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	Afghanland.com Afghanistan Constitution of Afghanistan 2003 2004 Official Afghan Constitution
		The President is the head of state of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, and conducts his authorities in executive, legislative, and judiciary branches in accordance with the provisions of this Constitution.
		With observance of the provisions of this Constitution, the rules related to the structure, authority, and performances of the courts, and the duties of judges are regulated by law.
		For approval of the amendments, a Loya Jirga shall be convened by the decree of the President in accordance with the provisions of the Chapter on the Loy Jirga.
	www.afghanland.com /history/constitution.html (9546 words)

	ICL - Afghanistan Constitution
		The current ICL edition is based on an unofficial translation of the constitutional text provided anonymously to the general public on the Afghaniyat Listserver.
		If parties involved in a case do not know the language in which the trial is conducted, they have the right to understand the material and documents related to the case through an interpreter and the right to speak in their mother language in the court.
		After the end of the state of emergency, the measures adopted on the basis of Articles 144 and 145 of this Constitution shall be considered invalid immediately.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/af00000_.html (10307 words)

	Afghan Constitution 1923
		In cases of death, resignation and dismissal of a member of the Wolesi Jirga (the House of People), and/or disability or handicap, which prevents performance of duties permanently, election in the related constituency is held for a new representative for the rest of the legislative period, in accordance with the law.
		For approval of the amendments, a Loya Jirga shall be convened by the decree of the President in accordance with the provisions of the Chapter on the Loya Jirga.
		The powers of the National Assembly under this constitution until the establishment of the National Assembly are transferred to the Government and the Supreme Court is formed by the decree of the President.
	www.afghangovernment.com /2004constitution.htm (9332 words)

	Afghanistan
		The day after the Taliban city of Kadahar was about to fall, and former President Rabbiani was the same day expected to declare himself as the country's new leader and to "lead the provinces freed from the Taleban and also head the task of freeing provinces now under the control of the Islamist militia".
		The Constitution of Afghanistan was signed into law on Monday 26 January 2004 by the President of the Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan.
		Texts of the Constitution(s) of the former Kingdom of Afghanistan (Constitutions of 1923, 1931 and 1963) and other historical material will be added later.
	www.geocities.com /dagtho/afghanistan.html (938 words)

	CNN.com - Afghan constitution becomes law - Jan. 26, 2004
		The constitution is intended to pave the way for war-torn Afghanistan's first free elections in June which the U.S.-backed Karzai is seen as favorite to win.
		Both sides argued that their position was backed by the new constitution, with reformers citing equal rights for women and the conservatives a clause stating that no laws should be counter to Islam.
		The north-south divide was exposed in the constitutional debate with disagreements between the largest ethnic group, the Pashtuns from the south and the mainly Tajik northerners who dominate many ministries in Kabul.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/asiapcf/01/26/afghan.law.reut (468 words)

	Afghanistan's Constitution: Peace Watch: U.S. Institute of Peace
		In addition to guaranteeing freedom of speech, faith, movement, and a host of other civil rights, the constitution also provides for the equality of the sexes and requires that 25 percent of the seats in the legislative branch be set aside for women.
		The panelists were Said Tayeb Jawad, Afghanistan's ambassador to the United States; Barnett Rubin, director of studies at the Center for International Cooperation at New York University; Laurel Miller, a program officer in the Institute's Rule of Law Program; and Robert Perito, a special adviser to the Rule of Law Program.
		He identified three of these challenges as particularly important: first, that Afghanistan's state develop the capacity to provide local and regional services; second, that the state properly prepare for national and regional elections currently scheduled for mid-year; and third, that the state expand its jurisdiction and administrative control over the full extent of its territory.
	www.usip.org /peacewatch/2004/6/afghanistan1.html (1088 words)

	Constitution of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitution of Afghanistan became the official law of Afghanistan when the 2003 Loya jirga approved it by the consensus on January 4, 2004.
		The President of Afghanistan is elected directly by the Afghan people to a five-year term, and can be elected no more than twice.
		Two days after the constitution was officially signed by president Karzai, claims were made that the version signed contained over a dozen changes from the document approved by the Loya Jirga.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Afghanistan (1135 words)

	GUIDE TO LAW ONLINE: Afghanistan
		Afghanistan Embassy: Constitution of Afghanistan includes links in PDF to both the Pashtu/Dari constitution and an English translation
		Constitution Finder (University of Richmond T.C. Williams School of Law)
		Afghanistan (Google); Afghanistan (Yahoo); Afghanistan (University of Michigan); WWW-VL Middle East Studies: Afghanistan (Columbia University); WWW-VL History: Afghanistan; (University of Kansas); WWW-VL Middle East Studies: Afghanistan (University of Texas, Austin)
	www.loc.gov /law/guide/afghanistan.html (390 words)

	JURIST - Afghanistan: Afghan Law, Legal Research, Human Rights
		A new constitution promulgated in 1987 changed the name of the country back to the Republic of Afghanistan and reaffirmed its nonaligned status, strengthened the post of president, and permitted other parties to participate in government.
		The socialist government of Afghanistan was ultimately overthrown by the Mujahideen in 1992; the Mujahideen subsequently proclaimed an Islamic State and called elections in which Professor Burhannudin Rabbani was elected President.
		There are currently no functioning law schools in Afghanistan; a faculty of law was established at Kabul University in 1938, but the university - closed at one point under the Taliban regime - is currently in disarray and the status of the law program is unclear.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/afghanistan.htm (935 words)

	BBC NEWS \| South Asia \| Afghans to have Islamic republic
		A spokesman for President Hamid Karzai said Afghanistan needed stability and the new constitution was made with "the next 100, 200 years" in mind.
		The Constitutional Committee had been due to present the draft in September, but it was delayed for technical reasons.
		Hundreds of thousands of questionnaires were sent to communities around the country asking for their views on a new constitution for the country.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/south_asia/3236389.stm (509 words)

	Afghanistan Online: Constitutions of the Past (1990)
		THE CITIZENSHIP OF THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN IS EQUAL AND UNIFORM TO ALL CITIZENS.
		IN THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN, THE INVIOLABILITY OF RESIDENCE IS GUARANTEED.
		ON THE ENACTMENT OF THIS CONSTITUTION, THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN SHALL BE ABROGATED.
	www.afghan-web.com /history/const/const1990.html (7124 words)

	Politics of Afghanistan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In recent years the politics of Afghanistan have been dominated by the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan by the United States and the subsequent efforts to stabilise and democratise the country.
		The constitution ratified by the 2003 Loya jirga restructured the government as an Islamic republic consisting of three branches of power (executive, legislative, and judiciary) overseen by checks and balances.
		Under the Bonn Agreement the Afghan Constitution Commission was established to consult with the public and formulate a draft constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_Afghanistan (2198 words)

	CNN.com - Afghanistan passes constitution by consensus - Jan. 4, 2004
		After nearly three weeks of wrangling, Afghanistan's constitutional convention compromised on a new charter for the country, with the 502-member grand council passing the historic document by consensus.
		Full democratic elections will be set for later this year in accord with the new constitution, which will shape the government of an Afghanistan no longer ruled by the Taliban, which lost power after harboring al Qaeda.
		On Thursday, more than 200 of the 502 delegates refused to cast their ballots on the original draft constitution in protest over the content of the proposed constitution's 12 articles.
	www.cnn.com /2004/WORLD/asiapcf/01/04/afghan.constitution/index.html (497 words)

	Deal reached on Afghanistan constitution - World News - MSNBC.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Former president of Afghanistan and chairman of the loya jirga, Sibghatullah Mujaddedi, right, speaks with female delegates at the meeting in Kabul on Saturday.
		KABUL, Afghanistan - Afghanistan’s constitutional convention agreed on a historic new charter on Sunday, overcoming weeks of division and mistrust to hammer out a compromise meant to bind together the war-ravaged nation’s mosaic of ethnic groups.
		Observers said it was vital for the constitution to command broad support, and analysts have voiced concern that Karzai’s reliance on the support of his fellow Pashtuns could make him a partisan figure in the eyes of the country’s myriad minorities.
	www.msnbc.msn.com /id/3870285 (1073 words)

	Afghan Constitution debuts \| csmonitor.com
		KABUL, AFGHANISTAN – A panel of Afghans Monday presented their leaders with a draft of the country's new Constitution, offering the war-scarred nation a document that promises to draw on Islamic and democratic values to create a strong presidential system.
		The proposed Constitution put to rest rumors that the commission would try to institute an office of prime minister, akin to the French system, in an attempt to balance power between Mr.
		According to the draft, Afghanistan's president will be able to nominate half of the upper house of parliament, or the Meshrano Jirga (House of Elders), while the lower chamber will be called the Wolesi Jirga (House of People), according to a statement from the commission.
	www.csmonitor.com /2003/1104/p06s01-wosc.html (948 words)

	Constitution of Afghanistan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The current conditions in Afghanistan requires the formation of a new society in accordance with the wishes and aspirations of its people and one that is based on democracy and human rights and respects to Afghanistan’s national and international obligations.
		It is main objective has been to produce a national document that could effectively regulate the new social and political life in Afghanistan and help achieve national unity, democracy and prosperity after decades of violence and chaos.
		The Draft Constitution will be reviewed and approved at the Constitutional Loya Jirga (CLJ) by the people’s representatives among whom there are four hundred and fifty (450) elected representatives and fifty (50) selected by President Karzai.
	www.af /constitution/index.html (675 words)

	Paul Marshall on Afghanistan's Constitution on National Review Online
		When the cabinet was announced last year, Fazul Shinwari, the chief justice, denounced Sima Samar, the newly appointed women's affairs minister, for speaking "against the Islamic nation of Afghanistan" and she was charged with "blasphemy," which could carry the death penalty.
		Serious constitutions hold that when laws violate rights, it is the law that is voided, not the rights.
		This is not foreign to Muslim countries: It is the constitutional language of Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Pakistan.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/marshall200311070906.asp (668 words)

	Afghanistan Constitution of 1987
		THE NATIONAL ANTHEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN SHALL BE APPROVED BY THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
		THE CONSTITUTION COUNCIL SHALL BE COMPOSED OF A CHAIRMAN AND EIGHT MEMBERS WHO ARE APPOINTED BY THE PRESIDENT FOR A TERM OF SIX YEARS.
		ON THE ENACTMENT OF THIS CONSTITUTION AND THE ELECTION OF THE PRESIDENT, THE PRESIDENT OF THE REVOLUTIONARY COUNCIL SHALL BE DISSOLVED.
	www.constitution.org /cons/afghan/const1987.htm (7291 words)

	Draft Consitution of Afghanistan
		Mohamad Salim Modjaz is a former Deputy Minister of Justice of Afghanistan, former Vice President of Lawyers Association of Afghanistan, Secretary of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution of 1987 of Afghanistan and former member of the Constitutional Council of Afghanistan.
		In Afghanistan coalitions have been and are always very fragile.
		Afghanistan's Constitutions of the Past in Dari and Pashtu
	www.11aa.com /newdraft.html (529 words)

	Afghanistan Constitution 1990 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		EXCEPT CASES DEFINED OTHERWISE IN THIS CONSTITUTION, THE DECISIONS OF ONE OF THE HOUSES RELATING TO POWERS DESCRIBED UNDER ARTICLE EIGHTY ONE SHALL BE DELIVERED TO THE OTHER HOUSE.
		JUDGMENT IN THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN SHALL BE DELIVERED ONLY BY A COURT IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW.
		IN THE REPUBLIC OF AFGHANISTAN THOSE WHO THEMSELVES OR THEIR WIVES OR HUSBANDS ARE NOT FROM AFGHAN PARENTS, CANNOT BE APPOINTED AS VICE PRESIDENT, PRIME MINISTER, DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER, MINISTER, CHIEF JUSTICE, ATTORNEY GENERAL, HIGH RANKING OFFICER (IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE LAW) AND DIPLOMATIC CIVIL SERVANT.
	www.junbish.org /afghanistan_constitution_1990.htm (7115 words)

	Afghanistan Government
		A Brief History of Afghanistan in the past 1000 years - A speech delivered by Adam Ritscher in Duluth, Minnesota (2002).
		Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry of Afghanistan
		Draft Constitution of Afghanistan for Transitional Period proposed by
	www.afghangovernment.com (124 words)

	The Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, DC
		The Embassy of Afghanistan, Washington, DC JavaScript Menu, DHTML Menu Powered By Milonic
		President Hamid Karzai received a US congressional delegation including Sen. John McCain, Sen. John R. Thune, Sen. Susan M. Collins and Rep. Mark Kirk at the Gul Khana Palace on December 16.In his remarks to President Karzai, Senator John McCain said, “Afghanistan will overcome its difficulties with the assistance of the international community.
		Atlanta to Showcase Impressions of Afghanistan, Jan. 18-21
	www.embassyofafghanistan.org (143 words)

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