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Topic: Constitutional Army

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	Constitutional Referendum in Iraq Army - Find Articles
		As we went to press, Iraq was in the midst of its historic October 15 constitutional referendum process.
		On September 29, Iraqi army troops from the 2nd Battalion, 2nd Brigade, 1st Iraqi Intervention Force, conducted a joint cordon-and-search operation with coalition personnel and detained a suspected insurgent recruiter in Fallujah.
		On September 22, 10 enemy combatants and one Afghan National Army soldier were killed during a firefight north of Deh Rahwodin in Uruzgan province.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3723/is_200511/ai_n15745109 (840 words)

	Chapter 1: The Army of Observation: New England in Arms
		A proper appreciation of that Army in the context of its own times thus requires an understanding not only of the general developments in the military art of western civilization during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but also of the particular martial traditions and experiences of the English colonists in North America.
		One consequence was that the British Army at first lagged behind the other European armies in adopting the reforms of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but by the time of the Seven Years' War, it had adopted the major ones.
		Authority and responsibility were divided between two major Army commands (the British and Irish Establishments), between the Army proper and the Ordnance Department (controlling artillery, engineers, and munitions), and between the civilian Secretary at War and the military Commander in Chief (when that office was filled).
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/revwar/contarmy/CA-01.htm (8509 words)

	Army’s role in politics
		He says that the army should be recognised as a political force and therefore it should be made a partner in governance —- indeed what used to be called a constitutional role for the army.
		Pakistan army is not a national army in the technical sense of the word.
		It is a professional army in which a man joins it to earn a livelihood and he adopts soldiery as a trade.
	www.defencejournal.com /2000/sept/army-role.htm (2082 words)

	DAWN - Ayaz Amir Corner; 15 October, 1999
		The army basically has two options: to fall into the clutches of lawyers in an attempt to square its constitutional difficulties or, riding the elan and momentum of its coup, deal swiftly and energetically with the confusing situation before it.
		Constitutional propriety is of importance in a country where the rule of law in the right sense of the term prevails.
		If the army is not to be trapped by lawyers' arguments or by the prospect of another martial law, it should also not be tempted by the vision of accountability or a caretaker government for two years or more.
	www.dawn.com /weekly/ayaz/991015.htm (1879 words)

	A Vision of the Army
		The army would be placed under the broad based army supreme board under a constitutional act and amendments to it has to have a parliamentary endorsement or approval.
		The President shall be a symbolic commander in chief as the army high command shall be a very neutral military department in the ministry of defence which reports directly to the army supreme board.
		The army high command shall be composed by army technocrats who will provide insights about professional qualifications of all army officers and routine functions of various army organs to the supreme army board.
	www.federo.com /pages/A_Vision_of_the_Army.htm (1093 words)

	BBC News \| South Asia \| Army faces constitutional dilemma (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The army is hesitating, apparently because it wants to be sure that any government it installs will be politically stable and legally defensible.
		He says that the moment Nawaz Sharif amended the constitution and removed the power of the Pakistani president to dismiss the prime minister, a coup was always a distinct possibility.
		Mr Pirzada believes the army may be able to rely on the fact that the Pakistani public seems to have accepted that Mr Sharif should have been ousted.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/world/south_asia/474904.stm (420 words)

	United States Army - dKosopedia
		The Army National Guard is distinct from the Army Reserves, a separate organization of part-time soldiers with similar training requirements in peacetime who are not under the command of state governors and are more closely integrated with the regular active duty Army.
		Army National Guard units are subject to command by the Governor of their state in peacetime (typically to respond to natural disasters and riots), and can be called into national service in times of war.
		This task is particularly complicated by the fact that Army helicopters and Air Force C-130 aircraft are too small to carry the Army's tanks, Bradley infantry fighting vehicles and artillery pieces.
	www.dkosopedia.com /wiki/Army (6646 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		Violent conflict between the Macedonian army and the newly formed ethnic-Albanian rebel force, the National Liberation Army (NLA), intensified during March, culminating in a major offensive by the Macedonian army on March 24.
		Until the Macedonian army offensive, the NLA had controlled many of the villages north and west of the city, and had established a headquarters in Selce, beginning about March 12.
		In the earlier stages of the unrest, the NDP had demanded that the area in western Macedonia (Ilirida) dominated by ethnic Albanians be made into an autonomous region, leading to a federalization of the country.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol10num1/constitutionwatch/macedonia.html (1538 words)

	Constitutional
		The constitution of Pennsylvania was amended in 1789 to which he made contributions.
		He was a member of the Constitutional Convention of 1776, the State Constitutional Convention, served five years in the house and four in the senate of Pennsylvania.
		In 1807 he was appointed one of the two major generals to command the quota of Pennsylvania militia that was called for by the president.
	www.greencastlemuseum.org /Governors/constitutional.htm (4245 words)

	Newman Reader - Discussions & Arguments - Who's to Blame - 8
		An army has been raised for the occasion from off the estates and homesteads of the land, being soldiers of the soil, as rude as they were patriotic.
		The Church and the Army are respectively the instruments of moral and material force; and are real powers in their own respective fields of operation.
		The Constitutional spirit allows to the troops arms and ammunition, as it allows to the clergy Ordination and two sacraments, neither being really dangerous, while the supplements, which I have spoken of, are withheld.
	www.newmanreader.org /works/arguments/blame/letter8.html (2145 words)

	Calgunlaws.com - LAIRD v. TATUM, 408 U.S. 1 (1972)
		Since the Army is sent into territory almost invariably unfamiliar to most soldiers and their commanders, their need for information is likely to be greater than that of the hometown policeman.
		Some of the information came from Army Intelligence agents who attended meetings that were open to the public and who wrote field reports describing the meetings, giving such data as the name of the sponsoring organization, the identity of speakers, the approximate number of persons in attendance, and an indication of whether any disorder occurred.
		Third, the Army's [408 U.S. 1, 27] surveillance was not collecting material in public records but staking out teams of agents, infiltrating undercover agents, creating command posts inside meetings, posing as press photographers and newsmen, posing as TV newsmen, posing as students, and shadowing public figures.
	www.calgunlaws.com /article-348.html (7729 words)

	PDS Russia Religion News February 2002
		The Constitutional Court points out that the said provision cannot be applied to religious organizations, which attempted to obtain re-registration, just for the failure to do so; that is, no religious organization can be dissolved on a purely formalistic pretext of missing the re-registration deadline.
		The Salvation Army conducted its activity in Russia as a religious organization from 1913 to 1923, and revived it in 1991.
		The constitutional and legal sense of the provisions of point 4 or article 27 of the federal law "On freedom of conscience and religious associations" explained in the present decision is generally obligatory and it precludes any other interpretation in the practical implementation of the law.
	www.stetson.edu /~psteeves/relnews/0202f.html (1695 words)

	Constitutional Army - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitutional Army (also known as the Constitutionalist Army) was the army that fought against Huerta's Federal Army, the Villistas and Zapatistas during the Mexican revolution.
		It was formed in March 1913 by Venustiano Carranza, so-called "First-Chief" of the army, as a response to the murder of President Francisco I. Madero and Vice President José María Pino Suárez by Victoriano Huerta during La decena tragica (Ten Tragic Days) of 1913, and the resulting usurption of Presidential power by Huerta.
		However the last four actually existed only on paper and in reality the Constitutionalist army was made up of only three formations, the Northwest Corps (renamed the Army of Operations) under Alvaro Obregón, the Northeast Corps under Pablo González and the Central Corps under Pánfilo Natera.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitutional_Army (442 words)

	Edwin Vieira, Jr. -- Are You Doing Your Constitutional Duty for "Homeland Security"? Part 1
		Because the Constitution itself empowers "the Militia of the several States" for National purposes, the Militia are not optional, discretionary, or disposable for Congress, the President, the Judiciary, the States, or even We the People.
		Notable is that, because the Constitution is "the supreme Law of the Land" (Article VI, Clause 2), the Militia may be "call[ed] forth" to "execute the [Constitution]" itself.
		Beck, which established constitutional and statutory limitations on the uses to which labor unions, in both the private and the public sectors, may apply fees extracted from nonunion workers as a condition of their employment.
	www.newswithviews.com /Vieira/edwin11.htm (2184 words)

	Law in 1700
		It is necessary for us to understand that the constitutional case of 18th Century American lawyers and Whigs was based on the same unwritten constitution that 17th Century English lawyers and Whigs had used to attack Charles I and James II.
		When the British put a standing British army in the colonies, and defended the constitutionality of their standing army in America on the grounds that it was sanctioned by Parliament — American lawyers thought in terms of 17th Century English theory.
		The Imperial Army in America was a constitutional violation, according to the American lawyers.
	www.bucklinsociety.net /law_in_1700.htm (724 words)

	WorldNetDaily: Michael New case still unresolved (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces ended its 2000 regular term without rendering an opinion on the case of Army Specialist Michael New, who was court-martialed and given a bad-conduct discharge for refusing to wear a U.N. uniform and submit to the command of a foreign officer.
		There are serious constitutional questions here, and the courts, in five years, have been unable to address a single one of them.
		The troops are to be trained by the British army, which, according to a Sept. 9 report by UPI, has already agreed to set up a center for that purpose.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=17994 (993 words)

	Third Army/ARCENT/CFLCC - News Story
		In most situations this advance notice can be provided, he said, but in certain situations, especially during wartime, the president must act promptly under his constitutional grants of executive power and authority while protecting sensitive national security information.
		The executive branch shall construe section 8093 of the act, relating to integration of foreign intelligence information, in a manner consistent with the president's constitutional authority, Bush said.
		Also, the executive branch shall construe sections 8095 and 8101 of the act, which purport to prohibit the president from altering command and control relationships within the armed forces, as advisory, as any other construction would be inconsistent with the president's constitutional authority, he said.
	www.arcent.army.mil /news/archive/2006_news/october/oct02_01.asp (421 words)

	The Constitutional Convention
		Many were experienced in colonial and state government and others had records of service in the army and in the courts.
		The finished Constitution has been referred to as a “bundle of compromises.” It was only through give-and-take that a successful conclusion was achieved.
		The Constitution was conveyed to the Congress, which, in turn, decided to pass the matter along to the states for ratification.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h368.html (761 words)

	Army Chaplaincy Const. Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		The relative calm of the Army Chaplaincy was abruptly disturbed on November 23, 1979, when two Harvard University law students filed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of the Chaplaincy as an establishment of religion.
		Plaintiffs seek (i) a judgment declaring that the Chaplaincy program constitutes an establishment of religion in violation of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, and (ii) an injunction restraining the defendants from approving or otherwise providing funds or support in any respect to religious activities in the Army.
		This was not a major change in the way the Army operated, but it did affirm, on a policy level, the right of soldiers to freely exercise their religious beliefs.
	www.preciousheart.net /chaplaincy/Army_Constit_Defense.htm (6133 words)

	"Army Reserves & The Militia"
		Federal Army and Air Force Reserves, the suggestions have been that the NG should be closed and merged into the Reserves.
		Charles E. Heller, Twenty First Century Force, a Federal Army and a Militia, SSI U.S. Army War College, June 1993, accedes to the to the idea that ARNG is to remain in being.
		The reason is that the Constitution empowers Congress "To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions.”" This defensive character of militia had been assumed during the whole course of history following the Constitution.
	www.sgaus.org /armyres.htm (3128 words)

	JURIST - Forum: The Army and the Constitution: Time for Congress to Step In (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		As Professor Louis Henkin put it in his seminal essay on the Constitution and foreign affairs, “[t]he evidence is that in the framers’ contemplation, the armed forces would be under the command of the President but at the disposition of Congress” (Louis Henkin, Constitutionalism, Democracy, and Foreign Affairs 25 (1990)).
		One might argue that questioning the President’s handling of the composition and maintenance of the Army is just another aspect of the criticism that has been leveled at the administration’s decision-making in respect to the war in Iraq and the post-war occupation.
		And the problem of force strength is not an issue—like the administration’s views on the use of torture or deployment of a domestic electronic surveillance program—that may be resolved by the federal courts.
	jurist.law.pitt.edu /forumy/2006/03/army-and-constitution-time-for.php (1244 words)

	April 2002 - Salvation Army reinstated in Moscow
		But Moscow officials denied the Army’s application on the grounds that it did not fulfill certain requirements in the 1997 legislation.
		The Constitutional Court, however, ruled that because The Salvation Army had been registered prior to 1997, re—registration could not be denied under the new requirements in the 1997 law.
		Because the constitutional court is Russia’s highest court, its decision overturns parts of the 1997 federal law passed by the Duma, Russia’s national legislative body.
	www.salvationarmy-usaeast.org /goodnews/issues/2002_4/1c.htm (364 words)

	[No title]
		The claim that respondents have no standing to challenge the Army's surveillance of them and the other members of the class they seek to represent is too transparent for serious argument.
		Thus, Senator Ervin concluded that reports of the Army have been "taken from the Intelligence Command's highly inaccurate civil disturbance teletype and filed in Army dossiers on persons who have held, or were being considered for, security clearances, thus contaminating what are supposed to be investigative reports with unverified gossip and rumor.
		Surveillance of civilians is none of the Army's constitutional business and Congress has not undertaken to entrust it with any such function.
	www.guncite.com /court/fed/sc/408us24.html (3263 words)

	Army Times - News - More News.
		Inspector General Edgardo Maya said he will formally ask the Constitutional Court to rule on whether the 1974 agreement is invalid.
		Maya’s comments to a gathering of prosecutors in Bogota late Monday came after seven American servicemen were arrested in separate drug- and arms-smuggling plots in the past three months.
		The court is duty bound to consider the request but it could take months for it to issue a ruling, an official at the Inspector General’s office said.
	www.armytimes.com /story.php?f=1-292925-855538.php (304 words)

	The United States Constitution - The U.S. Constitution Online - USConstitution.net
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		The article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
		This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its submission to the States by the Congress.
	www.usconstitution.net /const.html (5196 words)

	Terrorism, Domestic Spying Catches No One All this snooping never uncovered any plot.
		In the 1950s and 1960s, the FBI, the Army, the CIA and many police department "red squads" clipped newspapers and attended public meetings with the aim of identifying people sympathetic to communists.
		The Army, whose only domestic duty was to put down riots, eventually spied on every demonstration of 20 people or more.
		Nixon's secret plan, hatched in late 1970, to use the FBI, Army and CIA to spy on critics of the Vietnam War ultimately contributed to his downfall, sent his attorney general to prison and persuaded the FBI to adopt the very guidelines that Ashcroft now finds "outdated" in the war against terrorism.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /offices/comm/oped/spying.shtml (885 words)

	Pakistan Observer - Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Sir Richard Dannatt’s, CGS British Army, comments in his Friday’s interview to Daily Mail regarding Iraq policy objectives has initiated a new debate across the world regarding army’s constitutional and political boundaries on (foreign) missions (lacking popular support and clear objectives).
		Jackson’s media interactions were conveniently ignored as constitutional violations both by the treasury benches and the British media because he endorsed the moral political purpose of defense and foreign policy of the government while a big commotion is being kicked over Gen. Dannatt’s remarks.
		And constitutional experts would agree that every constitution and democracy ultimately protects right of the individual and is designed to uphold its interests.
	www.pakobserver.net /200610/22/Articles03.asp (1330 words)

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