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Topic: Construction grammar

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	Hopper 1987
		Grammar is hence not to be understood as a pre-requisite for discourse, a prior possession attributable in identical form to both speaker and hearer.
		Grammar is now not to be seen as the only, or even the major, source of regularity, but instead grammar is what results when formulas are re-arranged, or dismantled and re-assembled, in different ways' (144-5).
		This asymmetry suggests that the notion of grammar is intrinsically unstable and indeterminate, relative to the observer, to those involved in the speech situation, and to the particular set of phenomena being focused upon.
	www.sil.org /~radneyr/humanities/Hopper1987.htm (1857 words)

	Berkeley Construction Grammar
		Construction Grammar (CG) is a non-modular, generative, non-derivational, monostratal, unification-based grammatical approach, which aims at full coverage of the facts of any language under study without loss of linguistic generalizations, within and across languages.
		Among current non-modular approaches to grammar, CG places great emphasis on the fact that probably any of the kinds of information that have been called 'pragmatic' by linguists may be conventionally associated with a particular linguistic form and therefore constitute part of a rule (construction) of a grammar.
		Construction Grammar is devoted to the extraction of all the generalizations potentially available to the speaker of a language.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~kay/bcg/cg_define.html (2686 words)

	Croft Abstracts
		A real-world grammar that is, what is actually in the head of speakers, is a mental structure developed inductively on the basis of a finite sample of the language, namely the utterances to which the speaker has been exposed throughout her lifetime.
		Radical Construction Grammar is based on a further three hypotheses: (v) constructions are the primitive units of representation, and the categories of their elements are defined by the construction(s) in which they occur; (vi) the only internal syntactic structure of constructions is their meronomic structure (i.e.
		In Radical Construction Grammar, this imperative is all the greater, because due to hypothesis (v), the organization of constructions in a grammar is purely taxonomic.
	www.unm.edu /~wcroft/WACabst.html (14162 words)

	UCSD Linguistics Colloquia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In Construction grammar approaches (e.g., Goldberg 1995) construction types enjoy an independent status as conceptual units in the sense of contributing to the compositional interpretation of the sentence.
		Thus, for instance, both the interpretation and the possibility itself of constructions with "kick", as exemplified in (1), is not attributed to the lexical specification of "kick" per se, but arises from the construction type at hand, whereby the construction type contributes both some of the arguments and the interpretation as a whole.
		While, in principle, a construction grammar approach is appropriate in accounting for the grammaticality and the interpretation of patterns, as exemplified in (2), and adequate in the claim that certain syntactic realizations (i.e.
	ling.ucsd.edu /events/colloquia/01-02/mila.html (438 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Constructions may be conceptualized as phrase-structure rules, and indeed current linguistic-theoretical work in Construction Grammar has its roots in phrase-structure grammar, in Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar, in Head-driven Phrase Structure grammar, etc.
		It bears repeating that the learners have not created a grammar which specifies that wh-clauses may be embedded and that they are inverted when embedded --for that would be inconsistent with the input; rather the learner has simply noted that wh-clauses can be embedded, and the inversion is inherited from the prototypical question construction.
		A foreign language learner is not exposed to a foreign language grammar; a foreign language learner is constructing a foreign language grammar based on the input--it is distinctions and asymmetries in input, not in target grammar, that primarily matter.
	www.sls.hawaii.edu /bley-vroman/slrf97.txt (6370 words)

	Book reviews
		English corpora of child-caretaker interaction show that argument structure constructions are predominantly used with one highly typical verb, which strongly connects the semantics of that verb to the semantics of the construction as a whole.
		For a construction to be productive, it needs to have a high enough discourse frequency, a large enough variety of co-occurring lexical elements, and the particular extension must not be pre-empted by an already existing form.
		Chapter 11 presents a brief summary and the conclusion that a usage-based Construction Grammar is well-suited to explain generalization in language.
	www.cognitivelinguistics.org /Reviews/goldberg (1644 words)

	The Geometer's Sketchpad® - : JavaSketchpad Developer's Construction Grammar
		Constructs a measurement of the angle implied by the three points obj1, obj2, and obj3, with obj2 being the vertex of the angle.
		Constructs a measurement of the circumference of circle or circle interior obj1.
		Constructs a measurement of the ratio of the length of segment obj1 to the length of segment obj2.
	www.dynamicgeometry.com /javasketchpad/dr_grammar.php (6184 words)

	IAS's Construction Grammar Research
		Carl Pollard and I took steps toward developing this conception of grammar in our 1987 and 1994 books on HPSG, but it was only in the early 1990s that I realized how fine-grained the hierarchies should be and how well-suited typed feature structures are for formalizing the basic intuitions of a construction-based approach to grammar.
		Constructional and selectional phenomena are local in nature, though most theories of grammar do not predict this fact.
		Similarly, constructions, when properly analyzed, involve constraints that relate mothers and daughters (as in Context-Free Grammar), but none that directly relate mothers and `granddaughters'.
	lingo.stanford.edu /sag/constructions.html (324 words)

	Constructions - The Spanish impersonal se-construction. Constructional variation and change
		In control constructions the subject of the infinitive is left unexpressed showing identity with an NP that pertains to the finite verb.
		In a more radical version of construction grammar (Croft 2001), adopted in this paper, it is further hypothesized that since constructions are the primitive units of representation, the categorical status of their elements is dependent on the construction(s) in which they occur, not the other way around.
		For practical purposes, for example, the case marking construction or the construction of verbal agreement serve as tests for subject and object in English: Mary (she, her) congratulate s them (they), as well as in Spanish: María (ella, la) les (ellos) felicita.
	www.constructions-online.de /articles/145 (4127 words)

	Fluid Construction Grammar
		Cognitive linguists have generalized this notion of a construction to representations that range from purely syntactic units to complex symbolic form-meaning associations.
		Templates are constructions that are different in at least three ways: some parts of the syntactic or semantic structure are left out, variables are used instead of units and values, and syntactic and semantic categories are used as constraints on the possible values of the semantic and syntactic pole.
		These properties have a major impact on how a construction/ template should look like, and the current FCG implementation proposes that each construction/ template consists of four parts: a name, a left and right pole, and a confidence score that is updated based on the communicative success during interactions.
	arti.vub.ac.be /FCG/theoretical_background.html (1206 words)

	Mirjam
		“Constructional maps and the representation of grammatical meaning.” Plenary speaker at the Third International Conference on Construction Grammar.
		“Pragmatics and grammar: discourse datives in Czech.” Colloquium.
		"Construction Grammar and spoken language: the case of discourse markers." With Jan-Ola Östman.
	www.princeton.edu /~mfried/teaching.htm (535 words)

	Ronny Boogaart
		However, compared to the ‘senses’ in a polysemy network, the number of constructions is restricted: constructions are supposed to differ from one another not only in meaning or use, but also in form.
		Clearly, construction grammar allows for a great deal of pragmatics to be incorporated in the ‘semantic’; component of constructions (Kay 2004), but the question raised here is to what extent the ‘formal’ component of a construction may include linguistic indications accross clause boundaries or, ultimately, non-linguistic information.
		The latter is at odds with the very definition of a construction but it is questionable (Janssen 2001) if one can make a principled distinction between, for instance, epistemic readings of the modal that are triggered by clause-mate adverbials and those that are triggered by indications in the wider linguistic or non-linguistic context.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /tisp/viewabstract.php?id=820 (491 words)

	Resultativkonstruktionen, Partikelverben und syntaktische vs. lexikonbasierte Konstruktionen
		However, there is a tendency in Construction Grammar to treat phenomena with respect to phrasal configurations, while classical HPSG is more lexicon-oriented.
		I argue that the resultative construction should not be covered at a phrasal level, since phrasal analyses either have to stipulate an enourmous number of Constructions to capture all interactions with other phenomena in a realisitic grammar or one has to assume transformations (which is something that is usually rejected by proponents of CxG).
		If the resultative construction is analyzed as a phrasal construction, cross-linguistic generalizations regarding this construction cannot be captured, since the surface patterns of the Construction differ from language to language.
	www.cl.uni-bremen.de /~stefan/Pub/cxg.html (324 words)

	HPSG 2006: Tutorial 2 - abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		I survey various issues in the design of grammar, arguing for a construction-based approach.
		The basic approach is an adaptation of the Postal/Hudson analysis, where determiners are pronouns that select CNP arguments.
		I'll discuss null instantiation of nominal complements, non-branching nominal constructions, and prenominal and post-nominal genitives.
	www.bultreebank.org /HPSG06/Construction-Based-Grammar-abstract-tutorial2.html (87 words)

	Construction Grammar Website
		Constructions is not restricted to any particular language or language family, and aims at combining theoretical, empirical, and applied issues.
		Complex sentences in grammar and discourse: essays in honor of Sandra A. Thompson.
		Syntactic intrusion and the notion of grammatical construction.
	www.constructiongrammar.org /bibliography.htm (3743 words)

	JavaScript 2.0 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Revised the lexical and syntactic grammar and semantics.
		Renamed the parser grammar to the syntactic grammar and the lexer grammar to the lexical grammar for consistency with ECMAScript Edition 3.
		Updated grammar and discussions of concepts, types, expressions, statements, definitions, and variables, as well as the syntax rationale.
	www.mozilla.org /js/language/js20 (3965 words)

	Amazon.com: Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective (Oxford Linguistics): Books: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Constructions: A Construction Grammar Approach to Argument Structure (Cognitive Theory of Language and Culture Series) by Adele E. Goldberg
		`Croft's Radical Construction Grammar is a welcome contribution bearing on an issue of basic importance to linguistic theory: the nature and status of grammatical categories.
		Radical Construction Grammar is a theory of syntax, that is, a theory characterizing the grammatical structures that are assumed to be represented in the mind of a speaker.
	www.amazon.com /Radical-Construction-Grammar-Typological-Perspective/dp/0198299540 (1280 words)

	BLENDING AS A CENTRAL PROCESS OF GRAMMAR
		But there are other constructions in which the syntactic form used for the blend does not come entirely from one space, part of it comes from the other space, and part of it develops specifically for the blend.
		In the ditransitive construction, the second postverbal noun always refers to the patient (metaphoric or not) of the causal agent's action, whether or not that patient is also the transferred object (metaphoric or not).
		Syntax and Semantics 6: The Grammar of Causative Constructions.
	markturner.org /centralprocess.WWW/centralprocess.html (5848 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		This volume gives an easily accessible, yet comprehensive, sophisticated, and example-rich introduction to Construction Grammar as it has been developed from the early 1980s by Charles J. Fillmore and his associates.
		It also provides a succinct account of the historical and intellectual background of the model and shows how Construction Grammar can easily be applied to typologically very different languages and to a variety of language-specific phenomena.
		Construction Grammar: A thumbnail sketch Mirjam Fried and Jan-Ola Östman 11
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=12874 (241 words)

	embodiment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In CxG the grammar of a language is made up of taxonomic networks of families of constructions, which are based on the same principles as those of the conceptual categories known from cognitive linguistics, such as inheritance, prototypicality, extensions, and multiple parenting.
		This means that construction grammarians argue that, say, active and passive versions of the same proposition are not derived from an underlying structure, but a...
		CxG was developed as a reaction against the treatment of idioms and idiosyncratic expressions by proponents of generative grammar, which the early construction grammarians felt was unsatisfactory due to the atomist and reductionist nature of the componential model of grammar that the proponents of generative grammar embrace.
	www.experiencefestival.com /embodiment (905 words)

	ANTLR Examples
		The grammar must be annotated to with tree commands to produce a parser that creates trees in the correct shape (that is, operators at the root, which operands as children).
		This grammar is interesting because it shows how objects (trees and tree nodes) built at lower levels in the grammar can be passed upward.
		The problem with this grammar is that the semantic actions (the C++ code) tend to obscure the grammar, which harms its readability.
	www.bearcave.com /software/antlr/antlr_examples.html (2615 words)

	3rd Construction Grammar Network Meeting
		Constructional approaches to language and construction grammar (CxG) in particular have attracted a remarkable amount of attention in linguistics and related disciplines over the last couple of years, and rapid progress in the development of these fields can be reported.
		First, it wants to test the applicability of construction grammar on different levels of linguistic description and from different perspectives: contrastive linguistics, language variation and change, interaction, language acquisition, and corpus linguistics.
		The second aim is to develop an internet database of German and English constructions in order to document the current state of affairs in CxG research, and to make current research results easily accessible for the public.
	www.phil-fak.uni-duesseldorf.de /anglist3/CGN3 (819 words)

	Linguistics 750X: Embodied Construction Grammar
		In Jan-Ola Östman and Miriam Fried (Eds.), Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions.
		Constructing Grammar: A computational model of the acquisition of early constructions.
		In Jan-Ola Östman and Miriam Fried (Eds.), Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions, 273-314.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~bergen/ling750X/readings.html (182 words)

	Berkeley Construction Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Grammatical Constructions and Linguistic Generalizations: the What's X doing Y? Construction Paul Kay and Charles J. Fillmore.
		An Informal Sketch of a Formal Architecture for Construction Grammar, Paul Kay.
		Click here for links to more recent papers on Construction Grammar by Paul Kay, including later versions of the above.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /~kay/bcg/ConGram.html (222 words)

	WebHome - NatsWiki
		--> Construction Grammar is a quite recent, promising theory of linguistic structures which assumes a linguistic description of language to consist in structured inventories of constructions, form meaning pairs.
		In order to coordinate work on Construction Grammar carried out in germany, this web page presents the names and addresses of those who do research on this theory in Germany or who apply Construction Grammar to the description of the German language.
		Konstruktionsgrammatik (Construction Grammar) ist eine vielversprechende Theorie sprachlicher Strukturen, die sich über die letzten 20 Jahre entwickelt hat.
	nats-www.informatik.uni-hamburg.de /view/CxG/WebHome (264 words)

	Linguist List - Book Information
		The notion 'construction' has become indispensable in present-day linguistics and in language studies in general.
		The volume also gives informative accounts of how the notion 'construction' is developed in approaches that are conceptually close to, and relatively compatible with, CxG: Conceptual Semantics, Word Grammar, Cognitive Grammar, Embodied Construction Grammar, and Radical Construction Grammar.
		Construction Grammars p.145 Embodied Construction Grammar in simulation-based language understanding Benjamin K. Bergen and Nancy Chang pp.147–190 Constructions in Conceptual Semantics Urpo Nikanne pp.191–242 Constructions in Word Grammar Jasper Holmes and Richard A. Hudson pp.243–272 Logical and typological arguments for Radical Construction Grammar William Croft pp.273–314
	linguistlist.org /pubs/books/get-book.cfm?BookID=13795 (290 words)

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