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Topic: Constitutional liberalism

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	Liberalism in Canada - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This brand of liberalism was prominent though the Liberal government of Wilfrid Laurier, which advocated such policies as free trade with the United States, and beyond.
		The second liberalism began, roughly, in the 1960s with the election of Lester B. Pearson as leader of the Liberal Party of Canada and can be traced through the politics of Pierre Trudeau, Joe Clark, and Paul Martin.
		Liberal parties developed in both the French and English speaking parts of Canada, and led to the formation of the Liberal Party of Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada (726 words)

	Democracy - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Liberal democracy is, strictly speaking, a form of representative democracy where the political power of the government is moderated by a constitution which protects the rights and freedoms of individuals and minorities (also called constitutional liberalism).
		Liberal democracy is sometimes the de facto form of government, while other forms are technically the case; for example, Canada has a monarchy, but is in fact ruled by a democratically elected Parliament.
		Generally, changes in these constitutions require the agreement of a supermajority of the elected representatives, or require a judge and jury to agree that evidentiary and procedural standards have been fulfilled by the state, or two different votes by the representatives separated by an election, or, sometimes, a referendum.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/d/e/m/Democracy.html (7395 words)

	Democracy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The United States can be seen as the first liberal democracy, [2] with a relatively wide franchise (although initially limited by property and gender restrictions, and the existence of slavery) and the United States Constitution protected rights and liberties.
		In constitutional theory and in historical usages and especially when considering the works of the Founding Fathers of the United States, the word "democracy" refers solely to direct democracy, whilst a representative democracy where representatives of the people govern in accordance with a constitution is referred to as a republic.
		The original framers of the United States Constitution were notably cognizant of what they perceived as a danger of majority rule in oppressing freedom of the individual.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Democracy (3471 words)

	Political and Social Theory: Abstracts
		Liberalism's post-Lockian limitations manifest in several clusters of human activity -- ideology, education, bureaucracy, planning, administration and international contexts -- of which about thirty specific areas of contradiction are articulated.
		The dilemma of liberalism is the problem of how judges make law, a conclusion drawn from ideas of their role in reviewing and interpreting statutes, yet inconsistent with various philosophies of law.
		The irony of closed minds in liberal education is perpetuated in the rationalization of expertise in bureaucracies and in credentialization in society.
	www.well.com /~ulysses/writings/abstr.dilem.html (1630 words)

	Democracies That Take Liberties by Fareed Zakaria
		Constitutional liberalism has led to democracy, but democracy does not seem to bring constitutional liberalism.
		The process of genuine liberalization and democratization is gradual and long-term; it is a process in which an election is only one step.
		Democracy without constitutional liberalism is not simply inadequate, but dangerous, bringing with it the erosion of liberty, the abuse of power, ethnic divisions and even war.
	www.fareedzakaria.com /ARTICLES/nyt/110297.html (999 words)

	Foreign Affairs - The Rise of Illiberal Democracy - Fareed Zakaria
		Democracy without constitutional liberalism is producing centralized regimes, the erosion of liberty, ethnic competition, conflict, and war.
		Constitutional liberalism, on the other hand, is not about the procedures for selecting government, but rather government's goals.
		It is liberal because it draws on the philosophical strain, beginning with the Greeks, that emphasizes individual liberty.
	www.foreignaffairs.org /19971101faessay3809-p10/fareed-zakaria/the-rise-of-illiberal-democracy.html (1468 words)

	Constitutional liberalism or illiberal democracy \| Democrats.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Constitutional liberalism is about the limitation of power, illiberal democracy is about accumulation and use of power.
		Constitutional liberalism has meant a political system marked not only by free and fair elections, but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property.
		Constitutional liberalism argues that human beings have certain natural (or "inalienable") rights and that governments must accept a basic law, limiting its own powers, that secures them.
	www.democrats.com /node/3640 (1206 words)

	The Head Heeb: Zaghloul takes another fall
		Constitutional liberals in Egypt are essentially forced to be Wafdists without Wafd.
		As far as constitutional liberal parties in LDCs, there's always Botswana, but I suppose that isn't a "major example." Brazil would be a major example, and it looks guardedly promising, but it's still early in the game and there's a great deal of institutional corruption and autocracy to overcome.
		I've seen it argued that the BDP was liberal because it could afford to be, and the current rise of economic inequality and the uncertain future of the diamond industry might put Botswana's liberalism to the test.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/016134.html (1300 words)

	Collection - Constitutionalism and the Rule of Law: The Online Library of Liberty
		Its focus is primarily upon the development of classical liberal ideas in Britain, France, and Germany, and the impact these ideas had on political, economic, and social change in these countries between 1815 and 1914.
		The three issues discussed here are the movements to create constitutional government, in particular the right of individuals to express themselves without fear of censorship, and the desire to extend the franchise to the middle class.
		An important aspect of the constitutional limitation of state power is the idea of "the rule of law" or Rechtsstaat as the German liberals called it.
	oll.libertyfund.org /Home3/Collections.php?Collection=59 (1785 words)

	[No title]
		Text and intent are fundamental and essential tools in constitutional interpretation; but when language and historical record do not resolve the clear intent of a constitutional provision, those who interpret the text are drawn to nontextual sources to inform their understanding of it.
		Constitutional modernists who support the use of nontextual sources and the ever-popular evolving societal standards rationale to interpret the Constitution must defend the use of such judicial discretion when political majorities have expressed the opposite view.
		Unlike the constitutional liberalism that deified the Warren Court and made judicial review the engine of social and political reform, Professor Sunstein argues that such innovation is better grounded in democratic principles when it is deliberative in nature.
	www.bsos.umd.edu /gvpt/lpbr/subpages/reviews/sunstein.htm (1854 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Liberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A fundamental principle of Liberalism is the proposition: "It is contrary to the natural, innate, and inalienable right and liberty and dignity of man, to subject himself to an authority, the root, rule, measure, and sanction of which is not in himself".
		Liberalism was first formulated by the Protestant Genevese (Rousseau, Necker, Mme de Staël, Constant, Guizot); nevertheless it was from France, that it spread over the rest of the world, as did its different representative types.
		It was the Liberalism of the practical politicians and statesmen, who intended to re-establish, maintain, and develop, in the different states, the constitutional form of government based upon the principles of 1789.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/09212a.htm (1947 words)

	Reason: Forcing Freedom: Can liberalism be spread at gunpoint?
		Liberal governments might have taken action to mitigate the threat from global terrorism, but for a variety of reasons most looked the other way.
		To lift these constraints, and grant liberal governments the authority to engage in military action when vital interests are not at risk, ultimately would erode the very notion of a democratic peace that is at the core of the global libertarian utopian vision.
		Growing, vibrant liberal states combine the traits of political and economic freedom to defeat their autocratic neighbors not by killing their soldiers, bombing their cities, and jailing their leaders, but by luring away the most ambitious, intelligent, and gifted individuals.
	www.reason.com /0308/fe.rb.forcing.shtml (4604 words)

	LIberalism in Australian National Politics
		Liberal values do not necessarily correspond with the policies of parties that have identified themselves as 'Liberal'.
		For instance, the Liberal Party of Australia consists of autonomous State and Territory divisions and its constitution asserts a clear distinction between organisational and parliamentary branches of the party.
		It is in keeping with the principles of liberalism for governments to adopt 'extreme' measures for the security of individuals against external and internal threats.
	www.aph.gov.au /library/pubs/rn/2001-02/02RN27.htm (1222 words)

	The Rise, Decline, And Reemergence Of Classical Liberalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The phrase "the rise of classical liberalism" does not mean that a consistent and unified set of beliefs emerged intact in the late 17th century from the mind of John Locke.
		Lamennais proved by his example that classical liberalism was not incompatible with Catholicism, and he planted the seeds of his thought among believers previously unexposed to it.
		These two perspectives reappear in the classical liberal tradition and reflect the basic assumptions about the nature of man: one that he is perfectible, and the other that he is fallen.
	www.belmont.edu /lockesmith/essay.html (12021 words)

	TAP: Vol 14, Iss. 6. Must Democracy Wait?. Stephen Holmes. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		To avert the dangers of a premature turn to democracy, Zakaria calls for putting priority on the development of "constitutional liberalism" -- that is, checks and balances, private property, a market economy and religious tolerance, which in his view provide vital safeguards against the demagoguery and instability that popular elections may unleash.
		Many classic features of constitutional liberalism, such as divided government, federalism, and the freedom to preach and proselytize, can also open the door to extremist violence, even in the absence of electoral politics.
		But the formal provisions of constitutions cannot create a politics without regard to the forces operating in society; the rule of law itself needs social support and cannot be built from scratch, or against the grain, by political will.
	www.prospect.org /print/V14/6/holmes-s.html (2109 words)

	Caracas Chronicles: Getting our "isms" right...
		Constitutional Liberalism: A form of government that protects individuals' political liberties by dividing state power between genuinely independent institutions empowered to check and balance one another.
		Though it's often used as a synonym for "liberal democracy" there's no necessary link between the two: Britain practiced Constitutional Liberalism for hundreds of years before instituting democracy.
		In constitutional liberalism, state institutions display strong functional independence, and act under the authority of law.
	caracaschronicles.blogspot.com /2006/02/getting-our-isms-right.html (566 words)

	future of democracy and government in maldives
		For almost a century in the West, democracy has meant liberal democracy: a political system based not only on free elections, but also a high and increasing level of constitutional liberalism based on religious and social tolerance and respect for the independence of the legal system.
		Constitutional liberalism is not about the procedures for selecting government, but rather government's goals.
		In almost all of its variants, constitutional liberalism argues that human beings have certain natural (inalienable) rights and that governments must accept a basic law limiting its own powers, and keeping secure those individual natural rights of the people who elect it.
	www.maldivesculture.com /maldives_democracy_future.html (1764 words)

	Democracy in Iraq (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It is constitutional because it rests on the tradition beginning with the Romans, of the rule of law.
		Constitutional liberalism developed in Western Europe and the United States as a defense of the individual’s right to life and property, and freedom of religion and speech.
		Hence, he insists that constitutional liberalism is an essential precondition for democracy.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/schwalbe3.html (6755 words)

	Liberal Democrat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A supporter of liberal democracy (constitutional democracy or constitutional liberalism)
		A Liberal in the Democratic Party of the United States; in the eyes of many, Senator Ted Kennedy is the model "Liberal Democrat"
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Liberal_Democrat (118 words)

	Democracy without constitutional liberalism is not simply inadequate, but dangerous, bringing with it the erosion of ...
		Democracy without constitutional liberalism is not simply inadequate, but dangerous, bringing with it the erosion of libert
		Once the capabilities of an illiberal or corrupt democracy are confused with the capabilities of the Western idealized form of democracy it is difficult to restore faith in the process.
		The type of democracy under which the newly formed institutions function is a democracy much less reliable than liberal democracy; thus, the institutions failure to make market reforms and socio-economic improvements has damaged societies trust in democracy and free markets altogether.
	studentwebs.coloradocollege.edu /~a_allen/democracyandmarkets.htm (3098 words)

	Nazarene.org :: Official Site of the International Church of the Nazarene (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Threatened by a moral/political shift of ìconstitutional liberalism,î ìpeople of faith,î including Christians, should seek to influence the cultural and political elite toward ìfaithî and classical liberalism for the benefit both of ìfaithî and the ìfreedom.î Classical liberalism will provide the opportunity for ìfaith,î while ìfaithî can sustain the freedoms necessary for liberalism.
		Yet this ìclear and present dangerî is a call to increased activism for the moral renewal of the liberal body-politic, so it, then, can assure the future of ìfaith.î Anxiety, the threat of the new dark age, is invoked in order to keep the errand moving into the future.
		This is the presupposition that liberalism, classical or constitutional, and more precisely, the liberal nation-state, provides a favorable or neutral context for the life and witness of the church.
	www.nazarene.org /ed_didache/vol1_2osguiness.html (1868 words)

	"Elective Surgery" by Gary Hart
		Zakaria further premises that taxation is central to constitutional liberalism, as distinct from democracy, because it requires the taxing power (the state) to provide services in return.
		But they are still more liberal, tolerant, and pluralistic than what would likely replace them [if elections were held]." He finds the Arab world trapped between autocratic states and illiberal societies and, thus, probably amenable only to the "shell" of democracy apparently envisioned by Bush administration officials.
		Either one-dimensional "democracy" or a more nuanced constitutional liberalism with institutional instruments underwriting individual liberty are the choices he offers for the 21st century.
	www.washingtonmonthly.com /features/2003/0305.hart.html (1129 words)

	Ferdinand II 1810-1859 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Ferdinand II (1810-1859), King of the Two Sicilies, was the first monarch against whom revolution erupted in 1848, the fir st to concede a constitution, and the first to initiate a successful counter-revolutionary movement.
		Dissatisfaction intensified in 1846-47 under the impact of famine, an economic crisis, and the excitement aroused by liberal concessions granted in central and northern Italy.
		Threatened with the loss of Sicily, confronted by uprisings in the provinces of Salerno and Cilento, intimidated by a massive demonstration in Naples on January 27 in favor of a constitution and upset by the weakness of conservative regimes in Italy and beyond, Ferdinand bent.
	cscwww.cats.ohiou.edu /~Chastain/dh/ferd.htm (951 words)

	Page 6 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Bork defeat may be the greatest liberal constitutional victory between Ronald Reagan's assumption of office and the election of the next progressive Democratic President.
		One of the more apparent signs of the constitutional spectrum's move to the philosophical right was the Senate's characterization of Judge Anthony Kennedy during his confirmation proceedings.
		In response to these developments, there is a danger that liberal public law scholars will return to reactive scholarship, similar in principle, though far greater in degree, to the scholarship produced in the early years (1969-1975) of the Burger Court era.
	www.law.seattleu.edu /fachome/skover/articles/liblegal/6.html (457 words)

	Constructing Civil Liberties: Discontinuities in the Development of American Constitutional Law: The Independent ...
		Indeed, he points out that progressives and liberals have not been consistent champions of personal rights and have frequently shifted from one cause to another while couching their essentially political choices in moralistic terms.
		Indeed, he emphasizes that progressives and liberals in the early twentieth century were in fact preoccupied with strengthening governmental power, not defending individual rights.
		They redefined democracy as an expression of statist liberalism in which policy should be governed by an administrative elite rather than by the views of the populace.
	www.independent.org /publications/tir/article.asp?issueID=46&articleID=590 (1556 words)

	Queens University of Charlotte - Examining the Failures of Democracy
		But without constitutional liberalism, he believes that adopting democracy will result in ineffective governments, often dictatorial, followed by electorate apathy and loss of confidence.
		Create an economic middle class and build in constitutional liberalism as safeguards against the state -- rule of law, right of assembly, free press, independent judiciary of integrity, freedom of religion; in short a civil society -- before adopting democracy.
		Unless democracy is underpinned by constitutional liberalism, democracy there will likely fail.
	www.queens.edu /print_news.asp?press_id=646 (772 words)

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