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	HISTORY OF IRAN FACTS AND INFORMATION
		The ancient nation of Iran was historically known to the West as Persia until March_21, 1935.
		Iran greatly increased its defense budget and by the early 1970s was the region's strongest military power.
		A border dispute between Iraq and Iran was resolved with the signing of the Algiers_Accord on March_6, 1975.
	www.dontpayyourtaxes.com /History_of_Iran (2540 words)

	MSN Encarta - Islamic Revolution of Iran
		Islamic Revolution of Iran, widespread uprising in 1978 and 1979 in which Islamic fundamentalists and their supporters overthrew Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi of Iran.
		In 1964 the shah exiled Khomeini from Iran.
		But while the constitution partly diminished the religious authority of the wali faqih and placed clerics on an equal footing with politicians, it reinforced the government’s powers to impose its decisions on society.
	encarta.msn.com /encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761588431 (1551 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Iran [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Iran borders Pakistan (909km of border) and Afghanistan (936km) to the east, Turkmenistan (1000km) to the northeast, the Caspian Sea to the north, Azerbaijan (500km) and Armenia (35km) to the northwest, Turkey (500km) and Iraq (1458km) to the west, and finally the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the south.
		Iran traces its national origin to Persia, derived from Persis, the ancient Greek name for Iran, that emerged in the 6th century BC under the Achaemenid dynasty as a vast empire that controlled an area from northwestern India to Greece.
		According to Iran's Constitution (http://www.salamiran.org/IranInfo/State/Constitution/), the Supreme Leader of Iran is responsible for the delineation and supervision of "the general policies of the Islamic Republic of Iran." In the absence of a single leader, a council of religious leaders is appointed.
	encyclozine.com /Iran (2431 words)

	Revolution & Counter-Revolution in Iran (A Marxist View) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Iranian revolution was marked, above all else, by the fact that it represented the beginnings of a period of direct intervention of the masses in their millions in determining the fate of the social order.
		The revolution was in its basic social aims, a revolt against the injustices of the Shah's "White Revolution" and the economic crisis it had brought about by the late 70s.
		This is the peculiarity of the 1979 Iranian Revolution.
	www.isf.org.uk /ISFJournal/ISF1/isf1a6.htm (11982 words)

	AllRefer.com - Iran - The Constitutional Revolution in Iran \| Iranian Information Resource
		In August the shah was forced to issue a decree promising a constitution.
		According to scholar Ann K.S. Lambton, the Constitutional Revolution marked the end of the medieval period in Iran.
		In July 1909, constitutional forces marched from Rasht and Esfahan to Tehran, deposed the shah, and reestablished the constitution.
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/iran/iran17.html (758 words)

	Iran Revolution 1978-1979
		On November 4, 1979, supporters of the revolution took control of the U.S. embassy in Tehran, seized 66 U.S. citizens there and at the foreign ministry, and, with the exception of 14 who were granted early release and despite the death of the Shah on July 27, 1980, held them hostage until January 20, 1981.
		Presidential elections and a referendum on constitutional amendments were moved up to July 28, and Hojatolislam Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, speaker of the Majles since 1980, was elected with 95 percent of the vote; he ran virtually unopposed.
		A move toward the latter was facilitated with the resumption of diplomatic ties between Iran and the United Kingdom on September 27, 1990, despite the fatwa (religious edict) issued by Khomeini 18 months earlier calling for the death of the British author Salman Rushdie, whose novel The Satanic Verses (1988) was considered blasphemous to Islam.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/india/iran1978.htm (809 words)

	Constitutional revolution, unmistakable feature of Iranian history: daily
		Tehran, Aug 5, IRNA -- A morning daily on Monday commented on the constitutional revolution in Iran to highlight the 97th anniversary of the 1906 constitutional revolution in the country.
		"The 1906 constitution derived its legitimacy from the people and placed a great deal of importance on the rights of the Iranian nation and emphasized the idea that serving the people is foremost duty of those in charge of the government," it stressed.
		The anniversary of the constitutional revolution teaches us all an important lesson: that the Iranian people are inherently against authoritarianism and dictatorship and have always desperately sought freedom and democracy.
	www.payvand.com /news/02/aug/1009.html (278 words)

	The origin and development of imperialist contention in Iran; 1884-1921: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		Iran was not conquered as a formal colony, but survived as a buffer state between the expanding Russian Colonialism towards the Persian Gulf and the British strategy of defending her own imperialist interests in India and the Persian Gulf [14].
		The domination of Iran's finance by the two foreign banks, the apathy of Iran's rulers toward the national bourgeois elite, and the intervention of the two power in favour of their own interests forced Iranian traders and businessmen to work with either of the foreign firms to survive [34].
		, Iran dar Astaneh-e Ingilab-e Mashrutiyyat (Iran on the Eve of the Constitutional Revolution), Tehran; Shabgir, 1351/1972, pp 1-17.
	www.iran-bulletin.org /history/benab_1.html (4719 words)

	YEARENDER: IRAN PRESS
		TEXT: The first newspaper in Iran began publishing in 1851, but it had only a limited audience, as it was meant for the country's royal court.
		The constitutional revolution of 1907 ushered in a period of freedom, but it only lasted a short time.
		Nouri, Iran's supreme leader, Ayatollah Khamnei, recently made a sharp attack on those Iranians who are advocating change and better ties with the United States.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/library/news/iran/1999/991223-iran1.htm (1022 words)

	IISH Middle East & Central Asia Department - History and Activitities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		This sector until now succeeded in obtaining archived documents related to Iran during the Tzar government of 1900 to 1917 which include official reports, and reports by underground agents of the Tzarist state in respect to the constitutional revolution in Iran.
		And until now it has succeeded, in cooperation with some individuals and research institutions in and outside Iran, in collecting a considerable amount of books, copies of documents, publications and declarations from political organizations which were active during the decades from 1950 until today.
		A collection of various declarations from the era of the revolution, the archive of the Iranian writers centre, some parts of the archive of organizations and leftist parties of Iran (which include briefs and letters from inside the party and organizations and documents related to the congress and plenums of the parties and organizations).
	www.iisg.nl /meca/historymecaen.html (1029 words)

	Iran: Constitutional Movement Confab opens, Museum inaugurated in Tabriz
		The one-day event aims to commemorate the social, anti-despotic and law-oriented agreements taken as part of the achievements of the Constitutional Movement which culminated in 1906 by a signature put on the first Constitution of Iran by Mozaffar eddin Shah of Qajar.
		The statue of Sattar Khan, a top general and national hero of the Iran Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911), was unveiled in Tabriz on Thursday.
		The revolution resulted in toppling of Mohammad-Ali Shah and the establishment of parliament (Majlis) in Iran.
	www.payvand.com /news/05/aug/1066.html (433 words)

	Michael Ledeen on Iran on National Review Online
		He announced that Iran had abundant information on various terrorist groups (now there's a real revelation for you) and would be willing to share it with us in exchange for a friendlier attitude.
		The truth is that the United States has had rotten intelligence on Iran ever since the run-up to the 1979 revolution that removed the shah and brought the awful mullahs to power.
		But Iran today is not at all comparable to Central Europe half a century ago, or for that matter to revolutionary France of America in the 18th century, or Russia on the eve of the Bolshevik Revolution.
	www.nationalreview.com /ledeen/ledeen061603.asp (1453 words)

	Introduction to volume of articles
		Iran has had a rich legacy of traditional intellectuality anchored in religious seminaries (Ulama), the patrimonial state (Ommal), the rural nobility (Ashraaf), and the traditional bourgeoisie (Bazaar).
		Thus it is not surprising that the lower layers of lay intelligentsia (especially in the northern regions of Iran) quickly absorbed the new ideas and became the carriers of a "mission" strikingly similar to that claimed by the Russian "intelligentsia" (a Russian coinage, incidently).
		It was the convergence of the models of the French exemplary and Russian missionary heroic intellectuality in Iran's thriving middle-class imagination that produced the hybrid form of the nineteenth-century monavvarolfekr, and later, the twentieth-century roushanfekr intellectuality.
	www.seraj.org /introduction.htm (5047 words)

	ICL - Iran - Constitution
		This aspiration was exemplified by the nature of the great Islamic Revolution of Iran, and by the course of the Muslim people's struggle, from its beginning until victory, as reflected in the decisive and forceful calls raised by all segments of the populations.
		After experiencing the anti-despotic constitutional movement and the anti-colonialist movement centered on the nationalization of the oil industry, the Muslim people of Iran learned from this costly experience that the obvious and fundamental reason for the failure of those movements was their lack of an ideological basis.
		The Islamic Revolution of Iran was nurtured by the blood of hundreds of young men and women, infused with faith, who raised their cries of "Allahu Akbar" at daybreak in execution yards, or were gunned down by the enemy in streets and marketplaces.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/ir00000_.html (12384 words)

	Popular protest and the Constitutional Revolution (from Iran) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The Islamic Republic of Iran is in southwestern Asia on the Caspian and Arabian seas and the Persian Gulf.
		Much of Iran consists of a central desert plateau, which is ringed on all sides by lofty mountain ranges that afford access to the interior through high passes.
		Underlying the American Revolution were unresolved abuses by the British Parliament and Crown, as specified in the Declaration of Independence.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=32183 (982 words)

	Iran News - Centenary celebration of constitution in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		TEHRAN, Dec 2, (Mehr News Agency) -- The centenary celebration of Iran?s 1906 Constitutional Revolution is to be held concurrently in Tehran and Tabriz, Ali-Asghar Amir-She?rdoust, member of the Supreme Staff for Ceremonies (SSC) said.
		The ceremony is to be held concurrently in Tehran and Tabriz due to the significant role played by the people of these two cities in the Constitutional Revolution (which took place during the reign of the Qajar King Mohammad Ali Shah) and the Islamic Revolution, She?rdoust said.
		He went on to say that the program of the ceremony, which was proposed by the province?s officials, has been set and approved in the latest meeting of the SSC.
	www.iranmania.com /News/ArticleView?NewsCode=20274&NewsKind=Culture (369 words)

	Shahrzad Mojab (english)
		Thus, women constituted a new social force, and their demand for rights, if granted and exercised, would have required a redistribution of power both in private and public spheres.
		Whether in Iran or in the ‚secularist' regimes, the separation of religion and politics continues to be a requirement for radical legal reform.
		In the case of Iran, such separation would entail not a reform but the dismantling of the Islamic state, which was consciously built on the unity of religion and state.
	www.lolapress.org /elec3/artenglish/moja_e.htm (2572 words)

	Politics and Society in Iran
		Lambton, A. "The Tobacco Regie: A Prelude to Revolution," and "The Persian Constitutional Revolution of 1905-6," in Idem, Qajar Persia. London: I. Taurus, 1987: 223-76 and 319-29.
		Schirazi, A. The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic. London: I.B. Tauris, 1997.
		Schirazi, A. The Constitution of Iran: Politics and the State in the Islamic Republic. London: I. Tauris, 1997.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/politics/undergrad/syllabi/V53.0545_ashraf_s02.html (1213 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Iran's First Revolution: Shi'ism and the Constitutional Revolution of 1905-1909 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		The most thorough and comprehensive history of the revolution to date, Bayat's book examines the uneasy alliance of clerical, bureaucratic, landowning, and mercantile elements that won the support of the masses for a more democratic government, especially the clerical dissidents that gave the revolution an aura of religious legitimacy.
		Bayat argues that the recent religious revival in Iran is much less surprising when one sees how constitutionalists at the beginning of the century had to couch their calls for reform in the language of the Koran, claiming that political reforms constituted a return to Islam.
		As a student, when we've learned about the Iraninan constitutional revolution of 1906 things were very simple: an alliance between the Ulamaa, the Bazaar and other people of interest, that created a united front against the shah, in order to create a constitution, a parliament and so on.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/019506822X (484 words)

	The Present Political Situation in Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		At each revolutionary period in Iran they took the side of the bourgeoisie and used the trust they had gained within the masses, to suppress them.
		In 1906-8 during the Constitutional Revolution in Iran, a section of them played a counter revolutionary role.
		However the development of "modern" capitalism in Iran in the 1960s implemented by the Shah, who pursued a Westernising policy, pushed the clergy aside from the centre of power.
	www.kargar.org /english/Iran.htm (1454 words)

	CIJOH
		"The role of Jews in Iran’s Constitutional Revolution," by Amnon Netzer.
		Explores the importance of Jews in the events that lead up to the Constitutional Revolution in Iran at the turn of the century.
		Gabbay, an architect, was the designer and director of the project to renovate Esther’s tomb in the early seventies in Iran.
	www.cijoh.org /publication/About_Journal_VolumeI.htm (425 words)

	Iran - Gilan Province, Tourist Attractions, Rasht
		Gilan province is located in the north of Iran, stretching between the Alborz and Talesh Mountain Ranges.
		According to the latest divisions of the country in the year 1996, the townships of the province are: Astara, Astaneh Ashrafieh, Bandar Anzali, Rasht, Roodbar, Roodsar, Somiehsara, Fooman, Lahijan, Langerood, Talesh and Shaft.
		These serve as a barrier against the humid north-west Caspian winds and withholds the penetration of wind bearing vapors towards Iran's mainland, causing heavy rainfall in the northern provinces of Iran.
	www.orient-travel-pars.com /gilan.htm (965 words)

	Articles - Guilan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		However, the revolution did not progress the way the constitutionalists had strived for, and Iran came to face much internal unrest and foreign intrusions, particularly from the British and Russian Empires.
		Although Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization lists 211 sites of historical and cultural significance in the province, the main tourist attraction in Guilan is the small town of Masouleh in the hills south-east of Rasht.
		The town is built not dissimilar to the pueblo settlements, with the roof of one house being the courtyard of the next house above.
	www.multisection.com /articles/Gilan (742 words)

	Persian Language & Literature: Ali Akbar Dehkhoda
		Dehkhoda's return to Iran, in 1905, coincided with the Iranian Constitutional Revolution (Enghelab-e Mashroteh) and he soon became an important participant in that movement.
		During this period, Sur Esrafil, founded in 1907, played an important role in the political scene by supporting the Constitutional Movement and the paper ran many articles which were aimed at exposing the despotism, dependency, and corruption of the monarchy and the traditional views of the reactionary clergy.
		The paper was among the first to use ordinary language of the common people in place of the traditional didactic and flowery literary approach popular at the time among the literary circles and men of erudition.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/adehkhoda/ali_akbar_dehkhoda.php (1909 words)

	Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) - memri.de (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-12)
		In a speech, he addressed the issue of tyranny and democracy in Iran, noting that Iranian society had experienced two types of tyranny: secular tyranny under the Shah's regime, and religious tyranny under the regime of the Islamic Revolution.
		The most controversial [political and social] discussions in the past century have erupted between the followers of two different schools of thought and the followers of two different interpretations of Islam.
		Following popular pressure led by intellectuals and clerics, the Shah was forced to adopt a Western-style constitution for Iran.
	www.memri.de /uebersetzungen_analysen/laender/iran/iran_kadivar_02_07_04.html (1038 words)

	History of Iran: Constitutional Revolution
		In the wake of the relentless efforts of freedom fighters, Mozafar o-Din Shah of Qajar dynasty was forced to issued the decree for the constitution and the creation of an elected parliament (the Majlis) in August 5, 1906.
		Nevertheless, Iran’s neutrality was blatantly transgressed by foreign expeditionary forces.
		While Iran had declared its neutrality, Soviet Union and Britain blatantly disregarded it and sent in their troops into Iran under the pretext of supposed Reich influence in Iran.
	www.iranchamber.com /history/constitutional_revolution/constitutional_revolution.php (2505 words)

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