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Topic: Constitutionalist movement of Gilan

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	Tudeh Party of Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The history of the communist movement in Iran dates back to the late 19th century, when Marxism first became introduced to the nation's intellectual and working classes as a result of the rapid growth of industry and the subsequent transformation of the country from feudalism into capitalism.
		The Communist Party of Iran was founded on June of 1920 in Bandar-e Anzali, in the province of Gilan, as a result of the first congress of Iranian social democrats.
		In 1951 Mohammad Mossadegh was elected as prime minister and established a close partnership between his nationalist movement, the National Front of Iran, and the Tudeh Party.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tudeh (1207 words)

	Guilan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Guilan's contribution to the movement of Mirza Kouchak Khan Jangali, known as the Constitutionalist movement of Guilan (also Jangalis) is glorified in Iranian history and effectively secured Guilan and Mazandaran against foreign invasions.
		Gilan's position in between the Tehran-Baku trade route has established the cities of Bandar-e Anzali and Rasht as ranking amongst the most important commercial centers in Iran.
		The town is built not dissimilar to the pueblo settlements, with the roof of one house being the courtyard of the next house above.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gilan (869 words)

	Millenarianism in Modern Iranian History
		In similar religious and social movements of fifteenth century Iran, we know that the warriors who fought for their god-chieftain believed both him and themselves invulnerable when they went into battle, and there is some reason to think that the Türkmen warriors for the Safavids held this belief, as well, at least early on.
		The fourteen-year-old Isma`il’s “sortie” from Gilan against the White Sheep forces, which eventuated in his conquest of Tabriz (1501) and ultimately of Iran, was spoken of by the chroniclers as a khuruj, a word usually employed to describe the advent of the Mahdi or guided one of Islam.
		Rinehart maintains that Iranian movements of the later twentieth century such as the Tudeh Communist party and Khomeinism are forms of millennialism in which expectations of a sudden and miraculous transformation of the world have been replaced with practical, political action of a rationalized and bureaucratic sort.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jrcole/bahai/2003/millen2.htm (11833 words)

	Iranica.com - H®AKIMI (H®akim-al-Molk)
		He was elected deputy in the first, second, third, and fourth House of Parliament (Majles), served two terms as an appointed member of the Senate (sena@tor-e entesáa@bi) and a year as its president, and was a member of the constitutional assembly of 1949 that revised the Constitution of 1906.
		As the early tremors of the Constitutional Movement began, H®akimi entered the fray as an advocate of change and reform, and thus began his direct involvement in the world of politics.
		The committee's mandate was to defend the revolution and its accomplishments from the reactionary onslaught.
	www.iranica.com /articles/v11f6/v11f6009.html (3162 words)

	History of Iran - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Control of the region was disputed between the United Kingdom and Russia, codified in an agreement of 1907 dividing the region into spheres of influence.
		The Constitutionalist movement of Gilan ended with the rise of Reza Pahlavi and the Pahlavi dynasty in 1921.
		After Khatami's reelection, conservative elements within Iran's government moved to undermine the reformist movement, banning liberal newspapers and disqualifying candidates for parliamentary elections.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_Iran (2788 words)

	User talk:SouthernComfort - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Of course, I know that the Iraqi dialect of Arabic has been influenced by Persian, or maybe this name was imported by someone who had studied in Iran.
		If anyone calls him "nationalist" to dismiss him, remind them that Iran's constitutionalist movement in fact started from Tabriz; Azeris have been perhaps the most nationalist peoples of Iran in recent memory.
		(Such a section might be mistaken for an endorsement of the tiny Qur'an alone movement's position on jihad, which is not, I think, significant enough in terms of either current events or history to justify an entry.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User_talk:SouthernComfort (3542 words)

	Seyyed Hasan Taqizadeh
		At the end of the Qajar dynasty (1790-1925), in the second half of the nineteenth century, a historical movement took place in Iran, which was created and supported by modern intellectuals, a group of progressive 'ulama and the traditional propertied middle class from the big cities.
		He confessed in one of his articles that not only the 'ulama in Tehran and in Iraq supported the Constitutional Movement, but they also were the leaders of this movement and without their support the victory of this revolution would not have been possible.
		During the period of the movement, Tabriz had the most influential and largest radical Anjoman in Iran, which according to the historian Kasravi forced the king and ministers, who didn't hold themselves responsible to parliament, and other opponents of the constitutionalism to respect the Majles and stop their opposition and sabotage of its reforms.
	www.let.uu.nl /~Sepehr.Joussefi/personal/Political-Biography-of-Taqizadeh.htm (16968 words)

	Reza Shah the Great (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Furthermore, not unlike his Constitutionalist predecessors of the period preceding World War I, Reza Shah was inclined to look for a friendly third force that would help Iran free herself from Soviet menace and British influence.
		Although these contacts with the United States and Germany respectively did not represent a movement toward political or military alliance, nevertheless they were conceived by the Shah and his ministers as a material factor in reducing Iran's dependence upon her two powerful imperial neighbors.
		The task of rebuilding, unifying, and strengthening the state consumed so much time and energy that to an outside observer it is little short of amazing that Reza Shah found enough strength to enact a number ofsocial and cultural reforms, some of which had to be imposed against fierce opposition from various entrenched interests.
	www.sedona.net /pahlavi/rezashah.html (1396 words)

	THE IRANIAN: Histoey, Constitutional Revolution, Janet Afary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		In addition, this study will show that the ethnic, class, and gender dimensions of the movement were not obscure, insignificant, and marginal issues with no crucial bearing on the political events.
		Furthermore, the reforms of the Majlis were not broad enough to create a mass peasant-based movement, one that could help sustain the reforms.
		In July 1909 a revolutionary army from Gilan, together with Bakhtiari tribesman from Isfahan, reconquered Tehran and reestablished the constitutional government.
	www.iranian.com /Books/2000/October/Afary (2181 words)

	Kurds & Formation of Central Government in Iran-Second Edition
		This work is not intended for review of people's movements and those movements are only noted when related to the main topic of the formation of the central government in Iran.
		A notable expression of retrogressive role of tribal chiefs in Kurdestan is the rebellion of the Shakkak Tribe, led by Ismaiil Agha Simku, with the massacre of Assyrians and Armenians in Khoi and Salmas in North-Western
		Movements such as Sharif-Zadeh and Molla Avareh at the time of the Shah did not contribute to any change in the status of Kurds in the Iranian Central Government.
	www.ghandchi.com /700-KurdsIranEng.htm (8572 words)

	Treatise on Leadership
		Moreover, in the meantime the `Urabi movement in Egypt, wherein a similar grassroots constitutionalist movement had been launched, eventuated in the British occupation of that country.
		So one could draw the conclusion that constitutionalist movements supported by religious leaders had the effect of weakening Middle Eastern states and opening the door to imperialist predations by the European powers, and that for the moment antiimperialism required everyone in the region to pull behind the monarch in order to remain independent.
		Moreover, `Abdu'l-Baha had become worried that populist and constitutionalist movements, the goals of which he and Baha'u'llah approved of in principle, gave too much of an opening, in the late 19th century, to the illegitimate influence of religious leaders on civil politics.
	www.h-net.org /~bahai/trans/vol2/siyascom.htm (9122 words)

	Encyclopedia: History of Iran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Map of Iran and surrounding countries, showing location of Rasht Rasht (sometimes spelled Resht) is the capital of Gilan province in northwestern Iran (Persia).
		The Persian Constitutional Revolution was a revolution in Iran against the despotic rule of the last Qajar Shah.
		Jump to: navigation, search The Persian Empire is the name used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/History-of-Iran (7373 words)

	\| Hallmarks of Humanism: Hygiene and Love of Homeland in Qajar Iran \| The American Historical Review, 105.4 \| The ...
		An Iranian constitutionalist writer remarked, "one of the advantages of human beings over animals is their ability to progress"—or their "progress-ability" (taraqqi paziri).
		The Babi movement was a religious and political movement that emerged in nineteenth-century Iran under the leadership of Sayyid Ali Muhammad of Shiraz.
		Abd al-Muttalib was less favorable, as "from the beginning of the Constitution, [he] was an object of suspicion to the Constitutionalists and was in league with the Reactionaries." Browne, Press and Poetry of Modern Persia, 27.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ahr/105.4/ah001171.html (12984 words)

	Iran: historical background
		A nationalist Islamic reform movement, headed by Kuchuk Khan, Ehsanullah Khan and others, was established in 1915 in the Gilan Province in northern Persia.
		The rise of the Tudeh Party and the trade movement also coincided with organized minority movements seeking autonomy from the central government.
		Lacking the mass base which characterized the Tudeh Party, the nationalist and constitutionalist politicians staged their fight to revive the 1906 constitution from the Majlis.
	nointervention.com /docs/Iran/Iranhist.html (2471 words)

	Religious Dissidence and Urban Leadership: Baha'is in Qajar Shiraz and Tehran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Building on the enthusiasm generated by the messianic Babi movement of the mid-century, the Bahai religion had gained around 100,000 adherents in Iran by the end of the nineteenth century, in a population of some nine million.
		It was founded in 1863 by Bahaullah (the "Glory of God"), a follower of the Bab who was exiled in 1852 from Iran to the Ottoman Empire and subsequently maintained under surveillance or in prison by the Sublime Porte in Baghdad (1853-1863), Edirne (1863-1868) and Akka (1868-1892).
		The leadership of the Babi movement after the Bab's death in 1850 was highly contested, with a number of Babis arising unsuccessfully to claim the station of "He whom God shall make manifest," a messianic figure prophesied by the Bab.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jrcole/bahai/2000/urbanbh2.htm (16666 words)

	Chapter One of Walbridge, Essays and Notes on Babi and Baha'i History
		North of the plateau are Mazandaran and Gilan along the south and southwestern shores of the Caspian.
		It was he who ordered the execution of the Bab, apparently because he saw a charismatic and revolutionary religious movement as a threat to the stability of the state.
		(The Babi movement may perhaps be seen as an abortive third revolution.) The archetype of Iranian revolution is the story of the overthrow of the tyrant Dahhak by Kava the flsmith, as told in Firdawsi’s
	www.h-net.msu.edu /~bahai/bhpapers/vol6/waless/chap1.htm (7157 words)

	Treatise on Leadership
		This movement, supported by heir apparent `Abbas Mirza, gained such momentum that it forced the hand of Fath-`Ali Shah, who went to war in 1826.
		Moreover, `Abdu'l-Bahá had become worried that populist and constitutionalist movements, the goals of which he and Bahá'u'lláh approved of in principle, gave too much of an opening, in the late 19th century, to the illegitimate influence of religious leaders on civil politics.
		They are like "two helping spirits in the ether, which aid one another." One cannot shore up the authority of the state by persecuting religion (as the Jacobins attempted to do in France during the Revolution, or as the Germans attempted to do under Bismarck during the Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism).
	www.bahai-library.org /?file=cole_risalih_siyasiyyih_introduction.html (9078 words)

	Constitutional Revolution Of Iran Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This revolution happened during 1905–1911 and lead to the establishment of parliament in Persia.
		The movement however did not stop there and was followed by the Constitutionalist movement of Gilan.
		People like Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan and cities like Tabriz played detrimental roles in this movement.
	www.artquilt.com /encyclopedia/Constitutional_Revolution_of_Iran (324 words)

	Histroy of Iran
		The task of rebuilding, unifying, and strengthening the state consumed so much time and energy that to an outside observer it is little short of amazing that Reza Shah found enough strength to enact a number of social and cultural reforms, some of which had to be imposed against fierce opposition from various entrenched interests.
		While Reza Shah had to nurture only one nationalist movement during his reign, Mohammad Reza Shah had to deal with competing forces that interpreted nationalist objectives and priorities in a different way from his own.
		This in particular referred to the definition and designation of friends and enemies of Iran.
	www.farhangsara.com /history_pahlavi.htm (3112 words)

	ecoi.net - Focus countries » Iran » Politics & Law
		An intense political struggle continued during the year between a broad popular movement favoring greater liberalization in government policies, particularly in the area of human rights, and certain hard-line elements in the Government and society, which viewed such reforms as a threat to the survival of the Islamic Republic.
		Taken aback by the electoral successes of the reform movement and their own obvious lack of public backing, a small but growing number of such pragmatic conservatives have begun to chart their reemergence.
		Moreover, the radical wing of Khatami's Reformist movement remains intact and could present a strong challenge to the Conservatives in the future.
	www.ecoi.net /doc/en/IR/content/2/2031 (14600 words)

	Articles - Persian Constitutional Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		It led to the stablishment of a parliament in Persia (more commonly known today as Iran).
		The movement, however, did not end with the Revolution and was followed by the Constitutionalist movement of Gilan.
		People like Sattar Khan and Bagher Khan and cities like Tabriz played significant roles in this movement.
	www.mafox.com /articles/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution (98 words)

	User Posts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The refusal was upheld on appeal after the Supreme Court of the United States refused to hear Dees appeal.
		Angela Davis, a leading figure in both organizations became the most frequently quoted movement figure and constant companion of JoAnn Little...
		If you're going to rely on the Southern Poverty Law Center to determine who is or isn't a "hate" group, then you should know who heads the SPLC and what his/her motives and political positions are.
	www.freerepublic.com /~trinity5/in-forum (4960 words)

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