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Topic: Constitution of Medina

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	Al-Muhajabah's Islamic Blogs: the Constitution of Medina
		Because the pact served as a basis for government, it is sometimes referred to as the Constitution of Medina.
		Constitution of Medina is an older translation, Full Text of Medina Charter is a more recent translation that includes explanatory notes.
		The Constitution of Medina is the subject of a number of articles about Islamic political systems such as The Compact of Medina: A Constitutional Theory of the Islamic State, The Constitution of Medina, Citizenship of an Islamic State, and Rights of Non-Muslims.
	www.muhajabah.com /islamicblog/archives/veiled4allah/005169.php (1253 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		The Constitution of Medina, also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted by the Muslim Prophet Muhammad and constituted a formal agreement between himself and all of the significant tribes and families of Yathrib (later known as Medina) in 622.
		The precise dating of the Constitution of Medina remains debated but generally scholars agree it was written shortly after the hijra (622).
		Legal Scholar L. Ali Khan says the Constitution of Medina was a social contract derived from a treaty and not from any fictional state of nature or from behind the Rawlsian veil of ignorance.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Constitution_of_Medina (1009 words)

	Liberty Library of Constitutional Classics
		A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, John Adams (1787-89) — Comprehensive historical review of how various national constitutions worked, with quotes from political philosophers and historians, that influenced the Founders in their drafting of state and federal constitutions.
		New Views of the Constitution of the United States, John Taylor (1823) — A discourse on the constitutional nature of the American union reflecting views of Jefferson and Madison.
		The American Republic: its Constitution, Tendencies, and Destiny, O. Brownson (1866) — Argument against secession, distinguishes the constitution of government from the underlying constitution of the society, and territorial from socialistic or egoistic democracy.
	www.constitution.org /liberlib.htm (3707 words)

	Muhammad and Early Islamic Period, Ted Thornton, NMH, Northfield Mount Hermon
		The same year (622), the Constitution (or Charter) of Medina was put in place establishing equal justice and freedom of religion for Jews and Muslims alike and declaring Muhammad the final arbiter of all disputes.
		Some accounts claim that Muhammad had been asked to arbitrate between two feuding tribes in Medina, the Aws and the Khazraj, that he was successful, and that a significant number of the members of both tribes converted to Islam.
		The Constitution of Medina was seen by many as the fruit of his work of reconciliation in the city.
	www.nmhschool.org /tthornton/mehistorydatabase/muhammad_and_early_islamic_perio.php (1041 words)

	ISLAMIC UNIVERSALISM AND THE CONSTITUTION OF MEDINA
		Thus it is not surprising to find in the Medinan Constitution those restrictions upon the mawali which latter made it impossible for the non-Arab Muslim mawla to transfer his allegience from one tribe or clan to another without the permission of the group whose mawla he was.
		Such seem to be the circumstances reflected in the Medinan Constitution which was tailored to meet the needs of both the inter-tribal Medinan problems and what seems to be the minimum demands of Muhammed’s prophethood.
		There are no indications in the Quran and the Medinan Constitution that provisions were made for successors to the prophethood of Muhammed and for the continuation of the inter-tribal system based on this same prophethood.
	www.romanity.org /htm/rom.14.en.islamic_universalism_and_the_constitution_of_medin.htm (1326 words)

	The Manila Times Internet Edition \| TOP STORIES > One Voice challenges initiative in High Court
		He argued that in the absence of any valid law, rule or regulation which prescribes the procedure and requirements to enable the exercise of a people’s initiative, it was only proper that the Comelec rejected the petition.
		Even assuming that RA 6735 is a sufficient enabling law, the scope of the people’s initiative is limited to amendments and does not apply to revisions of the Constitution, he said.
		Medina said One Voice is also closely monitoring the moves in the House of Representatives to convene itself into a constituent assembly even without the institutional participation of the Senate.
	www.manilatimes.net /national/2006/sept/06/yehey/top_stories/20060906top3.html (345 words)

	Medina
		Medina (or Ø§ÙÙØ¯ÙÙØ© ; also transliterated into English as Madinah) is a city in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.
		Medina was originally known as Yathrib, but later the city's name was changed to MadÄ«nat al-NabÄ« (ï»£ïº©ï¯¾ï»¨ïº” ïºï»ï»¨ïº’ï»² "city of the prophet") or Al MadÄ«nah al Munawwarah ("the enlightened city" or "the radiant city"), while the short form Medina simply means "city".
		In 1256 Medina was threatened by lava flow from the last eruption of Harrat Rahat.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http://articles.gourt.com/%22http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3DMadinah (874 words)

	The Compact of Medina: A Constitutional Theory of the Islamic State
		The compact of Medina provides an excellent historical example of two theoretical constructs that have shaped contemporary political theory and should therefore be of great value to those scholars who are involved in the theorizing of the Islamic state.
		In simple terms, the first Islamic state established in Medina was based on a social contract, was constitutional in character and the ruler ruled with the explicit written consent of all the citizens of the state.
		The Constitution of Medina establishes the importance of consent and cooperation for governance.
	www.ijtihad.org /compact.htm (1579 words)

	On the eve of Iraq vote, discord on its import - The Boston Globe
		Some said casting a vote -- for or against the constitution -- would be their biggest personal role so far in deciding the country's fate; others dismissed it as a necessary evil, a pragmatic step to protect their interests in a political process tainted by US occupation.
		But the vote is occurring in a period of unrelenting violence from a Sunni-led insurgency, amid growing ethnic and religious tensions, and in an atmosphere of grating disappointment with the inability of the government and its US backers to provide security, electricity, jobs, and services.
		After campaigning hotly against the constitution for months, the party decided this week to support it, in return for a provision that would make it somewhat easier to amend the constitution next year.
	www.boston.com /news/world/middleeast/articles/2005/10/15/on_the_eve_of_iraq_vote_discord_on_its_import/?page=1 (1247 words)

	IslamiCity Forum: Constitution of Medina
		The Constitution of Medina, also known as the Charter of Medina, was drafted in 622.
		It concerns the rights and responsibilities of the Muslim, Jewish, and other Arab and tribal communities of Medina during the war between that city and its neighbours.
		Legal Scholar L. Ali Khan explains that the Constitution of Medina was a social contract derived from a treaty and not from any fictional state of nature or from behind the Rawlsian veil of ignorance.
	www.islamicity.com /forum/get_topic.asp?FID=42&TID=6234&DIR=N (477 words)

	Muhammad: Legacy of a Prophet . The Film: Transcripts \| PBS
		He was going to create, in Medina, a polity that was not based on blood, and on tribe, but on ideology.
		Very early, he created a sort of confidence treaty with the various groups of Medina, stating that he would be, as it were, the leader of the community, but no one was to be obliged to convert to Islam.
		The treaty, or Constitution of Medina, was a purely political arrangement.
	www.pbs.org /muhammad/transcripts/armstrong.html (2056 words)

	National Constitutions
		Constitution of Medina (Dustur al-Madinah) (English), Mohammed (622)
		Constitution of Republic of China, 1947 (English and Chinese)
		Constitution for the Confederate States of America (English)
	www.constitution.org /cons/natlcons.htm (148 words)

	Access Islam
		The second Covenant of Aqabah, the Muslim converts of Yathrib promise loyalty to defend the Prophet.
		Battle of Uhud, Muslim forces are defeated by the Meccans outside of Medina.
		Battle of the Trench, an alliance of Meccan tribes and Jews fail to conquer Medina due to a trench created by the Muslims to protect the city.
	www.thirteen.org /edonline/accessislam/timeline560.html (635 words)

	National Constitution Center - Centuries of Citizenship - Harold Raymond Medina presides over trial of eleven U.S. ...
		Harold Raymond Medina twice played a role in determining how this country defined treason and conspiracy.
		Medina represented a German-born naturalized citizen convicted of giving aid and comfort to the enemy.
		Medina became a federal judge in New York.
	www.constitutioncenter.org /timeline/html/cw09_12190.html (190 words)

	Saudi Religious Freedom - NCBuy Country Reference for Saudi Arabia
		The majority of citizens are Sunni Muslims who predominantly adhere to the strict interpretation of Islam taught by the Salafi School.
		Approximately 2 million citizens are Shi'a Muslims, the vast majority of whom live in the Eastern Province, where they constitute between 40 and 50 percent of the Province's citizen population.
		During the period covered by this report, there were frequent instances in which mosque preachers, whose salaries are paid by the Government, used violently anti-Jewish and anti-Christian language in their sermons.
	www.ncbuy.com /reference/country/backgrounds.html?code=sa&sec=religiousfree (5135 words)

	Literary Works of Sanderson Beck
		Constitution of the United States Revised (first draft by Beck)
		The devastating U. attack on Falluja is another crime against peace, and targeting hospitals is a war crime and a crime against humanity, according to the Nuremberg Principles.
		This is the third massive combination of violent crimes by President George W. Bush and his accomplices, overthrowing the governments of Afghanistan, Iraq, and Haiti by armed aggression in violation of the United Nations Charter and the U. Constitution.
	www.san.beck.org (1476 words)

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