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	Das Bundesverfassungsgericht
		Curtea Constitutionala a Republicii Moldova (Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova)
		Trybunal Konstytucyjny (Constitutional Tribunal in the Republic of Poland)
		The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia
	www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de /links.html (303 words)

	Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland began to form into a recognizable unitary and territorial entity around the middle of the 10th century under the Piast dynasty.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Poland (3825 words)

	999 Poland
		The Republic of Poland (alternative Commonwealth of Poland) is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		Poland's first historically documented ruler, Mieszko I, was baptized in 966, adopting Catholic Christianity as the country's new official religion, to which the bulk of the population converted in the course of the next century.
		Poland has a large agricultural sector of private farms, that could be a leading producer of food in the European Union now that Poland is a member.
	www.999poland.com (2922 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Constitutional amendment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		A constitutional amendment is an alteration to the constitution of a nation or a state.
		The constitution of Brazil may be amended with the consent of both houses of Congress by a majority of three-fifths.
		In referenda to amend the constitutions of Australia and Switzerland it is required that a proposal be endorsed not just by an overall majority of the electorate in the nation as a whole, but also by separate majorities in each of a majority of the states or cantons.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Constitutional_amendment (1306 words)

	The State Tribunal of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The State Tribunal of Poland is the judicial body, which rules on the constitutional liability of people holding the highest offices of state.
		It examines cases concerning the infringement of the Constitution and laws or crimes committed by the President of the Republic of Poland, members of the government, the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control, the President of the National Bank of Poland, heads of central administrative offices and other senior state officials.
		The composition of the State Tribunal is established at the first sitting of each new Sejm and is binding for its term.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/The_State_Tribunal_of_Poland (220 words)

	Constitutional Tribunal of Poland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Constitutional Tribunal of Poland is a judicial body established to resolve disputes on the constitutionality of the activities of state institutions; its main task is to supervise the compliance of statutory law with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland.
		The Constitutional Tribunal adjudicates on the compliance with the Constitution of legislation and international agreements (also their ratification), on disputes over the powers of central constitutional bodies, and on compliance with the Constitution of the aims and activities of political parties.
		Three judges, appointed by the President of the Tribunal, serve as members of the National Electoral Commission (Act of 12 April 2001 on elections to the Sejm of the Republic of Poland and to the Senate of the Republic of Poland).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constitutional_Tribunal_of_Poland (218 words)

	Politics of Poland Encyclopedia Articles @ VeryGoodCredit.com (Very Good Credit) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Poland has a mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and holdover communist legal theory, although the latter is being gradually removed as part of a broader and ongoing reform process.
		Poland maintains a sizable armed force recently counted at 175,343 troops divided among an army of 96,733, an air and defense force of 39,649, and a navy of 15,980.
		Poland continues to be a regional leader in support and participation in the NATO Partnership for Peace Program and has actively engaged most of its neighbors and other regional actors to build stable foundations for future European security arrangements.
	216.92.11.26 /encyclopedia/Politics_of_Poland (1462 words)

	Learn more about Poland in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Republic of Poland, a country in Central Europe, lies between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and Lithuania and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to its north, as well as the Baltic Sea.
		Poland's borders shifted westwards; pushing the eastern border to the Curzon line and the western border to the Oder-Neisse line.
		Poland has steadfastly pursued a policy of liberalising the economy and today stands out as one of the most successful and open transition from communism to market economy.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /p/po/poland.html (1630 words)

	Poland - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		The Republic of Poland is a country located in Central Europe, between Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, and the Baltic Sea, Lithuania, and Russia (in the form of the Kaliningrad Oblast exclave) to the north.
		The Enlightenment in Poland fostered a growing national movement to repair the state, resulting in the first written constitution in Europe in 1791 (May Constitution of Poland).
		The principal ports and harbours are: Port of Gdańsk, Port of Gdynia, Port of Szczecin, Port of Swinoujscie, Port of Ustka, Port of Kolobrzeg, Gliwice, Warsaw, Wroclaw.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/p/o/l/Poland.html (2985 words)

	Case Law in Poland - Constitutional Tribunal - Equal Employment Opportunities
		In its judgment of 3 March 1987, the tribunal ruled that the regulations that set the differences in qualification criteria for women and for men to enter medical universities were unconstitutional.
		On 23 February 1993 the Tribunal held that a provision concerning farmer's social insurance was inconsistent with the basic principles of the Constitution.
		The Constitutional Tribunal confirmed the inconsistency of this provision.
	www.ilo.org /public/english/employment/gems/eeo/law/poland/c_ct.htm (424 words)

	The Ultimate Poland Dog Breeds Information Guide and Reference
		Poland was completely unprepared for the swiftness and ferocity of the attacks because of a failure to modernize her military.
		Poland enjoys a temperate climate, with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent slopdropping and mild summers with frequent showers and thunder showers.
		Poland's principal ports and harbours are Gdańsk, Gdynia, Kołobrzeg, Szczecin, Świnoujście, Ustka, Warsaw, and Wrocław.
	www.dogluvers.com /dog_breeds/Poland (2240 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		The justices of the Constitutional Tribunal and the Tribunal of State are appointed by the Sejm.
		Only during the final stage of the Constitution’s completion was the president given the authority to appoint the president and vice president of the Constitutional Tribunal, the first president of the Supreme Court, and the first president of the Chief Administrative Court.
		Leszek Lech Garlicki is a Justice of the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland and Professor of Constitutional Law at the University of Warsaw.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol6num2/feature/presidency.html (5364 words)

	EIRO
		Poland's Labour Fund was created in 1990 as an institution to finance benefits for people losing their jobs, as well as vocational activation programmes for those looking for work and/or threatened by job loss.
		Poland's Tripartite Commission for Social and Economic Issues was established as a forum for national social dialogue in 1994, under aState Enterprise Pactinvolving the government and trade unions.
		Since the mid-1990s, the number of strikes in Poland has fallen to a low level, with trade unions tending to avoid using thestrike weaponboth in the private sector, where unions are either very weak or absent, and (to a lesser extent) in the public sector, in the light of prevailing economic and labour market conditions.
	www.eiro.eurofound.eu.int /2002/country/Poland.html (2961 words)

	ICL - Poland - Constitution
		Hereby establish this Constitution of the Republic of Poland as the basic law for the State, based on respect for freedom and justice, cooperation between the public powers, social dialogue as well as on the principle of aiding in the strengthening the powers of citizens and their communities.
		The Republic of Poland shall safeguard the independence and integrity of its territory and ensure the freedoms and rights of persons and citizens, the security of the citizens, safeguard the national heritage and shall ensure the protection of the natural environment pursuant to the principles of sustainable development.
		(2) The President and Vice-President of the Constitutional Tribunal shall be appointed by the President of the Republic from amongst candidates proposed by the General Assembly of the Judges of the Constitutional Tribunal.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/pl00000_.html (16909 words)

	Poland (11/05)
		Constitution: The constitution now in effect was approved by a national referendum on May 25, 1997.
		The new constitution and the reformed administrative division (as of 1999) required a revision of the election ordinance (passed in April 2001).
		Poland was the first former centrally planned economy in central Europe to end its recession and return to growth in the early 1990s.
	www.state.gov /r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm (4787 words)

	USRS - Contributions - Presentation by Dr Marian Grzybowski, Judge of the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the Republic of Poland, at least the two institutions, the Constitutional Tribunal and the Supreme Court are equipped with the highest interpretative competences; the Constitutional Tribunal preserving its “last word” in issues of “constitutionality” (“conformity with the constitutional provisions”).
		In case of the national constitutional courts and the supreme courts their activities are based and determined by the national constitutional and (in case of the supreme courts) statutory regulations.
		However, in case of Poland the right to submit such a question to ECJ is, to some extend, diminish by provision of art.178 of the Poland’s Constitution of 1997, according to which “ the judges are independent in fulfilling their duties and they remain subordinated only to Constitution and to the statutes”.
	www.us-rs.si /pcceu/index.php?sv_path=589,725 (2870 words)

	REC: Status of Public Participation: Poland
		Recently, the Ombudsman petitioned the Constitutional Tribunal to adjudicate on a legal dispute between the environmental minister and the local authorities in Krakow.
		In Poland, the practice of using non-formal public participation in the environmental field covers all levels of government, but it must be born in mind that Poland still lacks any freedom of information legislation.
		Failures are largely due to the fact that the whole movement in Poland is at too early a stage of development for this and, structurally, the ecological movement is too weak and divided internally to achieve its goals at this stage.
	www.rec.org /REC/Publications/PPstatus/Poland.html (8376 words)

	The Constitution
		The Constitution of the Republic of Poland is the supreme Polish legal document and the basis of the political system of the Polish State.
		The Polish Constitution also protects the rights of ownership and inheritance, freedom of choice of profession, the right to appropriate safety conditions in the workplace; it guarantees minimum wages, protection of health and social benefits, as well as the right to education (education is mandatory until the age of 18).
		This is the special duty of the Constitutional Tribunal, a court appointed to supervise the constitutionality of laws.
	www.poland.gov.pl /The,Constitution,384.html (414 words)

	AllRefer.com - Poland - Government and Politics \| Polish Information Resource
		The subsequent hectic experiment in democracy yielded mixed results between 1989 and 1992, when the restored Republic of Poland was still attempting to find its political bearings.
		In 1989 round table talks between the opposition and the communist government spawned a flurry of legislation and constitutional amendments that merged democratic reforms with institutions and laws inherited from four decades of communist rule.
		Poland - Southern Neighbors and the Visegrád Triangle
	reference.allrefer.com /country-guide-study/poland/poland176.html (543 words)

	Poland's Constitutional Tribunal To Be Limited
		The Tribunal will be required to hear cases and render rulings in the order in which the cases are presented to them.
		This removal of discretion allows the government to pass a law that is patently unconstitutional and to be able to operate under that law without the interference of the constitutional tribunal for an extended time.
		Opposition party member Ryszard Kalisz (SLD), the lawyer that argued the case against the lustration law before the Constitutional Tribunal, said that the ruling Law And Justice party is passing legislation without the understanding that someday it may be in the opposition and such legislation may be used against its members.
	www.masterpage.com.pl /outlook/200706/limitcourt.html (493 words)

	ICL - Poland Index
		The Constitutional Tribunal now decides about the conformity of statutes to the constitution (Article 188 no. 1) without the House of Representatives' (Sejm's) power to overrule the decision.
		Poland has concluded a Europe-Agreement with the EU.
		May 1997: New constitution confirmed by a majority totaling only less than 20% of the electorate in a referendum with a turnout of less than 50%.
	www.oefre.unibe.ch /law/icl/pl__indx.html (185 words)

	Poland Business Report Daily. \| Business (International) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Poland's 'plan B' for the ratification of the European Union Accession Treaty was cleared by the country's Constitutional Tribunal Tuesday, with the court ruling that parliament will be able to vote to ratify the treaty should voters fail to show up in sufficient numbers to validate the June 7-8 referendum.
		Euro-skeptics had launched the constitutional challenge to Poland's recently passed referendum law, saying that if less than the necessary 50% of Poland's 28 mln or so eligible voters turn out to cast ballots, then that would be a "vote" against entry itself.
		Poland's current parliament has the clear two-thirds majorities in both houses needed to ratify the Accession Treaty should voters not meet the 50% turnout requirement stated in the Polish Constitution.
	www.allbusiness.com /periodicals/article/555396-1.html (842 words)

	CJO - Abstract - Poland: Constitutional Tribunal on the Surrender of Polish Citizens under the European Arrest Warrant. ...
		CJO - Abstract - Poland: Constitutional Tribunal on the Surrender of Polish Citizens under the European Arrest Warrant.
		Poland: Constitutional Tribunal on the Surrender of Polish Citizens under the European Arrest Warrant.
		In the decision, which potentially has effects beyond the Polish legal system, the Tribunal annulled the transposing legislation (with a delay of 18 months) because it infringed Article 55(1), which states that ‘The extradition of a Polish citizen shall be prohibited’.
	journals.cambridge.org /action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=346487&fulltextType=RA&fileId=S1574019605005699 (162 words)

	FREE In-depth report - The State Tribunal - Poland
		The Jaruzelski regime created the State Tribunal in 1982, by the same law that formed the Constitutional Tribunal, in response to instances of high official corruption in 1980.
		The State Tribunal passes judgment on the guilt or innocence of the highest office holders in the land accused of violating the constitution and laws.
		The chairperson of the State Tribunal is the president of the Supreme Court.
	www.exploitz.com /Poland-The-State-Tribunal-cg.php (222 words)

	Constitutional Refolution in the Ex-Communist World
		Howard concluded that the major challenge of the constitutional courts is to develop a "constitutional culture in which political institutions and the wide republic accept and understand the place of the constitutional court and the place of judicial review."
		Blankenagel discussed the constitutional court in Russia, Brzezinski lectured on the court of Poland, and Ganev analyzed the Bulgarian Constitutional Court.
		Peter Krug analyzed the Russian Constitutional Court's role in protecting freedom of speech in Russia, which still has a defamation law in place that severely curtails freedom of speech by defining a wide variety of speech as defamatory and, therefore, actionable.
	www.wcl.american.edu /hrbrief/v6i2/refolution.htm (1705 words)

	Poland The Constitutional Tribunal - Flags, Maps, Economy, History, Climate, Natural Resources, Current Issues, ...
		The Constitutional Tribunal was established by the Jaruzelski regime in early 1982 to adjudicate the constitutionality of laws and regulations.
		Selected by the Sejm for their superior legal expertise, the members of the Constitutional Tribunal are independent and bound only by the constitution (see The Constitution of 1952, this ch.).
		In 1992 the tribunal made controversial findings that government plans to control wages and pensions retroactively violated rights constitutionally guaranteed to citizens.
	www.photius.com /countries/poland/government/poland_government_the_constitutional_t~10516.html (161 words)

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