finland and the condition and management of the funds under the supervision of Parliament shall be inspected by the standing committee to which these duties are assigned by the Procedure of Parliament.
		Chapter 6 Measures Relating to the Bank of Finland, the Social Insurance Institution and the Library of Parliament Section 83 (22 July 1991/1078) Parliament shall appoint nine Governors to supervise the administration and activities of the Bank of Finland and the administration of the funds for which Parliament is responsible.
	www.eduskunta.fi /kirjasto/Lait/constitution.html (12903 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The constitution of 1793, for example, the earliest moment in the history of modern democracy of legislated universal manhood suffrage, calls for voting to take place in primary assemblies that elect delegates to higher bodies; at those primary assemblies, citizens were to choose between oral and written voting.
		The French constitution of 1793 seems to be the first attempt to eliminate property or wealth qualifications; it superseded the constitution of 1791 which had established a minimal tax payment for participants in primary electoral assemblies (but a higher payment for second stage electors).
		In the national referendum on the French constitution of 1793 the votes of women (and children) were counted in a few places, even though the constitution on which they voted did not recognize female (or childhood) suffrage.
	www.sscnet.ucla.edu /soc/groups/ccsa/markoff.htm (16128 words)

	History of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During the 1st century AD trade and exhange with Scandinavia increased and some Roman artifacts from this period have been found.
		During and immediately after the wars, approximately 80,000 children were evacuated from Karelia and from cities harshly hit by Soviet bombing.
		Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economic structure during the Cold War era.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Finland (5947 words)

	Porvoo (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Porvoo, or Borgå in Swedish, is a municipality of about 46,000 inhabitants,situated on the southern coast of Finland approximately 50 kilometres east of Helsinki.
		Porvoo is one of the six medieval towns in Finland, first mentioned as a city intexts from 14th century.
		TheTsar Alexander I confirmed the new Finnishconstitution (which was essentially the Swedish constitution from 1772), and made Finland an autonomous Grand Duchy.
	www.therfcc.org /porvoo-198898.html (238 words)

	History of Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In retrospect the possession and loss of the south-easternmost part of the country, containing the important commercial and cultural center of Karelia and the city of, has been deemed most significant for the Finnish nation.
		In 1808, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar Alexander I.
		The new republic faced a dispute over the Åland Islands, which were overwelmingly Swedish-speaking and sought retrocession to Sweden.
	www.portaljuice.com /history_of_finland.html (2819 words)

	The Nation, 08/16/1919 - Finland a Republic by L, R.
		The new Finland will be governed by a president elected for six years-on the first occasion by the existing Landtdag, but ever afterwards by a special elective assembly of 300 members chosen by the people.
		...This Constitution provides that no change in the fundamental laws can be made without a two-thirds majority, and, further, that even with a two-thirds majority, no change can be made in one Landtdag unless a five-sixths majority declares the matter to be urgent...
		...and on a new vote, the Constitution, in the sense given at the head of this letter, was declared urgent by 173 votes against 23, and passed by 165 votes against 22...
	www.nationarchive.com /Summaries/v109i2824_19.htm (1658 words)

	Porvoo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Porvoo (IPA: [ˈporʋoː]), or Borgå in Swedish, is a municipality of about 47,000 inhabitants, situated on the southern coast of Finland approximately 50 kilometres east of Helsinki.
		When Sweden lost the city of Viipuri (Viborg) to Russia in 1721, the episcopal seat was moved to Porvoo.
		Famous people from Porvoo include the Finnish National poet Johan Ludvig Runeberg, the artist Albert Edelfelt and the soccer star Sami Hyypiä.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Borg%C3%A5 (260 words)

	Symphony Pro Musica - Program Notes November 2002
		Finland had been separated from Sweden in the War of 1808, in the larger context of the Napoleonic wars.
		Ever since the enlightened conqueror Alexander I, in 1809, when attaching Finland to the Russian Empire as a Grand Duchy, had pledged to respect the Finnish Constitution – Finland has had a Constitution since 1772 – the Russians had left the Finns pretty much alone.
		With the extensive autonomy enjoyed in Finland, it was obvious that all its institutions could not be abolished overnight with a stroke of the pen.
	www.symphonypromusica.org /notes/0211.html (2267 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Sweden, 1771-1792
		The coup of 1772 which restored royal rule was possible because only two weeks earlier the non-noble estates had demanded that appointments to high offices should be made exclusively on the basis of merit and capability, thus in disregard of noble status.
		The nobility was opposed to this; risings were orchestrated in Finland (lead by J.M. Sprengtporten) and in Scania (J.C. Toll); then the palace guard in Stockholm joined the aristocratic community; with Stockholm under control, Riksdag was called to assemble.
		An ACT OF UNION AND SECURITY was passed (1789), an amendment to the 1772 constitution, which abolished the Council of the Realm, an institution which had lasted for 500 years; it was replaced by a ROYAL HIGH COURT (of appeal), half of the members were to be non-nobles.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/scandinavia/gustaviii.html (1517 words)

	ICL - Finland - Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		(1) Finland is a sovereign Republic, the constitution of which shall guarantee the inviolability of human dignity and the freedom and rights of the individual as well as promoting justice in society.
		(1) This Constitution Act shall be in all respects an irrevocable Constitutional Act of Parliament, and it may not be amended, expounded or repealed, nor may exceptions to it be made, except according to the prescribed procedure for Constitutional Acts in general.
		(2) The Constitution of 21 August 1772 and the Deed of Association and Security of 21 February and 3 March 1789, as well as all provisions in other Acts of Parliament and Decrees which in conflict with this Constitution Act are hereby repealed.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/fi01000_.html (8211 words)

	Articles - Regent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		This was the case in Finland and Hungary, where the royal line was considered extinct in the aftermath of World War I.
		In Iceland, the regent represented the King of Denmark as sovereign of Iceland until the country became a republic in 1944.
		After the abdication of Nicholas II of Russia, the throne of the Grand Duke of Finland was vacant and according to the constitution of 1772, a regent was installed by the Finnish Parliament during the first two years of Finnish independence, before the country was declared a republic.
	www.storegolf.com /articles/Regent (854 words)

	etymology.ca - Constitution of 1772 Finland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Finland - Constitution { Adopted on: 17 July 1919 } { ICL Document Status: 22 Dec 1995 - repealed!
		Riksens Standers faststalte Regerings-Form (the 1772 constitution), from A selection of events and documents on the history of Finland, in...
		...law (including the relevant parts from Gustav III's Constitution of 1772) remained effective.
	www.etymology.ca /Constitution-of-1772-Finland/reference/fullview/wikipedia/1230590 (173 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)