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Topic: Contact electrification

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	Contact
		Contact A contact is part of the active component of an electric switch.
		Contact (mathematics) In functionss is an equivalence relation, corresponding to having the same value at a point P and...
		Contact binary Contact binaries are a type of binary stars where both components of the binary fill their Roche lobes.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/contact.html (412 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Earth's Electrical Environment (1986)
		The amount of charge transferred between drops that are polarized depends on the contact angle relative to the field, the contact time, the charge relaxation time, and the net charge on the drops as well as the magnitude of the polarization.
		The importance of contact angle is immediately obvi- ous from the induced surface charge on a conducting sphere in a uniform electric field given by 3,rcoE cos ~ and shown schematically on Figure 9.5a.
		Additional support for the contact potential hypothesis comes from measurements of the effects of impact velocity and droplet size on charging, since the transfer of charge was found to increase with both of these parameters in a manner consistent with an in- crease in contact area (Gaskell and Illingworth, 1980~.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309036801/html/114.html (11742 words)

	Static electricity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Static electricity can be generated by touching two differing surfaces together and then separating them because of contact electrification and the triboelectric effect.
		The charge that is transferred during contact electrification is stored on the surface of each object.
		electronics manufacturing.) When working in direct contact with integrated circuit electronics (especially delicate MOSFETs), or in the presence of flammable gas, care must be taken to avoid accumulating and discharging a static charge.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Static_electricity (437 words)

	ESD Journal - The ESD & Electrostatics Magazine
		Contrary to the contact electrification hypothesis, sulphur and silica powders in the compressed air experiments rubbing against wood and metal nozzles were found charged in opposition to their tribo-electrical order.
		Lightning based on thundercloud electrification [15] may be described by the hydronium and hydroxyl ions produced from the dissociation of the water molecules as moisture carried to high altitudes condenses and supercools to form graupel, a liquid-ice mixture.
		Certainly, the contact friction hypothesis is tenable for oils and powders that are physically different from globules of water, but Faraday's experiments show contact friction may be overwhelmed by electrolytic processes requiring small quantities of acids and alkalis, or the oils and powders themselves.
	www.esdjournal.com /techpapr/prevens/article.htm (5155 words)

	Electric Railroads in the US and Elsewhere (in progress)
		Rail electrification goes back to the last decade of the 19th century (and beyond) when streetcar lines (which were formerly pulled by horses and mules) were converted to operate by electricity.
		Sliding along the copper contact wire is a carbon strip (or brush) which is mounted on top of the pantograph which is attached to the roof of the train.
		To pull the contact wire away from the pole, the steady usually has two parts: a long rod that goes out across the track and another rod which pulls on the contact wire and is attached to the end of the first rod.
	www.lafn.org /~dave/trans/rail/electric_rr.html (6507 words)

	ESRI News -- ArcNews Summer 2002 Issue -- The Republic of Senegal Uses GIS for Rural Electrification
		The electrification rate in those areas currently stands at only 8 percent, which is in sharp contrast to the urban areas where about 50 percent of the residents are on the national grid.
		In fact, traditional electrification may require the investment of hundreds of thousands of dollars before a single kilowatt of electricity is generated.
		To jumpstart the electrification process of rural Senegal, the government is implementing an ambitious program that will be spearheaded by ASER and sustained by local initiatives.
	www.esri.com /news/arcnews/summer02articles/republic-of.html (842 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Electrification via airflow usually involves collisions with dust, snow, or condensed water suspended in the air.
		When surfaces in contact are separated, the bonds rupture, and any asymmetrical bonds (such as ionic bonds) will tend to leave imbalanced charges behind.
		This phenomenon is called "contact charging" or "electrification by contact." Use these terms and avoid giving the idea that the mechanism for the electrification is CAUSED by friction.
	www.amasci.com /emotor/tribo.txt (418 words)

	Pantograph,Railroad,Railway,Electrification
		An electrification system for dedicated coal-hauling branchlines is described whose construction cost is roughly half that of conventional catenary electrification.
		Contact between the contact-wire and the collector-head is maintained by a tracking pantograph whose operation is absolutely compatible with conventional catenary electrification in all respects.
		A major uncertainty in cost estimations of railway electrification is the almost total lack of standardization.
	www.pages.drexel.edu /~garfinkm/PantoIntro.html (212 words)

	Jan/Feb 2001 - How Is Static Electricity Generated?
		When two metals contact, a voltage difference is established across the interface—the so-called contact potential difference—with a magnitude from a couple of tenths to a few volts.
		Although contact between metals might produce charge transfer, no net charge will remain on the metals after separation unless at least one of the metals is insulated and the separation happens very quickly.
		The charging of solid materials by contact and friction is the best known type of static electrification, but it is not the only one.
	www.ce-mag.com /archive/2001/janfeb/mrstatic.html (2270 words)

	CATENARY FOR STEAM RAILROAD ELECTRIFICATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A level contact wire is valuable in high speed operation in order to keep trolley poles or pantographs from bouncing off the wire.
		The characteristic appearance of catenary is a gracefully sagging messenger wire supporting a perfectly level contact wire The two are connected by hangers of varying lengths.
		The contact wire was copper, but in dry climates copper turns brown rather than green.
	webhome.idirect.com /~helmutw/milwrd/models/cat.htm (5217 words)

	Nikon PN-11 Electrification for Dummies
		The female contacts can be removed easily, but you will quickly realize that you can't remove the male contacts (the studs bar) because the wire at the female end is glued to the tube body.
		Carefully insert a small knife between the contacts of the cable and the body and move it along the contacts to slowly unglue the cable.
		Cut the contact block so that its height is limited to the height of the engagement slopes (on the sides of the contacts).
	www.tele.ucl.ac.be /PEOPLE/DOUXCHAMPS/photo/pn11.html (3418 words)

	Ace tips on overhead hoist and crane electrification
		Electrification components of hoist and crane systems are relatively simple in application.
		At the present time insulated figure 8 bar is the preferred choice for bridge crane runway electrification while festooning is the choice for bridge cross conductors and “floating” pushbuttons.
		Cord reels are an electrification method that sees limited usage but can provide the correct solution to some electrification requirements.
	www.aceindustries.com /199AceTipsElectrification.htm (662 words)

	Contact Electrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There is such a thing as a work function, which is one of several physical properties that contribute to contact electrification.
		This is a nice refinement, in contrast to poorly-engineered or non-engineered contact electrification situations (such as sliding your shoes across a rug in winter) where the generated field can nullify the fundamental charge transfer, much as the potentiometer nulls out the work-function difference in the Kelvin bridge.
		Therefore, when you pull the shuttle away, at the time the charge becomes frozen onto the shuttle, there will be a big capacitance because of the big area, in accordance with equation 3.
	www.av8n.com /physics/contact-electrification.htm (1510 words)

	afrol News - Senegal strengthens rural electrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Rural electrification has been defined as a key sector to reduce poverty and increase rural living standards by the Dakar government.
		In 2001, the electrification rate in Senegal was 32 percent on a national level, but only 8 percent in rural areas, according to ASER.
		ASER found that rural electrification in Louga region would improve the living standards of the rural populations by getting electricity supply and creating business conditions for the trade, craft industry and livestock sectors.
	www.afrol.com /articles/14544 (567 words)

	[No title]
		Spray electrification and charge conservation Spray electrification as explained by the double layer [10] and ion fluctuation [11] theories lacks explicit conservation of charge between liquid and vapor.
		Indeed, the liquid-vapor phase region of water is characterized by the lowering of the heat of vaporization hfv as the pressure P is raised.
		Conclusion Steam electrification is proposed to find origin in the nucleation of bubbles in boiling, the electrification occurring as water molecules on the bubble walls dissociate by cavity QED into hydronium and hydroxyl ions.
	www.geocities.com /cavityqed2001/steam.doc (5480 words)

	RMCybernetics - Contact Electrification
		Contact electrification is the process where two dissimilar materials are touched together, and then seperated, causing charged particles (electrons) to be released as bonds are broken between mollecules of the two materials.
		A simple example of this is rubbing a baloon on your clothes so that the baloon becomes charged and is able to attract small particles or stick to walls.
		A Van De Graffe Generator is a device used to generate a high DC voltage from contact electrification.
	www.rmcybernetics.com /science/high_voltage/contact_elec.htm (192 words)

	archives91-94Apr7
		Contact Electrification of C60, B. Kwetkus, and K. Sattler, Z. Phys.
		Since the coal is pulverized before it is put into the burners, the sulfur containing powder particles could be separated from pure coal particles by contact electrification followed by electrostatic separation.
		We studied the charge transfer when powder particles come into contact with metal surfaces and showed in a number of experiments that electrostatic separation of sulfur containing coal particles indeed can be done.
	www.phys.hawaii.edu /~sattler/Archives/archives91-94Apr7.htm (1105 words)

	Sunsoko - [Contact Us] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The government is planning to bring loans for rural electrification under the priority sector portfolio of banks.
		Moreover, considering the huge quantum of funds required for completing village electrification by 2007, the government is also contemplating extending an interest subsidy to see that the states get money on soft terms as in the case of international development assistance.
		According to the draft action plan, it is proposed to connect 62,000 villages with the grid using conventional means by 2007 and the remaining 18,000 remote villages by 2012, using non-conventional sources of energy.
	www.sunsoko.com /news.html (774 words)

	Electrification and Plant - Overhead Line
		The contact wire is the wire immediately in contact with the pantograph of the train.
		These eventually wear due to the continuous contact with the OHL and this is the reasoning behind stagger.
		No person or object in contact with the OHL should be approached until the ECO confirms that the section has been isolated.
	www.trainweb.org /railengineering/ep/ole.html (530 words)

	Advanced Energy: Truckstop Electrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Truck stop electrification (TSE) may be able to provide significant emission reductions in both of these areas, aiding them in complying with future EPA mandates.
		Advanced Energy's program will include the study, testing, and implementation of electrification at truck stops in the state to reduce the emissions associated with engine idling and to reduce our dependence upon foreign sources of oil.
		The potential fuel saving of more than 24 million gallons per year of diesel fuel in the state represents.5 percent of all petroleum used annually in the surface transportation sector and nearly five percent of the diesel fuel used annually in the state by heavy transport trucks.
	www.advancedenergy.org /corporate/initiatives/truckstop_electrification.html (522 words)

	Gas breakdown in contact electrification (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Electrification of various materials (silicon, epoxy resin and coal) by repeated contact with a metal plate has been investigated.
		The electrification curves oscillate with the number of contacts due to the gas discharges.
		A description for the dynamic processes of contact electrification in connection with gas discharge is given.
	stacks.iop.org /0022-3727/25/139 (235 words)

	Our Expertise in Rural Electrification
		Conrad Holland is qualified in power engineering and has been active in rural electrification in Africa, Asia and New Zealand for 20 years.
		Conrad can be contacted through the contact us section of this site, he is happy to answer inquiries on the use of SWER for rural electrification, and rural electrification in general.
		Alternatively you can contact contact Conrad directly at conrad2.holland2@meritec2.org (to avoid spam "2" has been inserted in the Email address, please remove the "2" to get the correct email address)
	www.ruralpower.org /swer_050_our_expertise.htm (112 words)

	Educate-Yourself, Inc. - Alternative Healing Therapies
		Electrification is now being successfully used underground around the world.
		Electrification eliminates these toxic "'fellow travelers" coexisting in our blood and automatically handles innumerable diseases previously considered "incurable".
		So acceptance of blood electrification is just now emerging to enthusiastic acceptance from those who've experienced the results.
	educate-yourself.org /fc/fcbbeck1.shtml (1885 words)

	Insul-8 Conductor Bar Crane Electrification Control Cable Reel Hose Reel
		As the original inventor of insulated figure 8-shaped conductor, Insul-8 set the standards for crane electrification over 50 years ago.
		Conductor bar is used in applications such as overhead crane bridge and runway electrification, port equipment and large transit systems.
		Choice of insulating covers with temperature ratings from 167 degrees F. to 399.0 degrees F. Uses air contact design rather than mass to dissipate the heat generated by high speed operating conditions.
	www.milwaukeecrane.com /insul-8.htm (921 words)

	ESDSystems.com - Questions & Answers Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		When surfaces in contact are separated, the bonds rupture, and any asymmetrical bonds will tend to leave imbalanced charges behind.
		Since most materials are not flat enough or flexible enough to attain large-area contact, most materials don't become very strongly electrified when simply touched together then separated.
		This phenomenon is called "contact charging" or "electrification by contact," and it's better to use these terms and avoid giving the idea that the mechanism for the electrification is CAUSED by friction.
	www.esdsystems.com /?PageNo=QANDAQUESTION&action=question&id=357 (670 words)

	electrification
		By the purpose of electrification of a area, which was begun in 1995 year was a creation transeurope corridor ¹ 3 - Krasne-Ternopil-Pidvolochisk-Khmelnitskiy-Gmerinka.
		But on Krasne-Ternopil area electrification works have not stopped - it was necessary to connect by a contact network a area Ternopil-Khmelnitskiy.
		For it the works on installation and adjustment were continued till August 1998 year, where per day of Independence of Ukraine in Pidvolochisk the solemn start-up of a area was carried out.
	www.railway.te.ua /electr.htm (211 words)

	Siemens AG - Contact line systems
		Contact lines are a system of electrical conductors used in conjunction with a sliding current collector to supply electrical energy to vehicles.
		Contact lines are divided depending on operating speed and current system:
		Siemens offers the suitable solution for all systems with the SICAT design types: section insulators, disconnectors and mechanisms, tension wheel equipment, elastic supports and silicone composite insulators.
	www.siemens.com /page/1,3771,1227467-1-999_0_0-34,00.html (72 words)

	Siemens AG - Industrial Railways
		The electrification of railways in industry and mining companies is often an economical solution when viewed over the life cycle of the systems.
		Siemens builds stope-type contact lines when the track and the contact line system within an open-cast mining area must be movable.
		For loading large-capacity wagons with bulk goods, side contact lines are used in the loading areas of power plants and open-cast mines.
	www.transportation.siemens.com /ts/en/pub/products/el/products/railways/industry_railways.htm (143 words)

	Power Museum - History - Rural Electrification
		economics of rural electrification had been a stumbling block in Saskatchewan since the first power systems were installed.
		With a customer density of about one farm customer per mile (1.6 kilometres), the costs associated with conventional techniques were daunting.
		The rural electrification program peaked in 1956 with 7,800 farms being connected to the grid.
	www.saskpower.com /pm/rural_elect/rural_elect2.shtml (145 words)

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