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Topic: Constitution of Germany

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Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany

Grundgesetz

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Federal Republic of Germany

Politics of Germany

Federal Constitutional Court of Germany

President of Germany

Bundesrat of Germany

Constitution of East Germany

Constitution

List of national constitutions

West Germany

History of Germany since 1945

Irish Constitution

German reunification

	Germany - The Constitution
		The framers of the Federal Republic of Germany's 1949 constitution sought to create safeguards against the emergence of either an overly fragmented, multiparty democracy, similar to the Weimar Republic (1918-33), or authoritarian institutions characteristic of the Nazi dictatorship of the Third Reich (1933-45).
		Article 20 states that "the Federal Republic of Germany is a democratic and social federal state." The word "social" has been commonly interpreted to mean that the state has the responsibility to provide for the basic social welfare of its citizens.
		Of the many amendments to the Basic Law, among the most notable are the "defense addenda" of 1954-56, which regulate the constitutional position of the armed forces, and the "Emergency Constitution" of 1968, which delineates wider executive powers in the case of an internal or external emergency.
	countrystudies.us /germany/150.htm (473 words)

	Encyclopedia: President of Germany
		Constitutional Court Preamble of the Grundgesetz The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Grundgesetz fÃ¼r die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of modern Germany.
		Hugo Preuss, the writer of the Weimar constitution, is said to have accepted the advice of Max Weber as to the term of office and powers of the presidency, and the method by which the president would be elected.
		In 1994, as part of the movement of Germany's seat of government from Bonn to Berlin, the president's official residence was moved from the Hammerschmidt Villa, in Bonn, to its current location at the Bellevue Palace in Berlin.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/President-of-Germany (8805 words)

	Constitution of Ireland -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The constitution was adopted in 1937 by (A legislative act is referred for final approval to a popular vote by the electorate) referendum, and may only be amended in the same manner.
		The constitution states that it is the highest law of the land and grants the Supreme Court authority to interpret its provisions, and to strike down the laws of the Oireachtas and activities of the Government it finds to be unconstitutional.
		The Constitution of Ireland, particularly in the form in which it was adopted in 1937, has been accused of favouring the (The Christian Church based in the Vatican and presided over by a pope and an episcopal hierarchy) Roman Catholic Church and of bias against (An adherent of Protestantism) Protestants.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/constitution_of_ireland.htm (4475 words)

	Germany Info: Information Services: Archives: Background Papers
		In much the same way that Germany's foreign residents are generally not called immigrants, the topic of immigration has until recently been subordinated to issues such as the integration of foreigners in German society and reform of the country's laws on citizenship and naturalization.
		Germany's major political parties are in loose agreement that some increase in immigration is needed for economic ends.
		To prevent labor market disruptions - especially in Germany's eastern border regions - Chancellor Gerhard Schröder proposed in December 2000 that a seven-year transition period be imposed on implementation of the EU provisions for the unrestricted movement of workers.
	www.germany.info /relaunch/info/archives/background/immigration.html (1397 words)

	Chancellor of Germany article - Chancellor of Germany Politics Germany Constitution Federal Government Parliament - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This was only changed on October 29, 1918 with an amendment to the 1871 constitution.
		The new constitution of the 1919 Weimar Republic said that the Reichskanzler was elected by the Imperial President, but that the parliament had the right to dismiss a chancellor or any of the ministers.
		Germany's 1949 constitution, the Grundgesetz (Basic Law), invests the chancellor, now called Bundeskanzler, with central executive authority.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Chancellor_of_Germany (978 words)

	CNN.com - Germany guarantees animal rights - June 21, 2002
		Legislators voted with the necessary two-thirds majority to add the words "and animals" to the constitutional clause obliging the state to respect and protect the dignity of humans.
		Germany becomes the first country in the European Union to enshrine animal rights in its constitution.
		Germany already recognises animal rights with a raft of legislation covering the conditions they can be held in captivity and in homes.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/europe/06/21/germany.animals/index.html (271 words)

	Germany - Weimar Constitution
		The defeat of Imperial Germany by the U.S. and Allied states in 1918 offered the opportunity for the complete recasting of German government through the election of a parliament constituted on the basis of democracy and elected under universal suffrage by the German people.
		It was a federal constitution for the German confederacy of seventeen states large and small comprising some 62 million Germans (1925 census).
		And such was the case in Weimar Germany as political extremism and economic collapse helped pave the way for the destruction of the 1919 constitution under the hammer blows of Nazism in 1933.
	publiciste.ifrance.com /constitutionweimargb.htm (1457 words)

	Constitution Of East Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The German Democratic Republic (GDR), also known as East Germany, was founded in 1949 and was absorbed into the Federal Republic of Germany in 1990.
		The new constitution of the German Democratic Republic was ratified in 1968 and better reflected the communist roots of the GDR as well as the political rule of the Socialist Unity Party.
		Section 1 of this constitution begins with the lines, "The German Democratic Republic is a socialist state of workers and farmers.
	www.wikiverse.org /constitution-of-east-germany (314 words)

	::Weimar Republic::
		Many historians put the blame for Weimar's future political problems on this constitution in that, ironically, it was too fair as it included everybody regardless of their political beliefs.
		The constitution introduced a bi-cameral assembly: this was a parliament that was made up of two layers; one represented the whole nation (the Reichstag) and made whole-nation decisions while the other represented regions (the Reichsrat).
		The constitution was to play a major part in the years 1930 -1933 when the president, Hindenburg, appointed and sacked chancellors seemingly at will.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /weicons.htm (512 words)

	Germany ratifies EU constitution, hopes to boost French 'yes' lobby — EUbusiness - EU business, legal and ...
		Germany became the ninth country to ratify the EU constitution on Friday in a move designed to help the flagging "yes" campaign in France ahead of this weekend's referendum.
		Germany followed Austria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain in approving the text which is designed to set out a new framework for an enlarged European Union.
		In another sign of Germany's concern over the French referendum, Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder was breaking off from planning a general election expected in September in order to visit France on Friday to urge voters to back the text.
	www.eubusiness.com /Germany/050527101646.ae4z0b53 (556 words)

	Constitution of Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany (sometimes also Fundamental Law; German : Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is thecurrent constitution of Germany.
		Originally put into effect in 1949 as the constitution of West Germany, it was intentionally notnamed "constitution" (which would have been Verfassung in German) to make a point that West Germany was considered onlya temporary solution until German reunification wasachieved.
		The belief at the time was that this would not take long; however, the ColdWar that emerged caused the separation to last more than 40 years, and since the reunification of the two Germanys in 1990 was technically executed as EastGermany joining the west, the Grundgesetz is still in effect today.
	www.therfcc.org /constitution-of-germany-159660.html (145 words)

	Government - Germany - Europe
		After Germany was defeated in World War II, the Allied forces of France, Britain, the United States, and the USSR divided the country into four zones.
		At that point, Germany decided to reconstitute the five original states of East Germany and to admit them, one by one, into the federal union without changing the basic structure of the West German system.
		There was also a lengthy list of additional constitutional rights and guarantees, such as rights to a place of work and adequate housing, and a guarantee of state protection of the environment.
	www.countriesquest.com /europe/germany/government.htm (318 words)

	Germany
		Due to its central position Germany functions within the EU and NATO as a bridge to the Central and Eastern European states and is an important location for European and global relations.
		The federal structure of Germany is reflected by the 16 Bundesländer (Federal States) which have state authority and pass their own state constitutions in accordance with the principles of a republican, democratic and social constitutional state.
		Germany is one of the most highly-industrialised and economically powerful countries in the world.
	www.mathematik.uni-kl.de /grad_school/navigator/campus_life/living/germany.html (594 words)

	People's Daily Online -- Roundup: Germany sends positive signal to France over EU constitution
		Germany completed on Friday the legal process for ratifying the historic European Union (EU) constitution, sending a positive signal to neighboring France, where a decisive referendum is to be held on Sunday.
		Germany is the ninth country to ratify the European Constitution.
		Another reason why the document was widely supported in Germany is that some key elements of the constitution, such as "double majority" voting mechanism, are more in the interests of Germany, which has a population of over 80 million, the largest among EU members.
	english.people.com.cn /200505/28/eng20050528_187269.html (787 words)

	Germany Profile: Government
		Germany is a member of the European Union.
		Federal Constitutional Court or Bundesverfassungsgericht (half the judges are elected by the Bundestag and half by the Bundesrat)
		Social-democratic Party of Germany (SPD); Alliance 90/the Greens; Christian Democratic Union (CDU, not present in Bavaria); Christian Social Union (CSU, present only in Bavaria), the CDU/CSU forming a joint group in parliament; Free Democratic Party (FDP); Party of Democratic Socialism (PDS; planned to be renamed Left Party to form alliance with Election Alternative, WASG).
	www.nationmaster.com /country/gm/Government (399 words)

	Germany
		Germany lost millions of men in the war and suffered the humiliation of an onerous peace.
		Germany was defeated at the cost of more than 22 million dead Russian citizens without whose sacrifice the defeat of nazism would not have benn possible.
		Germany had low unemployment and inflation, had a labor shortage, and provided extensive social welfare benefits to its citizens paid out of a social welfare fund.
	www.csupomona.edu /~jmvadi/PLS202/Germany.html (1505 words)

	German Constitution: 1949
		The decision on constitutional disputes within a Land may be assigned by a Land law to the Federal Constitutional Court, and the decision of last instance in matters involving the application of Land law, to the higher Federal courts of justice referred to in paragraph (1) of Article 95.
		Where the constitutional court of a Land, in interpreting the Basic Law, intends to deviate from a decision of the Federal Constitutional Court or of the constitutional court of another Land, it must obtain the decision of the Federal Constitutional Court.
		The constitutional status and the performance of the constitutional functions of the Federal Constitutional Court and its judges shall not be impaired.
	www.psr.keele.ac.uk /docs/german.htm (17339 words)

	Germany backs EU constitution
		BERLIN: Germany's lower house of parliament overwhelmingly backed the EU constitution yesterday in a vote supporters of the charter hope will win over waverers in France.
		The upper house, the Bundesrat, is expected to complete German ratification with a vote on May 27, just days before tightly-contested referendums in France on May 29 and the Netherlands on June 1.
		Germany's conservative opposition has exposed public disquiet about the EU candidacies of Romania, Bulgaria and particularly Muslim Turkey.
	www.chinadaily.com.cn /english/doc/2005-05/13/content_441659.htm (492 words)

	EMIRE: GERMANY - WORKS CONSTITUTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Together with the co-determination enshrined in the company constitution, it is the core of the system of institutionalized representation of interests.
		The works constitution applies to all establishments located in the Federal Republic which are organized under private law.
		In terms of personnel, the scope of the works constitution covers only those within an establishment who are employees within the meaning of the Act (and 5); executive staff, for example, are excluded.
	www.eurofound.eu.int /emire/GERMANY/WORKSCONSTITUTION-DE.html (630 words)

	France, Germany and the Constitution of Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The European Constitutional Convention that started its work on February 28, 2002 is a critical step in the evolution of the European Union.
		In the debate over the reform of EU institutions, Germany has tended to call for a strengthening of the Commission (and, thus, indirectly, the European Parliament [EP]) by electing the Commission's president out of the EP.
		Germany's desire to clearly distinguish the competencies of the EU from those of the national or regional level creates the same dilemma.
	www.brookings.edu /fp/cusf/analysis/guerot_20020307.htm (1586 words)

	THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY
		Again as in America, judges in Germany are allowed much discretion in interpreting the constitution by the presence of open-ended, indeterminate words and phrases in the document.
		Nor may [one branch] deprive another of the authority which is needed to fulfill its constitutional tasks." While one branch to some degree might exercise an activity associated with another branch, "the core functions of the different governmental branches cannot be altered.
		It is clear from Currie's account that the German Constitutional Court, the constitution it interprets, and the judicial culture that informs its opinions are in several important respects different from their counterparts in the United States.
	www.unt.edu /lpbr/subpages/reviews/currie2.htm (1502 words)

	Germany to resurrect EU constitution \| Special Reports \| Guardian Unlimited Politics
		Germany intends to resurrect the controversial EU constitution by the end of its six-month stint as EU president next year, its ambassador to the UK has said - despite hopes in Britain that the "no" votes in France and the Netherlands had killed off the proposal.
		Referring to the "constitutional process" rather than the "constitution", which was rejected in referendums by the French and Dutch last year, Mr Ischinger expressed hope that the Germans would be able to put new proposals to streamline Brussels decision-making by the end of their stint in June.
		Mr Ischinger also revealed that Germany was extremely unhappy to be left to deal with the troubled accession negotiations between Turkey and the EU, which are now almost inevitably due to take overshadow Ms Merkel's own plans for the presidency.
	politics.guardian.co.uk /eu/story/0,,1961695,00.html (824 words)

	German Law
		The German government is parliamentary and based on a democratic constitution that emphasizes the protection of individual liberty and division of powers in a federal structure.
		Germany has an independent federal judiciary consisting of a constitutional court, a high court of justice, and courts with jurisdiction in administrative, financial, labor, and social matters.
		The highest court is the Federal Constitutional Court, which ensures a uniform interpretation of constitutional provisions and protects the fundamental rights of the individual citizen as defined in the Basic Law.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /world/ger.htm (375 words)

	Germany The Weimar Constitution - Flags, Maps, Economy, Geography, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The Weimar Republic, proclaimed on November 9, 1918, was born in the throes of military defeat and social revolution.
		The Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany, which had split from the SPD during the war, won 8 percent of the vote.
		In mid-1919 the assembly ratified the constitution of the new Weimar Republic, so named because its constitution was drafted in the small city where the poets Goethe and Schiller had lived.
	workmall.com /wfb2001/germany/germany_history_the_weimar_constitution.html (408 words)

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