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Topic: Constraint programming

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	Constraint programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constraints in functional programming are implemented in the multi-paradigm programming language Oz.
		Constraints are embedded in an imperative language in Kaleidoscope.
		Logic programs are sometimes converted to constraint programs since a constraint solving program may perform better than a logic derivation program, and it might be desirable to perform this translation before executing a logic program.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constraint_programming (870 words)

	Optimization Problem Types - Mixed-Integer and Constraint Programming
		The term constraint programming comes from artificial intelligence research, where there are many problems that require assignment of symbolic values (such as positions on a chessboard) to variables that satisfy certain constraints.
		This constraint assumes that the variables can have only a finite number of possible values (say 1 through 5), and specifies that the variables must be all different at the optimal solution.
		Constraint programming problems have all the advantages and disadvantages (such as non-convexity) of mixed-integer programming problems, and the extra requirements such as "alldifferent" generally make such problems even harder to solve.
	www.solver.com /probtype3.htm (816 words)

	Constraint Programming \| Lambda the Ultimate
		Constraint Programming in Alice is a related work in progress that follows the same general outline.
		Constraint programming gained much interest in computer aided composition, because it allows to express explicit compositional knowledge in a declarative way.
		A theory is formulated as a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) by a set of rules (constraints) applied to a music representation in which some aspects are expressed by variables (unknowns).
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/1508 (2363 words)

	Book and Course in Constraint Programming and Reasoning
		Programming with constraints makes it possible to model and specify problems with uncertain, incomplete information and to solve combinatorial problems, as they are abundant in industry and commerce, such as scheduling, planning, transportation, resource allocation, layout, design, and analysis.
		Constraints are formalized as distinguished, predefined predicates in first-order predicate logic.
		The most common constraint domains, their solvers and applications such as Boolean constraints for circuit design, terms and trees for unification, linear polynomial equations for financial and engineering applications and finite domains for scheduling, are presented.
	www.informatik.uni-ulm.de /pm/fileadmin/pm/home/fruehwirth/pisa (666 words)

	Constraint logic programming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Constraint logic programming is a form of constraint programming, in which logic programming is extended to include concepts from constraint satisfaction.
		Constraint handling rules were initially defined as a stand-alone formalism for specifying constraint solvers, and were later embedded in constraint logic programming.
		Goals in constraint logic programming are evaluated concurrently; a concurrent process is therefore programmed as the evaluation of a goal by the interpreter.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Constraint_logic_programming (4723 words)

	Constraint Programming
		Constraint Programming (CP) is a programming technique that tries to solve the problems by using partial information obtained from constraints.
		Constraint satisfaction algorithms deal with finding values for the variables in CSP such that all the constraints are satisfied.
		In constraint solving, the variables may have infinite values in their domains and the constraints are more complicated such as there may be nonlinear equalities.
	www.csulb.edu /~obenli/DSS/node42.html (310 words)

	java.net: Solving Sudokus in Java (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Constraint Programming (CP) is a technique of choice for solving combinatorial problems such as the Sudoku problem.
		constraints: nine for the blocks, nine for the rows, and nine for the columns.
		Programming a good heuristic is easier than programming a constraint solver but much more difficult than using it...
	today.java.net /pub/a/today/2005/11/29/solving-sudokus-in-java.html (2088 words)

	constraint-programming.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A constraint network (CN) consists of a set of variables; domains of possible values associated with each of these variables; and a set of constraints that link up the variables and define the set of combinations of values that are allowed.
		Constraint Programming (CP) is one of these techniques.
		Constraint Programming proposes to solve CSPs by associating with each constraint a filtering algorithm that removes some values of variables that cannot belong to any solution of the CSP.
	www.constraint-programming.com (275 words)

	Constraint Programming
		Constraint programming is a rapidly maturing technology, and several commercial tools are available.
		Constraints have been used in a wide variety of scheduling applications, including vehicle scheduling [Duncan 95], workforce scheduling [Kusumoto 96], container port planning [Parrett 91], and frequency assignment problems [Carlsson 93].
		In a GA these would simply be part of the evaluation function, but in a constraint system one at least has the possibility of directly modelling preferences as soft constraints, and of controlling which ones are relaxed.
	www.aiai.ed.ac.uk /links/constr.html (1322 words)

	Principles of Constraint Programming - Cambridge University Press
		Constraints are everywhere: most computational problems can be described in terms of restrictions imposed on the set of possible solutions, and constraint programming is a problem-solving technique that works by incorporating those restrictions in a programming environment.
		The author provides many worked examples that illustrate the usefulness and versatility of this approach to programming, as well as many exercises throughout the book that illustrate techniques, test skills and extend the text.
		This book is yet another witness for this ability a great present to the constraint programming community, which will certainly advance scientifically because of its publication.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521825830 (342 words)

	ILOG Constraint Programming
		Constraint programming is based primarily on computer science—logic programming, graph theory and the artificial intelligence efforts of the 1980s.
		As with mathematical programming, a constraint programming model is expressed in a declarative fashion, using decision variables, constraints and objectives, and the same modeling language and integrated development environment (IDE)—ILOG OPL-CPLEX Development System.
		Three concepts are fundamental to the way constraint programming generates workable schedules from such a model.
	www.ilog.com /products/cp (822 words)

	Brown CS: Constraint Programming
		Constraint programming (CP) is an technique of ever growing importance for solving hard combinatorial problems.
		In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP) (Nantes, France, Sep 2006), Springer, pp.
		In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on the Principles and Practice of Constraint Programming (CP) (2002), Springer, pp.
	www.cs.brown.edu /research/projects/constraint_programming.html (2142 words)

	Constraint Logic Programming using Eclipse - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Constraint logic programming lies at the intersection of logic programming, optimisation and artificial intelligence.
		It's an introduction to constraint programming, appropriate for one-semester courses for upper undergraduate or graduate students in computer science or for programmers wishing to master the practical aspects of constraint programming.
		By the end of the book, the reader will be able to understand and write constraint programs that solve complex problems.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521866286 (285 words)

	Agtivity \| Definition: Constraint Programming (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Constraint programming is a an approach to software design that involves declaration of the dependencies of variables such the the runtime software can automatically update variables as their dependencies change.
		Synonyms: constraint logic programming, constraint management, and constraint satisfaction.
		See the Constraint Programming and Optimization Group at University of Essex.
	agtivity.com /constraint_programming.htm (59 words)

	BOTW Directory - Computers > Programming > Languages > Constraint
		Constraint Solving Toolkit - An incremental constraint computing system developed to resolve linear equalities and inequalities in a given set of arithmetic data.
		Constraints Archive - Presents details on the organizations which support the constraint initiative, with information on their benchmarking reports, applications, as well as languages and solvers.
		Programming with Constraints: an Introduction - A course guideline on constraint programming by Kim Mariott.
	botw.org /top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Constraint (388 words)

	Constraint Languages Programming Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Description of book, MIT Press: collection of 23 original papers is first effort to assemble the work of constraint programming researchers scattered across the world in multiple disciplines.
		Constraints as a general computational technique allow declaring a set of relationships between entities.
		Garnet is a widely used user interface toolkit with high functionality, based on one way, required constraints.
	www.iaswww.com /ODP/Computers/Programming/Languages/Constraint (1205 words)

	Summer School in (Constraint) logic programming
		The summer school is meant for students, researchers, and programmers interested in constraint and logic programming and its applications.
		His interests are in the theoretical and practical aspects of parallel execution of logic and constraint programming languages.
		He is the author of over 30 publications on logic programming implementation, semantics and applications, and a recipient of an NSF career development award on tabled logic programming.
	www.cs.nmsu.edu /~complog/summerschool (1847 words)

	19502: Constraint Programming Languages
		Constraint satisfaction is a class of problems in which knowledge is expressed declaratively as a collection of explicit, categorical constraints over a set of possibilities.
		The kind of constraints a constraint language can solve is largely a function of the solution technique.
		The constraint system performs a high-level evaluation of the solution space, preventing the logic programming from evaluating legal, but unproductive paths.
	www.cfcl.com /tin/P/199502.shtml (738 words)

	Graduate Course: Constraint Logic Programming
		Constraint logic programming integrates in a logical framework constraint satisfaction techniques originating from AI.
		Constraint programming is considered as an emerging software technology (see the article in BYTE).
		This survey will be concluded by a discussion aiming at classification of various approaches and at identification of different principles underlying the constraint programming systems.
	www.ida.liu.se /~janma/constr.html (339 words)

	Constraint programming
		Constraint programming is a programming technology for solving complex combinatorial problems.
		Constraints describe the different relationships that must be met within a set of variables in order to solve a problem.
		Before and during the search, constraints dynamically and efficiently reduce the domains, shrinking the size of the problem.
	www.ilog.com /products/solver/whatis.cfm (176 words)

	CP4: Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Many problems can be represented as a constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), i.e.
		a problem composed of a set of variables, each with a domain of values, where we have a set of constraints that restrict combinations of variable assignments.
		We are then to assign values to variables, satisfying those constraints (or show that no assignement exists.
	www.dcs.gla.ac.uk /~pat/cp4 (118 words)

	CP2003 Home page (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The CP conference is the annual international conference on constraint programming.
		CP 2003 included a technical programme, where presentations of theoretical and application papers, as well as invited papers and advanced tutorials, aim at describing the best results and techniques in the state of the art of constraint programming.
		Moreover, CP 2003 continued the tradition of the CP doctoral programme, in which a group of Ph.D. students present their work, listen to tutorials on career and ethical issues, and discuss their work with senior researchers via a mentoring scheme.
	www.cs.ucc.ie.cob-web.org:8888 /cp2003 (1187 words)

	CP2002 Home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Papers are solicited from any of the disciplines concerned with constraints, including: artificial intelligence, combinatorial algorithms, computational logic, concurrent computation, databases, discrete mathematics, engineering, operations research, programming languages, symbolic computation.
		We especially welcome papers discussing novel reasoning and search methods, presenting original applications of constraint programming, building bridges between constraint programming and other areas, or providing fundamental theoretical insights in explaining the success or failure of existing methods.
		The purpose of this programme is to report successful applications of constraint technology, so as to attract potential users and researchers to this technology.
	www.cs.cornell.edu /cp2002 (1131 words)

	Ruby Quiz - Constraint Processing (#70) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A Constraint Satisfaction Problem consists of variables, domains for each variable, and constraints among the variables.
		There are many problems that can be solved through constraint programming (even some past quizzes): gift exchanges, sudoku, magic squares, N queens, cryptoarithmetics, scheduling problems, etc...
		The program is then forced to back up again, but this time to try new choices for b.
	www.rubyquiz.com /quiz70.html (1054 words)

	Constraint Programming and Constraint Optimization Group Home Page (Heuristics, heuristic search, constraint ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Constraint satisfaction is a decision problem that involves finite choices.
		For a brief explanation on what a Constraint Satisfaction Problem is, see brief tutorial (one page) or detailed tutorial (in Powerpoint).
		Dechter, Constraint Processing, Morgan Kaufmann, 2003, Journal of CONSTRAINTS and research articles in recent journals and conference proceedings.
	cswww.essex.ac.uk /CSP (215 words)

	ERCIM/CologNet Workshop on Constraint Solving and Constraint Logic Programming 2002
		The aim of this workshop is to constitute a forum where (mostly European) researchers on constraints can meet in an informal setting and discuss their most recent work.
		The location we chose this year is especially interesting, since the Cork Constraint Computation Centre is a new research centre, supported by Science Foundation Ireland and led by Eugene Freuder, which is entirely devoted to studying constraint processing.
		This workshop will cover all aspects of constraint and logic programming, with particular emphasis on assessing the current state of the art and identifying future directions.
	www.cs.ucc.ie /~osullb/ercim2002 (586 words)

	Solver Technology - Mixed-Integer and Constraint Programming
		It also uses more sophisticated rules for choosing the next node to explore and the next variable to branch upon, based upon pseudocosts which are estimates of the change in the objective that will result from branching on a given variable.
		It supports the alldifferent constraint by generating an equivalent matrix of 0-1 variables and incorporating these into the problem.
		Cut Generation involves the automatic generation of additional constraints, or "cuts," that reduce the size of the feasible region for the optimization subproblems that must be solved, without eliminating any potential integer solutions.
	www.solver.com /technology3.htm (924 words)

	Guide to Constraint Programming
		Programming with Logic and Constraints, ESSLLI 2005, August 8-12, 2005, Edinburgh, UK Constraint Processing, SAC 2005, March 13, 2005, Santa Fe, U.S.A. Constraint Satisfaction for Planning and Scheduling
		Constraint Programming: In Pursuit of the Holy Grail
		Barták, R., in Proceedings of the 3rd Workshop on Constraint Programming for Decision and Control (CPDC2001), Wydavnictvo Pracovni Komputerowej, Gliwice, Poland, June 2001, pp.
	kti.ms.mff.cuni.cz /~bartak/constraints/index.html (431 words)

	The Mozart Programming System (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.netlab.uky.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The Mozart Programming System is an advanced development platform for intelligent, distributed applications.
		The system is the result of a decade of research in programming language design and implementation, constraint-based inference, distributed computing, and human-computer interfaces.
		Mozart is based on the Oz language, which supports declarative programming, object-oriented programming, constraint programming, and concurrency as part of a coherent whole.
	www.mozart-oz.org.cob-web.org:8888 (229 words)

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