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Topic: Contagion

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	The contagiousness of aircraft hijacking
		In another variation on the idea of contagion, Hamblin, Jacobsen, and Miller (1973) discuss hijacking in terms of the diffusion and modification of a basic invention, claiming in effect that each hijacker is attempting to outdo previous hijackers by inventing a better hijacking.
		The use of terms such as "contagion" and "skyjack virus" is clearly metaphoric and does not explain the link between the stimulus (publicity) and the motivation of individuals to commit hijackings.
		Contagion effects of transportation hijackings on extortion hijackings are shown in the lower portion of table 5.
	pegasus.cc.ucf.edu /~surette/hijacking.html (7649 words)

	… Excerpts on Contagion and Interspersion/Juxtaposition Indices from
		Contagion measures both patch type interspersion (i.e., the intermixing of units of different patch types) as well as patch dispersion (i.e., the spatial distribution of a patch type).
		According to the previous authors, contagion measures the extent to which landscape elements (patch types) are aggregated or clumped (i.e., dispersion); higher values of contagion may result from landscapes with a few large, contiguous patches, whereas lower values generally characterize landscapes with many small and dispersed patches.
		Like the contagion index, the interspersion index is a relative index that represents the observed level of interspersion as a percentage of the maximum possible given the total number of patch types.
	www.innovativegis.com /basis/Supplements/BM_Aug_99/FRAG_expt.htm (3046 words)

	Social Contagion
		The implications of this social contagion research are radical: The evidence suggests that under certain circumstances, mere 'touch' or 'contact' with culture appears to be a sufficient condition for social transmission to occur.
		Instead social contagion is held to be "the spread of affect or behaviour from one crowd participant to another; one person serves as the stimulus for the imitative actions of another." Such a definition has the advantage of focusing and clarifying the observable contagion phenomenon, whatever internal states may or may not be present.
		Contagion is now an accepted risk factor in suicide research, and the overwhelming evidence has prompted the establishment of several government programmes to minimise the effects of suicide contagion.
	www.viralculture.com /pubs/socialcontagion.htm (5788 words)

	Why the Thought Contagion Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One theme of contagion research is the modification of epidemiological modelling to the particular phenomenon under consideration (Hamilton and Hamilton 1981).
		Social contagion phenomena are either generally seen as unimportant to the evolution of society as a whole or, perhaps more frequently, the social psychologist is raised in a tradition which rejects the entire notion of social evolution.
		Where social contagion theory enters the evolutionary camp, in the work of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981), the point is made that innovations tend to spread horizontally whereas long-standing elements of culture tend to be transmitted vertically from elder members of families (and are thus analysed using a population memetics approach).
	cfpm.org /jom-emit/1998/vol2/gatherer_d.html (10687 words)

	Suicide Contagion & Reporting Suicide: Recomm. from Nat'l Workshop
		One risk factor that has emerged from this research is suicide "contagion," a process by which exposure to the suicide or suicidal behavior of one or more persons influences others to commit or attempt suicide (5).
		Evidence suggests that the effect of contagion is not confined to suicides occurring in discrete geographic areas.
		Such actions may contribute to suicide contagion by suggesting to susceptible persons that society is honoring the suicidal behavior of the deceased person, rather than mourning the person's death.
	wonder.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0031539/m0031539.asp (2375 words)

	Memetics and Social Contagion: Two Sides of the Same Coin?
		The paradigmatic example of hysterical contagion is the "June Bug" incident that occurred in a US textile factory in 1962, where 62 factory workers reported having been bitten by a mythical bug that `caused' symptoms such as numbness and nausea (Kerckhoff and Back 1968).
		Contagion is now an accepted risk factor in suicide research, and the overwhelming evidence has prompted the establishment of several government programmes to minimise the effects of suicide contagion.
		For example, the emotional contagion scale developed by Doherty (1997) could be used by memeticists, as could the field studies, correlational and experimental methods that have been exploited by social contagion researchers.
	jom-emit.cfpm.org /1998/vol2/marsden_p.html (5616 words)

	A Deadly Contagion
		The everyday fact of media contagion is demonstrated by the economics of commercial mass media, which is predicated upon it: most of what we read, see and hear in the media is financed by advertising, and would not exist if media advertising was not effective in precipitating the spread of buying behaviour.
		We also know that media contagion is particularly implicated in suicide; high-profile suicide stories in the media are regularly followed by a jump of up to 10 per cent in suicide levels (Stack, 2000).
		However, given the current epidemic of suicide attacks and the potential risk of media contagion, perhaps there is a case for promoting and trialling them where there is political or editorial condemnation of such attacks.
	www.viralculture.com /pubs/terrorcontagion.htm (2172 words)

	Is Suicide Contagious? A Case Study in Applied Memetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Using the term `meme' to denote an object of contagion and `contagion' to denote a process of spread by exposure, a selectionist explanation of why certain people might be susceptible to a contagion of suicide is provided.
		Social contagion usually occurs in contexts of uncertainty and stress, where people make use of information in the actions of people around them to make sense of situations, resolve ambiguity and to inform their own responses (Colligan, Pennebaker and Murphy 1982).
		Understanding memetics as contagion psychology, using selectionist thinking to inform interpretation, is certainly not the only way to conceptualise the nascent discipline, but it is hoped that it is one that will allow memetics, after a quarter of a century of discussion, to start providing useful insight into real-world issues and problems.
	jom-emit.cfpm.org /2001/vol5/marsden_p.html (2907 words)

	Contagion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		That this denial of "contagion" was based on considerations far beyond those of medicine or the explanation of disease transmission is proven by the fact that this pronouncement usually occurs in a list of traditional beliefs now repudiated by Islam as basless superstition: "No contagion, no omens from birds, no owl, no serpent".
		Similar traditions against contagion arose, and the result was that by the advent of the third/ninth century there were in circulation a broad range of sharply contradictory traditions on this subject and of course many others where, as with contagion, an old belief or custom was at first accepted in Islamic society and then rejected.
		Contagion is of two types, one of these being the contagion of leprosy.
	www.macalester.edu /~cuffel/contagionislam2.htm (4265 words)

	Why the Thought Contagion Metaphor is Retarding the Progress of Memetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		One theme of contagion research is the modification of epidemiological modelling to the particular phenomenon under consideration (Hamilton and Hamilton 1981).
		Social contagion phenomena are either generally seen as unimportant to the evolution of society as a whole or, perhaps more frequently, the social psychologist is raised in a tradition which rejects the entire notion of social evolution.
		Where social contagion theory enters the evolutionary camp, in the work of Cavalli-Sforza and Feldman (1981), the point is made that innovations tend to spread horizontally whereas long-standing elements of culture tend to be transmitted vertically from elder members of families (and are thus analysed using a population memetics approach).
	www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk /jom-emit/1998/vol2/gatherer_d.html (10687 words)

	Suicide Contagion & Reporting Suicide: Recomm. from Nat'l Workshop
		One risk factor that has emerged from this research is suicide "contagion," a process by which exposure to the suicide or suicidal behavior of one or more persons influences others to commit or attempt suicide (5).
		Evidence suggests that the effect of contagion is not confined to suicides occurring in discrete geographic areas.
		Such actions may contribute to suicide contagion by suggesting to susceptible persons that society is honoring the suicidal behavior of the deceased person, rather than mourning the person's death.
	aepo-xdv-www.epo.cdc.gov /wonder/prevguid/m0031539/M0031539.asp (2360 words)

	.mental contagion • Design for the Arts \| Marketing for Artists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Hundreds of people have contributed, and a handful of collaborators—who share a love of the arts—enjoy the discovery of finding new works or choosing submissions from artists and writers from all over the world.
		Mental Contagion's mission is to publish compelling work by unknown and established artists and writers to an international community of artists, writers and enthusiasts.
		Mental Contagion is an arts and literature Internet magazine published on a monthly basis.
	www.designforthearts.com /mentalcontagion.html (128 words)

	Suicide Contagion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Concern about suicide contagion has increased due to a number of highly publicized suicide outbreaks among teenagers and young adults in recent years and to new evidence that a significant number of suicides appear to be associated with suicide stories in the mass media.
		Other guidelines suggest that the media not depict the method of the suicide and give less emphasis to stressors or simplistic psychological processes, such as "pressure," since most suicide victims have long-standing mental health problems; include hot line or other service agency numbers; and avoid "massive" or repeated doses of press coverage.
		In summary, there is a growing evidence for the role of contagion and imitation as a mechanism in suicidal behavior.
	www.afsp.org /research/articles/gould.html (712 words)

	Crash Contagion
		The death of Diana can be explained by the epidemiology of a contagion, a crash contagion that leapt from mind to mind infecting new brains.
		In this way the crash contagion spread through the population through a process of replication in a global game of Chinese Whispers, as if it was a virus.
		A key issue in the spread of the Diana crash contagion was the role of the mass media as a vector.
	members.tripod.com /%7EPaul_Marsden/Crash-Contagion.html (2837 words)

	A Strategy for Memetics: Memes as Strategies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Gatherer's (1998) demolition tour of mental memetics and the thought contagion metaphor is convincing and is to be applauded.
		Secondly, the essentialism implicit in the thought contagion metaphor is incompatible with the very selectionist paradigm within which memetics is grounded (Palmer and Donahue 1992).
		But surely we should be addressing their specific concerns, and those of other evolutionary theorists, rather than burying our heads in outmoded pseudoscientific introspectionism (see Rose 1998 and Clewley 1998 for an exposition of some of problems underlying these concerns).
	www.cpm.mmu.ac.uk /jom-emit/1999/vol3/marsden_p.html (1586 words)

	ZNet Commentary: An Epidemic of Contagion Hysteria
		The idea of contagion was once a method for explaining disease transmission.
		Refusing to allow technologies to exploit fears of contagion is not only humanizing, but revolutionary.
		Contagion is a profitable metaphor, and it is only by divorcing care for health from the seduction of profit that a truly meaningful system of health care can emerge.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2004-01/27nigh.cfm (1265 words)

	Thought Contagion by Aaron Lynch: A Response to Paul Marsden (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Even within the subject area of memes, the focus is not on the field in general, but rather, on the small but important subclass of memes that play a particularly active role in causing their own retransmission.
		Thought contagion memetics is only called a missing link, and is absolutely never treated as the last or only "missing link" in the social sciences.
		Thought contagion memetics might never amount to the stuff of science fiction, but it can make an important contribution to the understanding of history and the human condition.
	jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk /2/3/lynch.html (2464 words)

	The Spread of Irrational Behaviours by Contagion: An Agent Micro-Simulation
		contagion - where behaviour can only be copied directly from one agent to another via social contact (simple `echo' contagion of the behavioural variety - Levy and Nail 1993; those authors' requirement that there should be non-intentionality is not relevant to software objects).
		These S-shaped curves represent the most trivial case of contagion, and are presented as a reference point for the curves in the subsequent simulations.
		Study of real markets has also led to the conclusion that the "level and nature of information available to dealers, and social communication networks" are important (reviewed in Marsden 1998, section 2).
	jom-emit.cfpm.org /2002/vol6/gatherer_d.html (7635 words)

	Background Paper - Das
		Although Goffman was sensitive to the differences between the three types of stigma that he identified, the unifying concept of a “spoilt identity” and its management, loaded his analysis towards a highly individualistic rendering of the subject – the individual appears in his analysis as the sole bearer of value.
		The collapsing of the categories of stigma and contagion points to the fact that the social course of the disease may extend beyond its biological course so that each notion reinforces the other.
		This case is useful to demonstrate the relation between contagion and state formation though it also points out that colonial states did not exercise draconian powers simply as a matter of course.
	www.stigmaconference.nih.gov /FinalDasPaper.htm (6677 words)

	Contagion
		One kind of “contagion” is that falling output and incomes in a major region of the world economy depress the demand for exports from other regions, which can tip stagnant economies into recession.
		To distinguish it from the contagion of falling aggregate demand we can call this “psychological contagion.” In case it were not already apparent, international investors are not omniscient.
		Psychological contagion is the consequence of the incompetency inherent in the new world economic system that the liberalizers and deregulators have given birth to.
	zena.secureforum.com /znet/Instructionals/GlobalEcon/id19_m.htm (1916 words)

	Amazon.com: Contagion: Books: Robin Cook (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Like Michael Crichton, whose Andromeda Strain remains the classic in the genre, Cook is sometimes heavy-handed when it comes to character development, and his fulminations about the dangers of managed care often get in the way of the plot.
		Jack Stapleton is the New York city Medical Examiner who discovered these occurrences in the course of performing autopsies upon the victims and while no one has questioned the natural occurrence of these deadly, highly infectious diseases, Jack eventually comes to the conclusion that these events are too much of a coincidence to be accidental.
		Contagion is a fun read, one that, as commonly happens with an intriguing book, I kept finding reasons to to read when I should be doing other things.
	www.amazon.com /Contagion-Robin-Cook/dp/0425155943 (1961 words)

	Sample Chapter for Desai, P.: Financial Crisis, Contagion, and Containment: From Asia to Argentina.
		The 1997-99 contagion (analyzed in chapter 10), spreading from Bangkok to Brazil, was financial in its transmission mechanism, unlike the trade-linked contagion of the earlier decades.
		Such a financially transmitted global contagion did not transpire from the Argentine and Turkish crises of 2000-01 because quality-conscious, common lenders had kept away from investing in emerging markets except in China and Mexico, and had expected and adjusted to the Argentine debt default.
		Having failed to plug capital outflows and stabilize their currencies, policy makers in the financially troubled economies, who turned to the IMF with a view to be 'rescued' or 'bailed out' from a desperate predicament, could not expect to 'own' the policy prescriptions.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/i7515.html (4508 words)

	CDC - Contagion on the Internet
		As in contained epidemics of hemorrhagic fevers, the immense threat of high contagion and lethality prompts effective measures to rapidly recognize outbreaks and prevent pandemics.
		The types of measures to be used against computer contagion can be learned from biology.
		With countless interlinked computers, the risk for virtual contagion is so great that urgent steps are needed to avoid catastrophe.
	www.cdc.gov /Ncidod/eid/vol8no3/01-0286.htm (1426 words)

	Contagion - Moviefone
		Contagion (2001) Solid and tense virus movie!, 9 October 2003.
		I thought Contagion was much better than the average type of film about a...
		Contagion - Trailer - Showtimes - Cast - Movies - New York Times Movie Details.
	movies.aol.com /movie/contagion/1244453/main (140 words)

	CD recensie: Arena - Contagion
		"Contagion", met z’n in elkaar doorlopende nummers, is een ijzersterke plaat.
		Het werk is duidelijk bedoeld in zijn geheel af te luisteren; daarentegen staat elk liedje ook op zichzelf als een huis.
		Ieder lid geeft zich voor honderd procent en voor het eerst meen ik een hechte groep te horen spelen.
	www.progwereld.org /cd-recensies/arena4.htm (610 words)

	Aaron Lynch: Thought Contagion: How Belief Spreads through Society
		19) and focuses on what he calls thought contagions, a sort of sub genus of memes, which (we are told) are made up of memes that do not spread through "passive adaptation".
		When Lynch conflates the partial metaphor of thought contagion with population genetics by arguing that "Population memetics is the study of how proliferating memes combine and separate in a population", which "roughly parallels" population genetics (p.
		This is useful language, it highlights the laborious step by step nature of theory building, where each move forward, whilst a tentative and speculative move into the dark, is both theoretically and empirically informed by what has gone before it, and is designed so as to be open to testing.
	www.soc.surrey.ac.uk /JASSS/2/2/review4.html (3832 words)

	Latest News: Contagion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The difference, Lhote says, is that the station has decided not to show the images it obtains for fear of spreading what he calls a contagion through the...
		Contagion in the Jail Inmates, their families, and even elected officials wonder if the county health department is taking the presence of flesh-eating disease...
		The therapeutic use of magnetics can be traced to the 16th century when Paracelsus surmised that mgnetcs pull contagion from the body, just as magnets attract...
	www.headlinescenter.com /latestnews/Contagion (374 words)

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