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Topic: Constitution of 1812

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	The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Peninsular War and the Constitution of 1812.
		The work of the Cortes of Cadiz was very intense and the first Spanish constitutional text was promulgated in the city of Cadiz on March 12th 1812.
		1812: This is the beginning of the Spanish constitutionalism.
	www.sispain.org /english/history/peninsul.html (535 words)

	"Albert P. Blaustein, "The U.S. Constitution: America's Most Important Export" Issues of Democracy, March 2004"
		It was used in a modified from for later German constitutions, such as the one drafted for imperial Germany and the one that established the Weimar Republic in 1919.
		Constitutional review could not be exercised by the Latin American nations because their judicial structures were based on the civil law system.
		U.S. constitutional research is a major project in at least a dozen countries, as its value is being analyzed with a view to the writing of new constitutions.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itdhr/0304/ijde/blaustein.htm (2322 words)

	Spanish Constitution of 1812 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Allegory of the Constitution of 1812, Francisco de Goya, Stockholm Museum.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1812 was promulgated by the Cádiz Cortes, the national legislative assembly (Cortes Generales "General Courts") of Spain acting while in refuge.
		When Ferdinand's ferocious misrule resulted in a mutiny of army officers in 1820, the Constitution of 1812 was the unifying document of the liberals, who wished to see a constitutional monarchy in Spain.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812 (420 words)

	Spanish Constitution of 1978 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the Spanish transition to democracy.
		The constitution was approved by the Cortes Generales on October 31, 1978, and by the Spanish people in a referendum on December 30, 1978, before being promulgated by King Juan Carlos on December 27.
		The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to self-government of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1978 (902 words)

	1812 on the Ocean
		The Constitution had, as already said, about 456 men aboard, while of the Guerrière’s crew, 267 prisoners were received aboard the Constitution; deducting 10 who were Americans and would not fight, and adding the 15 killed outright, we get 272; 28 men were absent in prizes.
		At 1.30 the Constitution luffed up, shortened her canvas to top-sails, top-gallant sails, jib, and spanker, and ran easily off on the port tack, heading toward the southeast; she carried her commodore’s pendant at the main, national ensigns at the mizzenpeak and main top-gallant mast-head, and a Jack at the fore.
		So the chances should have been nearly equal, and the difference in fighting capacity that was shown by the enormous disparity in the loss, and still more in the damage inflicted, was due to the fact that the officers of one ship had, and the officers of the other had not, trained their raw crews.
	www.conklinguide.com /1812-ocean.html (14816 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		USS Constitution was one of six frigates authorized for construction by an act of Congress in 1794.
		Constitution patrolled the North African coast for two years after the war ended, to enforce the terms of the treaty.
		Constitution's victories gave the American people a tremendous boost to morale, and raised the United States to the rank of a world-class naval power.
	www.flssar.org /fp302/fp302p01.htm (1078 words)

	Learn more about 1812 in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		May 11 - Prime Minster Spencer Perceval is assassinated by a bankrupt banker in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
		August 19 - War of 1812: USS Constitution defeats the British frigate Guerrière off the coast of Nova Scotia.
		October 13 - War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights - On the Niagara frontier in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaerof are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock (although he dies during the battle).
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /1/18/1812.html (612 words)

	Old Ironside Constitution
		In 1812, during combat with HMS 'Guerriere', American sailors observed that the British frigate’s balls could not penetrate ‘Constitution’s hull, earning her the everlasting nickname, 'Old Ironsides'.
		Such were the circumstances in July of 1812 when ‘Constitution' met a British squadron of one ship-of-the-line, three frigates, one brig and a schooner.
		As they observed that British balls were bouncing off the 'Constitution's hull, the American sailors shouted 'Her sides are made of iron!’ giving rise to the frigate’s everlasting nickname 'Old Ironsides'.
	www.shipsonstamps.org /Topics/html/ironside.htm (1541 words)

	Revolutionary Spain by Karl Marx
		The Constitution of 1812 has been accused on the one hand — for instance, by Ferdinand VII himself (see his decree of May 4, 1814) — of being a mere imitation of the French Constitution of 1791 transplanted on the Spanish soil by visionaries, regardless of the historical traditions of Spain.
		The section of the Constitution which refers to the municipal government of the communes, is a genuine Spanish offspring, as we have shown in a former article.
		On the other hand, we may trace in the Constitution of 1812 symptoms not to be mistaken of a compromise entered into between the liberal ideas of the eighteenth century and the dark traditions of priestcraft.
	www.marxists.org /archive/marx/works/1854/revolutionary-spain/ch06.htm (2677 words)

	1812 - Free net encyclopedia
		June 1 - War of 1812: U.S. President James Madison asks the U.S. Congress to declare war on the United Kingdom.
		The British shot is said to have bounced off the Constitution 's sides, earning her the nickname "Old Ironsides".
		October 13 - War of 1812: Battle of Queenston Heights - As part of the Niagara campaign in Ontario, Canada, United States forces under General Stephen Van Rensselaer are repulsed from invading Canada by British and native troops led by Sir Isaac Brock (although he dies during the battle).
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/1812 (899 words)

	Constitution vs. Java
		At 1.30 the Constitution luffed up, shortened her canvas to top-sails, top-gallant sails, jib, and spanker, and ran easily off on the port tack, heading toward the southeast; she carried her commodore's pendant at the main, national ensigns at the mizzen-peak and main top-gallant mast-head, and a Jack at the fore.
		The Constitution assumed a weatherly position, and spent an hour in repairing damages and securing her masts; then she wore and stood toward her enemy, whose flag was again flying, but only for bravado, for as soon as the Constitution stood across her forefoot she struck.
		But a round shot had struck her hull, one of which carried away the wheel; one 18-pounder went through the mizzen-mast; the fire-mast, main-top-mast, and a few other spars were slightly wounded, and the running rigging and shrouds were a good deal cut; but in an hour she was again in good fighting trim.
	www.ecst.csuchico.edu /~beej/constjava.html (1427 words)

	USS Constitution's Battle Record
		Authorized by Congress in 1794, built in 1797, and launched in 1798, Constitution saw action in one undeclared war and two official wars and was a powerful arm of the United States military capable of carrying American firepower to distant parts of the globe.
		The capture of the Sandwich in port by the crew of Constitution is an especially daring exploit of this quasi-war.
		The highlight of her military action in that conflict was the bombardment of Tripoli with the rest of the U.S. fleet in late summer 1804.
	www.history.navy.mil /docs/war1812/const1.htm (753 words)

	Old Ironside Constitution
		In 1812, during combat with HMS 'Guerriere', American sailors observed that the British frigate’s balls could not penetrate ‘Constitution’s hull, earning her the everlasting nickname, 'Old Ironsides'.
		Such were the circumstances in July of 1812 when ‘Constitution' met a British squadron of one ship-of-the-line, three frigates, one brig and a schooner.
		As they observed that British balls were bouncing off the 'Constitution's hull, the American sailors shouted 'Her sides are made of iron!’ giving rise to the frigate’s everlasting nickname 'Old Ironsides'.
	www.palouse.net /hobbies/shipstamps/Topics/html/ironside.htm (1541 words)

	Texas Politics - The Constitution
		Since constitutions are the primary source of democratic governance and political "rules of the game," they tend to be reflexively revered by the general population and pragmatically respected by political professionals.
		The Constitution also formally established the University of Texas (although its location was left to the Legislature), and it created "permanent" funds for both this new university and for previously established asylums for "the lunatic, blind, deaf and dumb, and orphaned." Like the two preceding constitutions, it provided for separate schools for African Americans.
		The Constitution of 1876 was the last in the series of new, updated and revised constitutions in Texas, but it was not the last attempt to rewrite the organic law of Texas.
	texaspolitics.laits.utexas.edu /html/cons/print_cons.html (10930 words)

	[No title]
		Ferdinand VII's quashing of the Constitution of 1812 left politically concerned Spaniards divided between the partisans of absolutism and constitutionalism, both sides now believing that they might be justified in using extralegal means.
		These men, although representing the authors of the constitution, had been disillusioned by the failure of the common people to rally to it in 1814 and were beginning to look for restraints on absolute popular sovereignty, such as England and France found in limited suffrage and an upper house to the legislature.
		Caught by surprise in her summer palace at La Granja, she was forced to convoke constituent cortes, elected under universal suffrage according to the Constitution of 1812.
	libro.uca.edu /herr/ms06.htm (4128 words)

	Ferdinand VII, king of Spain. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		In his name the nationalist and liberal elements of Spain resisted the French invaders, and a liberal constitution was proclaimed (1812) by the Cortes at Cádiz.
		When Ferdinand was restored (1814) to his throne, however, he promptly abolished the liberal constitution and revealed himself a thorough reactionary.
		After several unsuccessful uprisings, the Spanish liberals (who had organized in secret societies, e.g., the Carbonari) staged a successful revolution in 1820 and forced the king to reinstate the constitution of 1812.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fe/Ferdi7Sp.html (469 words)

	Journal of San Diego History
		The Constitution of 1812 was primarily of symbolic importance in Spain, by investing in the people for the first time the responsibility for their own laws, but for the colonies, a short time later independent, it exerted a great deal of influence on their future political life.
		The Spanish Constitution of 1812 and decrees of the Cortes in 1812 and 1813 provided the specific regulations under which San Diego was established as a pueblo, because even with Mexican independence the Spanish laws relating to municipalities were embraced for Mexican use.
		Under this Constitution Alta California became a territory, lacking sufficient population to become a state, and its representative in the Mexican Congress was without a vote.
	www.sandiegohistory.org /journal/66july/pueblo.htm (11356 words)

	The War of 1812: The Constitution and the Guerriere (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When the Constitution arrived within long gunshot, the Guerriere opened her fire, now wearing to bring her broadside to bear, and again to prevent being raked by the American, which slowly but steadily approached.
		The Guerriere, failing to cripple the Constitution, filled and moved off with the wind free, showing that she was willing to receive her and finish the conflict in a yard-arm to yard-arm combat.
		The Constitution then drew slowly ahead, and the moment her bows began to lap the quarters of the Guerriere her forward guns opened, and in a few minutes after the welcome orders were received to pour in broadside after broadside as rapidly as possible.
	www.publicbookshelf.com /public_html/The_Great_Republic_By_the_Master_Historians_Vol_III/thewarof_b.html (1704 words)

	Constituting Modern Spain: Old Topics
		Since constitutions are in part "power maps" (I. Duchacek 1973) for politically dominant groups, the nature of the political community created by a constitution would always influence the degree of stability since a stable regime usually depended on the breadth and type of support, both domestic and foreign, enjoyed by the constitutional settlement.
		Discuss this constitution's debt to the French and U.S revolutionary traditions, both in terms of what was borrowed and what was rejected, and explain why the deputies of the Cortes of Cádiz positioned as they did their contribution to the developing constitutionalist culture.
		Note both what was rejected and what was taken from the 1812 constitution by the drafters of the 1837 one (which included Agustín de Argüelles [1776-1844] who helped write the 1812 one), and explain their choices.
	www.isu.edu /~owenjack/conmodsp/topics.html (2751 words)

	"Old Ironsides" Earns its Name, 1812
		On the afternoon of August 19, 1812 a mortal combat took place between the USS Constitution and the British frigate Guerriere 750 miles off the coast of Massachusetts.
		Seeing this, one of the Constitution's crewmen shouted: "Huzza, her sides are made of iron!" The Constitution's nickname was born.
		The Constitution last went to sea in 1997 as part of the celebration of her 200th birthday.
	www.eyewitnesstohistory.com /oldironsides.htm (928 words)

	QRZ.COM EH7CE
		The constitution was approved by the Cortes Generales(General Courts) on October 31, 1978, and by the Spanish people in a referendum on December 6, 1978, before being promulgated by King Juan Carlos on December 27.
		The Constitution is based on the indissoluble unity of the Spanish Nation, the common and indivisible homeland of all Spaniards; it recognizes and guarantees the right to self-government of the nationalities and regions of which it is composed and the solidarity among them all.
		Furthermore, even an amendment of a non-protected part of the Constitution would require PP agreement, with the support of 3/5 of each House, which is 210 votes in the Congress of Deputies and 156 in the Senate.
	www.qrz.com /callsign/EH7CE (1033 words)

	WAIS Documents
		We shall have to draw a constitutional tree, with the American constitution as the trunk.
		The Spanish constitution of 1812 was largely derived from the French constitution, and in turn it inspired Latin American constitutions.
		Many observers think the German constitution superior to the American one, which is blamed for permitting the blatant corruption of the American system.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Constitution/constitution_britain.html (242 words)

	Napoleon Series: War of 1812 Issue 3
		During the winter of 1808, a contract also was let with Henry Foxall, the ex-patriot British owner of the Columbia Iron Works, Georgetown, D.C., for 32-pounder carronades mounted on slides. These weapons, known as “smashers” because of their destructive power at short ranges.only began to be produced in the United States during the Barbary War.
		They were three feet, nine inches long and weighed only 2200-odd pounds each. Twenty-four had been placed aboard Constitution on her spar deck before she returned to active service in March 1809.
		Editor's Note: Commander Martin, who captained Constitution 1974-78, was the first of her skippers since Charles Stewart (1815) to be decorated for his command tour.
	www.napoleon-series.org /military/Warof1812/2006/Issue3/c_ussconstitutionguns.html (351 words)

	War of 1812
		The War of 1812 is one of the forgotten wars of the United States.
		The war lasted for over two years, and while it ended much like it started; in stalemate; it was in fact a war that once and for all confirmed American Independence.
		The following entries were taken from the War of 1812 section of the MultiEducator CD Rom entitled:"New Nation: America 1787-1820" chronicles the history of the United States from the writing of the Constitution through to the War of 1812.
	www.multied.com /1812 (185 words)

	Antebellum State Constitutions: 1812, 1845 and 1852
		To be admitted to the Union, a state must submit a proposed constitution to the United States Congress for approval.
		Therefore, the convention to draw up the first state constitution decided to copy the constitution of another state already in the union.
		The provisions of the Constitution of 1812 made it possible for the middle and upper classes to effectively control Louisiana government and politics.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/louisiana/83599 (397 words)

	History of the USS Constitution; old ironsides
		Her name was given to her from the Constitution of the United States as well as President George Washington.
		During the year of 1812, she was launched again during the War of 1812.
		In the summer of 1998, the USS Constitution was honored in her part of the stabilization of American History.
	kyky.essortment.com /oldironsidesus_rvms.htm (866 words)

	Independence of Spanish America, The Journal of Third World Studies - Find Articles
		The constitution that emerged from the Cortes "was not a Spanish document; it was a charter for the Spanish world.
		Indeed, it is unlikely the Constitution of Cadiz would have taken the form it did without the participation of the representatives of the New World.
		The revolutionary nature of the Constitution of 1812 is attested by the introduction of mass political participation in the Americas.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200110/ai_n9003686 (845 words)

	USS Constitution
		In early May, 1800 the frigate Constitution was cruising off the island of Hispaniola searching for French prizes when her captain, Silas Talbot, spotted a French Corvette anchored near the mouth of the harbour.
		Realizing that the Constitution, a heavy 44-gun frigate, was too large to enter the small port, Talbot decided to commandeer a small merchant-ship named the Sally which had been trading between the islands and was expected to return to the port.
		When war broke out with Britain in June 1812, the Constitution was commanded by Isaac Hull, who served as lieutenant on the ship during the Tripolitan War.
	michaelthompson.org /ironsides (1195 words)

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