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	ICL - Soviet Union (Former~) - Constitution
		The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR promulgates decrees and adopts decisions.
		The Procurator-General of the USSR is appointed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and is responsible and accountable to it and, between sessions of the Supreme Soviet, to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
		The procurators of Union Republics, Autonomous Republics, Territories, Regions and Autonomous Regions are appointed by the Procurator-General of the USSR.
	www.servat.unibe.ch /law/icl/r100000_.html (10400 words)

	Constitution of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The political theory underlying the Soviet Constitution differed from the political theory underlying constitutions in the West.
		Soviet constitutions appeared to guarantee certain political rights, such as freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, and freedom of religion.
		Finally, Soviet constitutions specified the form and content of state symbols, such as the arms, the flag, and the state anthem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union (335 words)

	List of leaders of the Soviet Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Theoretically it was the highest position, since the Supreme Soviet was an interim organ of the Congress of Soviets, the latter being the supreme power of people, according to the Constitution of the Soviet Union.
		Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR
		The "Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet" was the equivalent of President of the state while "Chairman of the Council of Ministers" and "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars" were equivalent to Premier or Prime Minister.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union (598 words)

	Soviet-Empire.com - U.S.S.R. Online: Constitution
		The Soviet Union is hereby proclaimed a Republic of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies.
		The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, recognizing the equality of rights of all citizens, irrespective of their race or nationality, declares the establishment or toleration on this basis of any privileges or advantages, or any oppression of national minorities or restriction of their equality, to be contraventions of the fundamental laws of the Union.
		The arms of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics consist of a sickle and hammer against a globe depicted in the rays of the sun and surrounded by ears of grain with the inscription "Workers of All Countries, Unite!" in the languages of the Union Republics.
	www.soviet-empire.com /ussr/nation/government/constitution.php (2925 words)

	CONSTITUTION (FUNDAMENTAL LAW) OF THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS
		The Soviet of the Union shall be elected by constituencies with equal populations.
		The Council of Minister of the USSR shall be responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and, between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.
		The Council of Ministers of a Union Republic shall be responsible and accountable to the Supreme Soviet of that Republic or, between sessions of the Supreme Soviet, to its Presidium.
	www.biblebelievers.org.au /ussr.htm (10238 words)

	1936 Soviet Constitution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1936 Soviet constitution, adopted on December 5, 1936, and also known as the "Stalin" constitution, redesigned the government of the Soviet Union.
		The constitution repealed restrictions on voting and added universal direct suffrage and the right to work to rights guaranteed by the previous constitution.
		The 1936 constitution changed the name of the Central Executive Committee to the Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1936_Soviet_Constitution (294 words)

	Encyclopedia: Constitution of the Soviet Union
		The 1924 Soviet Constitution legitimated the December 1922 union of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic, the Ukrainian SSR, the Belarusian SSR, and the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.
		The USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and its constituent republics each had a national anthem (generally referred as state anthem).
		Soviet official documents The public domain comprises the body of all creative works and other knowledge—writing, artwork, music, science, inventions, and others—in which no person or organization has any proprietary interest.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Constitution-of-the-Soviet-Union (764 words)

	[No title]
		Russia was by far the largest Republic in the Soviet Union, dominating in nearly all respects: land area, population, economic output, and political influence.
		World War II established the Soviet Union as one of the two major world powers, a position maintained for four decades through military strength, aid to developing countries, and scientific research, especially into space technology and weaponry.
		As the Soviet Union achieved rough nuclear parity with the United States, Cold War superpower competition between the Soviet Union and the U.S. gave way to Détente and a more complicated pattern of international relations in which the world was no longer clearly split into two clearly opposed blocs in the 1960s and 1970s.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Soviet_Union (1515 words)

	Leon Trotsky: The Revolution Betrayed (10. In the Mirror of the New Constitution)
		In the political sphere, the distinction of the new constitution from the old is its return from the Soviet system of election according to class and industrial groups, to the system of bourgeois democracy based upon the so-called “universal, equal and direct” vote of an atomized population.
		In the Soviet Union, he says, the question where to go – whether back to capitalism or forward to socialism – is no longer subject to discussion.
		In abolishing the soviets, the new constitution dissolves the workers in the general mass of the population.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1936-rev/ch10.htm (4162 words)

	The Petroleum Industry of Mexico
		The 1917 constitution which declared petroleum and other hydrocarbons to be the property of the state was not enforced retroactively.
		The eight-hour workday is stipulated in that constitution at a minimum wage "sufficient to satisfy the normal necessities of life." It also provided for equal pay for equal work without regard to gender, race or ethnicity, but it also provided for special protection of working women and minors.
		The full provisions of the constitution with regard to labor relations were not implemented immediately, but strong unions were organized in the years immediately after 1917.
	www.sjsu.edu /faculty/watkins/pemex1.htm (2529 words)

	Con Con Soviet 1918 Constitution
		The soviets of regions with a distinct mode of living and national composition can unite in autonomous regional unions at the head of which, as at the head of all regional unions that can be eventually formed, stand regional congresses of Soviets and their executive agencies.
		Uyezd congresses are attended by representatives of the Soviets of towns whose population does not exceed 10,000; village soviets of localities with a population of less than 1,000 unite to elect delegates to the uyezd congress.
		Sessions of the soviet of deputies are convened by the executive committee at its discretion, or on the demand of not less than half of the deputies to the Soviet: but at least once a week in cities and twice a week in rural areas.
	www.abc.net.au /concon/constitutions/sov1918.htm (3685 words)

	THE AMERICAN CONSTITUTION: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Indeed, American constitutional case law is itself sometimes consulted by the constitutional courts of these countries-not because it is in any way binding, but because of an interest in how certain things got decided, and how they might (or might not) fit another nation's law.
		With respect to its vested national powers, the Constitution distinguishes them by kind (legislative, executive, and judicial), and requires generally that the exercise of each proceed from the department to which it is confined. In brief, it provides for the checks and balances of separated powers horizontally.
		With respect to the states, in contrast, the Constitution requires no particular separation of powers among their departments of government and the powers not preempted or constitutionally denied to the states are those they derive from their respective state constitutions rather than from the national constitution.
	www.law.duke.edu /curriculum/courseHomepages/Spring2001/120_02/syllabus.html (2275 words)

	The Draft Iraq Constitution - R J Rummel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although constitutions can be a pack of lies, as was the constitution of the Soviet Union, for democracies they do define rule by law and the extent of human rights.
		The rest of the constitution establishes a parliament called the Council of Representatives to which representatives are elected at large, one member per 100,000 people.
		In my view, this is an impressive constitution in the freedoms it accords, the democratic procedures, and institutions it defines, its federalism, and in the way it handles the demand for an exclusive Islamic government.
	www.americandaily.com /article/9192 (1452 words)

	Georgia the Constitution (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Under Gamsakhurdia Georgia had continued to function under the Soviet-era constitution of 1978, which was based on the 1977 constitution of the Soviet Union.
		In February 1992, the Georgian National Congress (the alternate parliament elected in 1990) formally designated the Georgian constitution of February 21, 1921, as the effective constitution of Georgia.
		According to Shevardnadze's timetable, the draft would be refined by parliament in the spring of 1994 and then submitted for approval by popular referendum in the fall of 1994.
	www.country-studies.com /georgia/the-constitution.html (150 words)

	Constitution of the Soviet Union, 1918 (Extracts)
		With the reconstitution of the Soviet republics (Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia, Georgia, et al.) into the new Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (U.S.S.R.) in 1923, a new constitution was adopted in 1924.
		That constitution in turn was replaced by Stalin's Constitution of 1936 which was, like the earlier efforts, a mere façade of the democracy it professed to install.
		The Russian Soviet Republic is established on the basis of a free union of free nations, as a federation of national soviet republics.
	web.jjay.cuny.edu /~jobrien/reference/ob103.html (668 words)

	Soviet Union - Constitution
		The unification of the Soviet Republics in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics multiplied the forces and opportunities of the peoples of the country in the building of socialism.
		the ensurance of uniformity of legislative norms throughout the USSR and establishment of the fundamentals of the legislation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and Union Republics;
		The State Emblem of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is a hammer and sickle on a globe depicted in the rays of the sun and framed by ears of wheat, with the inscription "Workers of All Countries, Unite!" in the languages of the Union Republics.
	members.tripod.com /Sludge/ussr.htm (10248 words)

	The Avalon Project : 20th Century Documents
		Agreement Between the United Kingdom and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics : July 12, 1941
		Constitution of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation, November 16, 1945
		Treaty of Berlin Between the Soviet Union and Germany; April 24, 1926
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/20th.htm (1522 words)

	To : All Subj: Myth 3 MYTH 3: Separation of church and state is not an American principle (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Soviet constitution was rewritten several times, and more recent versions included American-style guarantees of freedom of speech, press, religion and assembly.
		(These provisions, of course, were never obeyed by the Soviet government.) Article 124 of the country's 1947 constitution has been translated by some scholars to read, "In order to ensure to citizens freedom of conscience, the church in the USSR is separated from the state, and the school from the church.
		Freedom of religious worship and freedom of anti-religious propaganda is recognized for all citizens." Since Jefferson coined the phrase "wall of separation between church and state" in 1802, a full 145 years before the Soviet provision was written, it is obviously incorrect to suggest that the Soviets pioneered the separation principle.
	www.skepticfiles.org /atheist/seper2mt.htm (279 words)

	ICL - Russia Index
		The Soviet Union has formally been dissolved by the declaration in Alma Ata on 21 Dec 1991.
		The new Russian Constitution was adopted 12 Dec 1993 by referendum, but 9 former republics and 10 former regions refused adoption.
		The Constitution grants sweeping powers to the President, making him the person to name the Government while the Parliament is restricted to participate in setting the national agenda and - most importantly - pass the yearly budget.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/rs__indx.html (237 words)

	AllRefer.com - Soviet Union [USSR] - SOVIET UNION Country Study and Guide \| Soviet Union or USSR Information Resource
		Soviet Union USSR - The East Slavs and the Varangians
		Soviet Union USSR - Chairman of the Council of Ministers
		Soviet Union USSR - The Council of Ministers and Its Presidium
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/soviet-union (2218 words)

	Equality
		During the cold war, the term again came under censure because the constitution of the Soviet Union reputedly employed the phraseology "equality" in its preamble.
		The notion that it should be repressed because in one era it flew in the face of a culture of racial bigotry, and then in another era because it was espoused in the ideology of an arch rival government, is tantamount to throwing the baby out with the bathwater.
		Whereas, under the US Constitution the people are equal in sense that each is to be free to make their own choices about religion and religious affiliation, thus leaving such matters to the recognizance of the individual rather than to the State.
	constitution-first.org /equality.htm (517 words)

	Soviet Union
		Despite the appalling record of Soviet Union human rights, many western intellectuals with otherwise impeccable liberal credentials strongly supported the Soviet Union in the interwar period.
		In 1991, Communist rule in the Soviet Union came to an end after 84 years, and the world's largest state, one of the two global superpowers, broke up into fifteen independent countries.
		This book traces the relationship between the Soviet Union and Turkey on one hand, and the Soviet Union and the Turkish Communist Party on the other, from the consolidation of the Communist regime in Moscow until its fall.
	www.generationelection.org /soviet-union.htm (231 words)

	Bolshevist Russia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bolshevist Russia is a common term that refers to the Red side in the Russian Civil War, or more specifically the Russian government between the Bolsheviks' October Revolution (November 7, 1917) and the constitution of the Soviet Union (December 30, 1922).
		Strictly speaking, there is a small time gap between the October Revolution and the declaration of the RSFSR (and still larger gap to its first Constitution of 1918), which may justify the usage of the term in certain circumstances.
		While both terms are informal, the latter one has a much wider historical frame.
	www.sterlingheights.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Bolshevik_Russia (202 words)

	Thomas McInerney & Paul Vallely on Endgame on National Review Online
		The Constitution of the Soviet Union promised numerous rights to its citizens.
		The catch, however, is that the constitution also vests all ultimate power in an nonelected body of six clerics and six religious lawyers, the Guardian Council, and the post of Supreme Ruler, a cleric chosen by another nonelected body, the House of Experts.
		Democratic reform won't happen naturally in Iran — because the mullahs probably will block it, using their constitutional power and, if that fails to stem the tide of democratization, the quasi-official paramilitary forces at their command, their own versions of the militias and "fedayeen" of Ba'athist Iraq.
	www.nationalreview.com /comment/mcinerney_vallely200405200844.asp (3731 words)

	Georgia - The Constitution
		Under Gamsakhurdia Georgia had continued to function under the Soviet-era constitution of 1978, which was based on the 1977 constitution of the Soviet Union.
		Characterizing large sections of that document as wholly unacceptable, Shevardnadze proposed forming a constitutional commission to draft a new version by December 1993.
		According to Shevardnadze's timetable, the draft would be refined by parliament in the spring of 1994 and then submitted for approval by popular referendum in the fall of 1994.
	countrystudies.us /georgia/61.htm (150 words)

	Soviet Union
		According to Joseph Goebbels, the Soviet Union's recent inclusion in the League of Nations was engineered by 300 "members of the Jewish race and conspirators of Freemasonry."
		The nuclear-powered Soviet Cosmos 954 satellite plunges through Earth's atmosphere and disintegrates, scattering radioactive debris over parts of Canada's Northwest Territories.
		That phrase does appear, however, in the Soviet Constitution, which says the state shall be separate from the church and the church from the school.
	www.rotten.com /library/history/countries/soviet-union (331 words)

	EU: Nice or Death? European Union Constitution, Treaty of Nice, Poland (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The draft constitution suggests that there would be just 15 commissioners, not the 20 that currently have seats.
		Italy would like to have the constitution in place by the time the EU is enlarged, in May. However, referendums on the constitution are mandatory in Ireland and Denmark, and there are majorities in favor of a referendum in Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain.
		Kaczynski believes the Polish constitution would be subordinated to the European constitution and is concerned about the possibility of a common European foreign policy that might undermine Poland’s recently strengthened ties with the United States.
	www.masterpage.com.pl /outlook/euniceordeath.html (1361 words)

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