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Topic: Constitution of the Empire of Japan

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	Constitution of the Empire of Japan - Wikisource
		The Empire of Japan shall be reigned over and governed by a line of Emperors unbroken for ages eternal.
		Those already fixed expenditures based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining to the Emperor, and such expenditures as may have arisen by the effect of law, or that appertain to the legal obligations of the Government, shall be neither rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the concurrence of the Government.
		Original manuscript of the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (Digital Gallery) In Traditional Japanese (Historical kana usage, and Old Kanji Characters), as JPEG file.
	en.wikisource.org /wiki/Constitution_of_the_Empire_of_Japan (3109 words)

	Interwar Japan
		Japan and Britain, both of whom wanted to keep Russia out of Manchuria, signed the Treaty of Alliance in 1902, which was in effect until in 1921 when the two signed the Four Power Treaty on Insular Possessions, which took effect in 1923.
		Japan's military expansionism and quest for national self- sufficiency eventually led the United States in 1940 to embargo war supplies, abrogate a long-standing commercial treaty, and put greater restrictions on the export of critical commodities.
		Japan countered that it would not use force unless "a country not yet involved in the European war" (that is, the United States) attacked Germany or Italy.
	www.shsu.edu /~his_ncp/IntJapan.html (8730 words)

	Jonathan Swift - Court and Empire of Japan
		REGOGE was the thirty-fourth emperor of Japan, and began his reign in the year 341 of the Christian era, succeeding to Nena, a princess who governed with great felicity.
		There were two violent parties in the empire, which began in the time of the revolution above mentioned; and at the death of the empress Nena, were in the highest degree of animosity, each charging the other with a design of introducing new gods, and changing the civil constitution.
		This prince, before he succeeded to the empire of Japan, was king of Tedsu, a dominion seated on the continent, to the west side of Japan.
	www.jaffebros.com /lee/gulliver/other_swift/japan.html (2253 words)

	Constitution of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The constitution is perhaps most famous for the renunciation of the right to wage war contained in Article 9 and to a lesser extent, the provision for de jure popular sovereignty in conjunction with the monarchy.
		Thus the 1946 constitution was adopted as an amendment to the Meiji Constitution in accordance with the provisions of Article 73 of that document.
		Instead, the proposed constitution conformed to the British model of parliamentary government, which was seen by the liberals as the most viable alternative to the European absolutism of the Meiji Constitution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_Japan (3259 words)

	Japanese Democracy, Past And Present - Asia Finest Discussion Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		This Constitution of Japan, undergoing particular processes before enactment and reflecting the complicated situation of that time, still keeps such provisions like the Tenno as a "symbol," which is contradictory to a democracy where full sovereignty rests with the people; yet it does have positive peace and democratic clauses.
		The peace and democratic clauses of the postwar Constitution have found a firm place in the hearts of the people, and the struggles carried on by the Japanese democratic forces have more than once frustrated the plan of the reactionary forces to revise the Constitution for the worse.
		Japan has not always been a perfect democracy (during the late 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, Japan was not a democracy) but the government has always managed to protect our people, what a government is suppose to do.
	www.asiafinest.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=11714 (2198 words)

	Japan - The Development of Representative Government
		The emperor declared that "constitutional government shall be established in gradual stages" as he ordered the Council of Elders to draft a constitution.
		He rejected the United States Constitution as "too liberal" and the British system as too unwieldy and having a parliament with too much control over the monarchy; the French and Spanish models were rejected as tending toward despotism.
		The new constitution specified a form of government that was still authoritarian in character, with the emperor holding the ultimate power and only minimal concessions made to popular rights and parliamentary mechanisms.
	countrystudies.us /japan/25.htm (1212 words)

	Empire of Japan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Empire of Japan surrendered to the Allies on September 2, 1945 after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki after a long Pacific War against the Allies (mostly the United States) of World War II.
		The Japanese Empire and Imperial Japan are commonly used to refer to the empire, though the literal translation of the Japanese is Empire of Greater Japan.
		Japan's large military force was regarded as essential to the empire's defense and prosperity through obtaining natural resources, in which the Japanese islands are very lacking.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Empire_of_Japan (6719 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Japan entered into the Industrial Revolution with the rise of the Meiji Empire.
		Japan was re-introduced to western influences through Matthew Perry, who sailed into Japan in 1853 with the purpose of initiating Japanese trade with America.
		It soon became apparent that Japan would not be able to maintain a position of world power without succumbing to western influence.
	www.tjhsst.edu /~psertzen/whg2/japan.shtml (190 words)

	Japanese Government\| Internet Guide \| National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Senrei provides "summaries of important recent constitutional, civil and commercial law cases from Japan as well as articles and essays on a variety of topics relating to law in Japan." Case summaries are organized by area and topic.
		The current constitution was largely drafted by the Allied Occupation forces headed by General Douglas MacArthur after the end of World War II.
		This constitution created the framework for the Japanese democratic government and redefined the role of the emperor from political leader and divine personage to that of ceremonial head of state, while the political leader of Japan is the democratically elected prime minister.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/iguides/gov.html (755 words)

	abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Since the new Constitution was given to Japan by America after the Second World War without a civil revolution, Japanese people did not really understand the democratic political system, which is the basic social system of civil society.
		In I996, Japan NPO Center was established with the collaboration Keidanren, while Osaka NPO Center was established with the initiative of Osaka Junior Chamber.
		Japan since the Second World War, having been blessed by several factors both at home and abroad, experienced a rate of economic growth seldom seen in the world.
	www.us-japan.org /dc/cs.imada.paper.htm (3260 words)

	Japanese Culture - Royalty - The Imperial Family
		According to the historical chronicles of ancient Japan, the Kojiki (Record of Ancient Matters, AD712) and the Nihon Shoki (Chronicle of Japan, AD720), the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami presented the sanshu no jingi or Imperial Regalia to her grandson, Ninigi no Mikoto.
		The emperor had no political powers and under Article 1 of the new 'Showa' constitution he became 'the symbol of the State and of the unity of the people, deriving his position from the will of the people with whom resides sovereign power'.
		The fact that his and Masako's first child was a girl (Aiko) and Masako was reaching an age where another child was increasingly unlikely, there were renewed moves to revise the Imperial House Law to allow female members of the family to ascend to the throne.
	www.japan-zone.com /culture/imperial.shtml (1064 words)

	Japan, 1800–1900 A.D. \| Timeline of Art History \| The Metropolitan Museum of Art (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Japan also opens its borders, sending several high-ranking expeditions abroad and inviting foreign advisors—including educators, engineers, architects, painters, and scientists—to assist the Japanese in rapidly absorbing modern technology and Western knowledge.
		Because the treaty gives the U.S. privileges significantly unequal to the ones granted to Japan, and because it sets a precedent for other agreements signed with Western powers, the Harris Treaty is bitterly resented in Japan and inspires numerous riots and protests.
		This Constitution, which remains in effect until 1947, guarantees the Japanese population certain freedoms, such as that of speech, publication, religion, property rights, and protection from illegal arrest.
	www.metmuseum.org /toah/ht/10/eaj/ht10eaj.htm (1446 words)

	Japan's Imperial Family\| Internet Guide \| National Clearinghouse for U.S.-Japan Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		From Japan Echo, "a bimonthly journal of informed opinion on a wide range of topics of current interest within Japan." Shuji Takashina introduces several of the issues surrounding the extension of the right of imperial succession to women.
		"Japan's palace courtiers face big obstacles-in the form of tradition, politics, and their own code of behavior-as they struggle to create a modern role for the country's imperial family."
		Home page for Ise Jingu, the Shinto shrine in Ise, Japan of Amaterasu Omikami, "ancestor of the Imperial Family and tutelary kami of the Japanese people," and Toyouke Omikami, the kami for agriculture and industry responsible for Amaterasu Omikami's food.
	www.indiana.edu /~japan/iguides/imperial.html (582 words)

	Constitution of Japan .::. Indus SRC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		The freedoms and rights guaranteed to the people by this Constitution shall be maintained by the constant endeavor of the people, who shall refrain from any abuse of these freedoms and rights and shall always be responsible for utilizing them for the public welfare.
		The fundamental human rights by this Constitution guaranteed to the people of Japan are fruits of the age-old struggle of man to be free; they have survived the many exacting tests for durability and are conferred upon this and future generations in trust, to be held for all time inviolable.
		If the House of Councilors is not constituted before the effective date of this Constitution, the House of Representatives shall function as the Diet until such time as the House of Councilors shall be constituted.
	www31.brinkster.com /induspak/Constitutions/Japan.HTM (7220 words)

	Imperial Household - Japan's Imperial Family
		The imperial household of Japan (also referred to as the imperial family or koshitsu) refers those members of the extended family of the reigning Emperor of Japan who undertake official and public duties, as well as their minor children.
		Under the present Constitution of Japan, the emperor is the symbol of the state and unity of the people.
		Her Imperial Highness the Crown Princess (Masako) was born on 6 December 1963, the daughter of Mr.
	www.japan-101.com /government/imperial_household_japan.htm (1924 words)

	SaruDama: Meiji Constitution - Constitution of the Empire of Japan - Japanese History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		As you may recall, the primary nature of this transition consisted in the seat of power being irrevocably removed from the powerful daimyo/shogunate to the Emperor himself.
		By the way, this Meiji Constitution remained the central pillar of Japanese social polity until the nation's defeat in WWII and the subsequent rewriting of the nation's constitution under direct (editorial) supervision of the West (particularly via General MacArthur) in 1945.
		It is at this point that Japan irrevocably turned away from its long-held political habit of granting de facto power to the strongest shogun or daimyo of the time.
	www.sarudama.com /japanese_history/meijikenpo.shtml (2797 words)

	Japanese Studies (Haifa U.)
		A specialist organization for cultural exchange that was originally established under the auspices of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
		JAPAN - A Country Study (An E-text prepared by the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress)
		A series of five monographs dealing with Japan's political and military strategy from the time of the Manchurian Incident to the outbreak of the Pacific War.
	lib.haifa.ac.il /www/subj/japan.html (1284 words)

	WWW-VL History Index
		Japan - A Country Study, from the Library of Congress
		Ancient Japan, to 710 A.D. Myth of the formation of Japan in 660 BC
		St. Francis Xavier: Letter from Japan, to the Society of Jesus at Goa, 1551
	vlib.iue.it /history/asia/Japan/japan.html (448 words)

	Constitution of the Empire of Japan
		Founder of Our House and to Our other Imperial Ancestors that, in pursuance of a great policy coextensive with the Heavens and with the Earth, We shall maintain and secure from decline the ancient form of government.
		Both Houses may enact, besides what is provided for in the present Constitution and in the Law of the Houses.
		Those already fixed expenditures based by the Constitution upon the powers appertaining to the Emperor, and such expenditures as may have arisen by the legal effect of law, or that appertain to the legal obligations of the Government, shall be neither rejected nor reduced by the Imperial Diet, without the concurrence of the Government.
	www.microworks.net /pacific/road_to_war/imperial_constitution.htm (2846 words)

	New Page 4
		Art and Culture of Japan during the Occupation, 1945 - 1952
		Japan and the West - The Meiji Restoration
		Japan's Modern History - An Outline of the Period
	www.historyteacher.net /GlobalStudies/Japan_ModernHistory.htm (213 words)

	The Constitution of the Empire of Japan \| Birth of the Constitution of Japan
		Imperial Speech on the Promulgation of the Constitution
		Outline Part 5 Enactment of the Constitution of Japan
		Documents with Commentaries Part 5 Enactment of the Constitution of Japan
	www.ndl.go.jp /constitution/e/etc/c02.html (3017 words)

	G.I. Pamphlet Series Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-08-08)
		Did Japan have to go to war for economic reasons?
		What should we do when Japan has been defeated?
		Can Japan get in step with a peaceable world?
	www.historians.org /projects/GIRoundtable/Japan/Japan_Home.htm (53 words)

	UCLA Center for East Asian Studies: Meiji-era Japanese Constitution, 1889
		Imperial Rescript on the Promulgation of the Constitution
		(2) No provision of the present Constitution can be modified by the Imperial House Law.
		Source: Commentaries on the Constitution of the Empire of Japan, trans.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /eas/documents/japan1889meijiconstitution.htm (2887 words)

	JapanCon: TOC
		Framing a New Constitution: Japan as a Case Study
		Constitution of the United States (as amended 1933)
		On the transition to a new Constitution (6/25/46) Cyrus Peake et al.
	www.amherst.edu /~japancon/jcdhfa-toc.html (3517 words)

	Kizokuin - Japan's House of Peers, Imperial Diet
		Kizokuin or the House of Peers was the upper house of the Imperial Diet under the Constitution of the Empire of Japan (in effect from 11 February 1889 to 3 May 1947).
		Ito Hirobumi and the other Meiji leaders deliberately modeled the chamber on the British House of Lords.
		The Constitution of Japan, in effect from 3 May 1947, replaced the unelected House of Peers with an elected House of Councilors.
	www.japan-101.com /history/kizokuin_japan_house_of_peers.htm (304 words)

	Government Resources
		Please select the information you would like to search
		The Birth of the Constitution of Japan (National Diet Library, Government of Japan)
		The Constitution of the Empire of Japan, 1889 (Hanover Historical Texts
	library.louisville.edu /government/international/japan/japanhis.html (43 words)

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