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Topic: Water contamination

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	Ground Water Contamination in South Dakota
		Ground water contamination occurs, or can occur, when ground water in the zone of saturation is recharged with contaminated water or other liquid contaminants, or when a contaminant is placed or buried in the saturated zone.
		Water polluted while on the surface of the ground, such as runoff contaminated with de-icing chemicals applied to roads in the winter, can also percolate into ground water and pollute it.
		The high arsenic concentration in the ground water is thought to result from direct recharge by the creek through the tailings and/or bacterial oxidation and leaching of the mine tailings deposited on the flood plain (Stach and others, 1978).
	www.northern.edu /natsource/WATER/Contam1.htm (1997 words)

	Nitrite Nitrogen Nitrites in Drinking Water
		A water test for nitrate is highly recommended for households with infants, pregnant women, nursing mothers, or elderly people.
		If the water supply with high nitrate is coming from a shallow aquifer, there may be an uncontaminated, deeper aquifer protected by a clay layer or other aquitard that prevents the downward movement of the nitrate-contaminated water.
		Water without nitrate is obtained by collecting and condensing the steam generated as the water boils.
	www.water-research.net /nitrite.htm (2505 words)

	Surface Water Contamination - Environmental Protection Agency
		Surface water can also be contaminated when contaminated groundwater reaches the surface through a spring, or when contaminants in the air are deposited on the surface water.
		Contaminated soil particles carried by storm water runoff or contaminants from the air can sink to the bottom of a surface water body, mix with the sediment, and remain.
		Contaminated surface water can also affect the health of animals and humans when they drink or bathe in contaminated water or, for aquatic organisms, when they ingest contaminated sediments.
	www.epa.gov /superfund/students/wastsite/srfcspil.htm (562 words)

	Ground Water Discharge to Surface Water at Contamination Sites - MPCA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Where ground water contamination is close to surface water, remediation projects are sometimes delayed because of the inability to confidently determine whether the plume has reached the surface water, and at what concentration.
		The absence of contamination is consistent with downward flow of water from the lake to the aquifer at the beach face.
		The absence of contaminants in these locations could be due to factors related to preferred flow paths and poor mixing, such as aquifer heterogeneity, infiltration along flow paths, or changing effects of natural attenuation as flowpaths approach the discharge points.
	www.pca.state.mn.us /cleanup/gwsw-interaction.html (3131 words)

	NRDC: Bottled Water - Chapter 3
		In addition, while we did test for dozens of contaminants at a cost of from about $400 to about $1,000 per type of water per round of testing (depending on the intensity of the testing), we were unable to test for many contaminants that may be of health concern.
		Contamination was found in the water in 1993, 1994, 1995, and 1996, but according to a state memo written in 1996, "at no time did Ann and Hope [the well operating company] do anything to determine the source of the contamination nor treat the source.
		In a handful of cases, water was found in a test to contain contamination at levels of potential concern, but not retested -- generally because the water could not be found for retesting or it was logistically impractical to repurchase and reship the water for retesting.
	www.nrdc.org /water/drinking/bw/chap3.asp (5813 words)

	Human Health: Drinking water -- Chemical contamination
		Contaminants are clearly bioaccumulating in Lake Erie biota on a continuum from benthos to fish to amphibians and reptiles, birds, and mammals.
		These contaminants may be in the raw (untreated) water as a result of industrial and agricultural activities, or in treated wastewater discharges.
		Some may also be present in the treated water as a result of chemicals used in the drinking water treatment process, including the by-products of chlorination disinfection.
	www.great-lakes.net /humanhealth/drink/index.html (2492 words)

	water contamination
		Water is the very source of all life on this planet, its quality and integrity are vitally important to all forms of life.
		Water from pristine mountain streams and springs show the beautifully formed geometric designs in their crystalline patterns.
		Polluted and toxic water from industrial and populated areas and stagnated water from water pipes and storage dams show definitively distorted and randomly formed crystalline structures.
	www.frequencyrising.com /water_pictures.htm (763 words)

	Western Water May/June 2003
		Often, the sheer volume of contamination caused by decades of seepage presents regulators and responsible parties with a gargantuan task of cleanup and restoration.
		Over time, estimates of an acceptable level in drinking water have steadily descended from 18 ppb in 2000 to the few parts per billion that could be settled upon by EPA and state health departments.
		Drinking water providers are keenly focused on the costs associated with the limits on perchlorate, given the expense of removing perchlorate from water.
	www.water-ed.org /mayjune03.asp (2491 words)

	Flooded Well-Water Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Contaminated well water used for cooling pads or misters may have an increase in mold growth and clogging.
		Treating a flooded and contaminated water well consists of "shock chlorination" in which the proper amount of chlorine is poured into a well based upon water level and the size of the well casing (volume of water).
		A 100 feet of "standing water level" in a 4-inch well casing would require 2 quarts of household bleach, 1 gallon of bleach to mix for 6-inch well casing, or 1 gallon for a 4-inch well casing with 200 feet of standing well water.
	www.ces.ncsu.edu /robeson/hottopics/092004wellwatercontam.html (892 words)

	Water contamination -> Water Contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Drinking water suppplies are easily contaminated and constant vigilance is neccesary to maintain high water quality.
		Water is rarely contaminated by sewage, because water companies take care that sewage overflows cannot enter the reservoir.
		Terrorist contamination of reservoirs is impossible to prevent at source, instead water companies rely on constant monitoring of the water coming from tthe reservoir for nerve agents or similar toxins.
	www.water-contamination.info (143 words)

	La Plata Energy Council - Water Facts - Contamination
		Contamination of ground water is not always a result of the introduction of contaminants by human activities.
		In La Plata County, water was sampled from local aquifers and tested by the United States Geologic Survey during studies in the 1970s (USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 76-69, and USGS Water Supply Paper 1576-J).
		Consequently, an emerging concern in Colorado is the potential for surface water and ground water contamination caused by discharges from ISDSs.
	www.energycouncil.org /waterfacts/contamination.htm (905 words)

	Water WARNING - Bottled Water, is it better?
		The causes of water contamination are numerous and range from agricultural runoff to improper use of household chemicals and everything in between.
		Our municipal water treatment facilities are not designed or effective for removing these synthetic chemicals and typically only consist of sand bed filtration and disinfection, much like a standard swimming pool filter.
		For the most part today’s water treatment facilities are much the same as they were at the turn of the century.
	www.waterwarning.com /contaminationfact.htm (1139 words)

	Water Contamination in Rural America
		Water is precious, especially in semi-arid environments like the Great Plains.
		Nearly 97 percent of the world's water is in the oceans or other saltwater sources that are undrinkable and toxic to plants.
		Human wastes from flushing toilets need to be removed from drain pipes and disinfected before the water is returned to the streams.
	www.livinghistoryfarm.org /farminginthe40s/water_12.html (416 words)

	Water & Earth Sciences - Environmental Consulting Services to Both the Private and Public Sectors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		We have evaluated and developed ground water resources in sensitive coastal areas where salt-water intrusion was a primary concern and in upland areas where lake systems had to be protected from potential impacts of wellfield operations.
		Water and Earth Sciences routinely performs compliance monitoring related to Water Use Permit and Industrial Operation Permit requirements and sampling and analysis as part of surface and ground water impact assessments.
		Models are applied to real-world water supply and contaminant transport problems and these show impacts and, in many cases, the lack of impact due to ground water/surface water withdrawals and/or the release of contaminants to soil and ground water.
	www.waterearthsciences.com /services.html (2049 words)

	Water Wells
		A water well is a hole drilled into an aquifer with a pipe, screen, and pump to pull water out of the ground.
		Water Systems Council "Buying a Home with a Well" provides homebuyers with information on what to look for before you purchase a home with a well.
		Contaminants that enter a well are introduced directly into the aquifer with no opportunity for natural filtration by soils or geologic materials.
	www.tgpc.state.tx.us /WaterWells.htm (509 words)

	Water Contamination Attorney Lawyer Class Action Water Lawyer Water Pollution Attorney
		Water - our most precious natural resource - is being threatened by a multitude of contaminants, resulting in an unprecedented water contamination crisis with local and national implications.
		Recent studies show that contaminated drinking water supplies exist throughout the U.S., which can be detrimental to a community's infrastructure and to the health of its citizens.
		If your community has a contaminated water supply, we believe you should not have to bear the cost of clean-up alone.
	www.baronandbudd.com /WATERCONTAMINATION_HOME.html (145 words)

	Water Contamination Information - Health and Fitness - Healthy Water
		The causes of tap water contamination are many, ranging from agricultural runoff to improper use of household chemicals and everything in between.
		In the early 1900s, before chlorine, pesticides, herbicides and the tens of thousands of other chemicals that we are exposed to every day, the average American had a 1 in 50 chance of getting cancer, today 1 in 3 can expect to get cancer in their lifetime, 1 in every 2 males.
		Many of the contaminants found in water can be traced back to improper or excessive use of ordinary compounds like lawn chemicals, gasoline, drycleaning solvents and cleaning products.
	www.purity2000.com /contamination.cfm (1228 words)

	Water and Factory Farms - Reports and Factsheets - Factory Farms - Sierra Club
		Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (CAFOs) are a major source of water pollution and drinking water contamination because they concentrate enormous amounts of animal waste in relatively small areas.
		Animal manure is a greater contributor than point sources (i.e., municipal or industrial discharges) to in-stream total nitrogen in 1,802 (88%) of the 2,056 watershed outlets in the U.S., based on a national modeling effort by the US Geological Survey.
		The source of the contamination was not confirmed, but runoff from cow manure is a suspected source.
	www.sierraclub.org /factoryfarms/factsheets/water.asp (673 words)

	Water Contamination
		Water tests are very expensive, complex and for most people not practical.
		Without knowing the exact content and quality of the water we are supplied with, and because the cleanliness of the water we drink cannot be assured throughout the distribution system,
		There is also accumulating evidence of a relationship between the ingestion of radon in drinking water and increased risk of stomach cancer.
	www.users.uswest.net /~purewaterplus/wcontamination.htm (466 words)

	USGS Colorado Water Resources - Ground-water Contamination at Air Force Plant PJKS, Waterton Canyon, Colorado
		Because soil and ground-water contamination resulted from activities at AFP PJKS over many years, the site has been designated a USEPA Superfund site.
		The primary ground-water contaminants of concern are solvents such as trichloroethylene (TCE), tetrachloroethylene(PCE), trichloroethane, chloroform and rocket fuel breakdown products such as N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).
		To investigate the potential of zero valent iron (ZVI) technology to remediate contaminated ground water.
	co.water.usgs.gov /projects/CO280/CO280.html (208 words)

	Water Contamination Facts
		In 1990, a bottled water survey by the Suffolk County, New York, health department tested bottled water sold in the county and found that 9 of 88 brands tested did not meet state and federal drinking water standards.
		As public water systems build new treatment facilities to meet more-stringent standards, most families will find their water bills rising.
		The Water Doctors is a division of HMI Water Specialists, 1289 Yukon Court, Golden Valley, MN, 55427 USA.
	www.waterdrs.com /factsheet.html (730 words)

	Water Health Connection
		Until recently, contamination of water with biological, chemical or radiologic agents generally resulted from natural, industrial or unintentional man-made accidents.
		Although detection methods for recognizing intentional contamination of a water supply are improving, the most likely initial indication that a water contamination event has occurred in a community will be a change in disease trends and illness patterns.
		A coordinated and effective response to acts of water terrorism will depend upon cooperation among a multidisciplinary team of healthcare providers, public health and water utility practitioners, law enforcement professionals and community leaders in order to mitigate the potential impact of an intentional contamination event.
	www.waterhealthconnection.org /bt/index.asp (612 words)

	ABC News: What's in the New Orleans Water?
		The precise extent of the contamination is not yet known.
		One woman, who was walking through the water, said anything was better than her time spent living in the Superdome, which had by the end of last week turned into a chaotic location strewn with garbage and human waste that evacuees were desperate to leave.
		And although food, fresh water and support have started trickling in New Orleans, Pearce fears that the huge amount of sewage contamination may cause problems long after the floodwaters recede.
	abcnews.go.com /Health/HurricaneKatrina/story?id=1101220 (561 words)

	CA: Governor Signs Environmental Legislation Focusing on Perchlorate Contamination--02-October-03
		Perchlorate is a primary source of contamination in California drinking water, passing MTBE in the number of wells affected.
		Statewide, perchlorate contamination has been found in eastern Sacramento County, Simi Valley, San Gabriel Valley, the Rialto-Colton Basin, water sources for the Santa Clara Valley Water District, and in the Colorado River, which supplies water to Southern California.
		Governor Davis also signed another water quality bill, Assembly Bill 1541 by Assemblymember Cindy Montanez (D-San Fernando), which makes failing to file a water quality discharge monitoring report subject to a mandatory administrative penalty of $3,000 for each 30-days the report is late.
	www.waterchat.com /News/State/03/Q4/state_031002-02.htm (559 words)

	EB1744 - Your Yard and Water Quality
		Since the quality of our water resources affects our quality of life, we must learn how our gardening practices can contribute to water contamination and what we can do to reduce the threat to water quality.
		Hand watering, either with a hose or a watering can, is generally appropriate for containers or small beds only.
		Do not water according to the calendar, since a plant's water requirement will vary depending on weather, soil, plant species, and age or size of the plant.
	cru.cahe.wsu.edu /CEPublications/eb1744/eb1744.html (2814 words)

	The Health Effects Of Drinking Water Contamination
		There are many causes of tap water contamination, ranging from agricultural runoff, to improper use of household chemicals, and everything in between.
		Many of the contaminants found in water can be traced back to improper or excessive use of ordinary compounds, such as lawn chemicals gasoline, dry cleaning solvents, and cleaning products.
		Once we realize that all water that goes down the drain (whether is it is used on our lawns on our agricultural fields, or into the environment by any other means) eventually winds up in the water we drink we begin to see just how vulnerable our water supplies really are.
	www.aquasanastore.com /water-facts_b05.html (1033 words)

	Water Contamination Lawyer, Attorney, Lawsuit, Pollution, Dallas
		Baron & Budd respresents municipalities, water providers and private well owners seeking clean-up costs for contaminated drinking water supplies in several regions of the country.
		Directors of these municipal water providers and their city attorneys have opted to make the parties who caused the problem take responsibility for all costs associated with contaminated drinking water supplies, including the processes for treatment and purification, rather than pass the high costs of cleanup on to their citizens.
		Water-our most precious natural resource-is being threatened by a multitude of contaminants, resulting in an unprecedented water contamination crisis with local and national implications.
	www.thewaterlawyers.com /waterlawyers.html (225 words)

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