Content Scrambling System

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	Content-scrambling system - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Content Scramble System (CSS) is an encryption system used on some DVDs.
		The CSS algorithm was soon revealed to be easily susceptible to a brute force attack.
		CSS key is a collective term for authentication key, disc key, player key, title key, second disk key set, and/or encrypted key.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Content-scrambling_system (285 words)

	Advanced Access Content System - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Advanced Access Content System (AACS) is a standard for content distribution and digital rights management, which will allow restricting access to and copying of the next generation of optical discs and DVDs.
		The principal difference between AACS and earlier content management systems such as CSS is in the means by which title-specific decryption keys are distributed.
		Content is encrypted under the title-specific key, which is itself encrypted under each model's key.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Advanced_Access_Content_System (474 words)

	The Content Scrambling System (CSS)
		The Content Scrambling System (CSS) is used on DVDs to encrypt the data so that only licensed DVD players can decode it.
		For reference, a CSS implementation is provided in source code form; this is not in a format that can be readily converted to a program as this might potentially violate the Digital Millenium Copyright Act; however it should serve as useful reference material for those wishing to implement CSS on their own.
		CSS is a very simple encryption scheme based on shifts, XORs and table lookups.
	www.tinyted.net /eddie/css.html (254 words)

	Content Scrambling System (CSS): Introduction
		In our discussion of CSS, we are going to look at the system used to play DVDs in terms of three components: the DVD itself, the DVD player that reads the disk and delivers the content, and the host (computer, host board, &c).
		CSS, which includes both player-host mutual authentication and data encryption, is used to protect the content of DVDs from piracy and to enforce region-based viewing restrictions.
		The contents of this hidden area cannot be delivered, except to an authenticated device.
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~dst/DeCSS/Kesden (3092 words)

	Content Scrambling System - a Whatis.com definition
		Content Scrambling System (CSS) is a data encryption and authentication method used to protect digital versatile disk (DVD) movies from being illegally copied, distributed, and viewed from other devices, such as computer hard drives.
		The actual operation of CSS involves the use of a decryption algorithm that mixes the key information exchanged between the disc and the hardware device in order to produce a unique key that will successfully decrypt the movie or video file for viewing.
		CSS is one of several copy-protection methods currently used in today's DVDs.
	searchsecurity.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid14_gci214575,00.html (516 words)

	ExtremeTech: Digital Content Protection, Part II
		CSS: Pre-recorded DVD-Video content is encrypted by the Content Scrambling System (CSS) CPPM: the Content Protection for Prerecorded Media (CPPM) technology performs the same function for DVD-Audio material.
		The lock that enforces such a system in the digital domain is encryption, which scrambles content until it is decrypted by a compliant device, according to the rules specified by the CMI.
		The downside of all this technology is a DVD content-protection system so complex that it requires a formal architecture to coordinate its components.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_zdext/is_200308/ai_ziff55572 (1234 words)

	The DVD Copying Information Site: The DVD Content Scrambling System Explained (Part 1)
		This next series of posts will explain the DVD Content Scrambling System (CSS), beginning with an overview of what CSS was designed for and how the details of the secret algorithm became to be known.
		The content scrambling system was also designed to help prevent simple forms of piracy.
		Though CSS was initially a closely guarded trade secret, a reverse engineered software implementation of the CSS decryption algorithm was anonymously published on the Internet in 1999 as part of a Linux DVD player project.
	dvd-copy.blogspot.com /2005/08/dvd-content-scrambling-system.html (568 words)

	The Openlaw DVD/DeCSS Forum Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) List
		Frank Stevenson is one of the participants of this forum, and the author of the CSS algorithm whitepaper: "Cryptanalysis of Contents Scrambling System".
		According to the cryptographic analysis carried out by Frank Stevenson, CSS scrambles DVD contents by first using a series of keys (see question 3.1.2) to validate the authenticity of both the DVD and the DVD player, unlocking a title key which is then itself used as the main unscrambling key.
		For this measure of a scrambling systems' stength to be valid, the scambling algorithm must not have any weaknesses that reduce the length of time necessary to recover a scrambled message.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /openlaw/DVD/dvd-discuss-faq.html (15204 words)

	CSS Demystified
		Fans of the Linux operating system view this as a direct limitation of their right to access media that they have legally purchased, and many good arguments supporting this position can be read on an almost daily basis on Slashdot.
		This has been most directly felt by users of the Linux operating system - since no licensed software or hardware-based DVD players exist for Linux, it is impossible to play DVDs on it.
		CSS is a relatively simple encryption technology: essentially, each disc is encrypted with a 40-bit key that is generated for each movie.
	cse.stanford.edu /class/cs201/projects-99-00/dmca-2k/css.html (754 words)

	security.itworld.com - What do the CCA and MPAA really want?
		I discussed the controversy surrounding the decryption of the DVD Content Scrambling System (CSS) a bit last week, but feel that it is too complex to leave it the way I did.
		But if illegal copying is the goal, it is much more efficient to copy the DVD bit-for-bit, which does not require knowledge of the Content Scrambling System.
		Since Linux is a free operating system owned by no one in particular, there is no one to license the decryption algorithm for general use on Linux so that everyone who runs Linux can freely use it to play DVD movies.
	security.itworld.com /4361/lw-09-penguin_2/pfindex.html (1358 words)

	Understanding DVD - Copying Deterrents and Content Protection
		This is accomplished by binding the content to the particular disc through encryption employing, among other things, a code (media identifier) unique to each writable disc compliant with the CPRM system.
		Critical information (decryption keys, album identifiers) required to unlock content is located in protected regions of these discs (Control Data Zone of Lead-in Area and sector headers) accessible to the player or drive and under only carefully regulated circumstances.
		CSS and CPPM selectively encrypt disc sectors that can only be decrypted during playback by licensed products (DVD players, computer DVD playback software and others).
	www.osta.org /technology/dvdqa/dvdqa7.htm (846 words)

	CSS - Cascading Style Sheets, Central Structure Store, Computer Sub System, Computer Systems Specialist, Contact Start-Stop, Content Scrambling System, Content Services Switch, Continuous System Simulator
		CSS - Cascading Style Sheets, Central Structure Store, Computer Sub System, Computer Systems Specialist, Contact Start-Stop, Content Scrambling System, Content Services Switch, Continuous System Simulator
		CSS can be used to redefine the size, color, font and emphasis of these tags so that webmasters can properly utilize them in search engine optimization.
		With CSS, when you want to make a change, you simply change the style, and that element is updated automatically wherever it appears within the site.
	www.auditmypc.com /acronym/CSS.asp (1230 words)

	Flawed Copyright Protection Puts New Spin on DVD - Computerworld
		CSS was broken last month with a Windows utility called DeCSS, developed by open-source Linux programmers who were frustrated by the fact there was no DVD movie support for the Linux operating system.
		Akira Kadota, another Matsushita spokesman, said the company can't reveal the details of the strengthened copy protection system now being developed by a company called 4CC Entity LLC, but he disputed the claim that the CSS system is flawed.
		According to Schneier, the content protection technique is unsound also because the DVD material must be decrypted to be viewed or heard.
	www.computerworld.com /printthis/1999/0,4814,37816,00.html (584 words)

	PCWorld.com - New DVD Copying Tool Enters Fray
		At the heart of the legal issues is the Content Scrambling System (CSS) encryption installed on almost all commercial DVDs.
		Out of the box, the program is useful primarily for copying noncommercial content, such as your home videos.
		Technically, CSS didn't prove to be much protection; software to break it appeared soon after the first encrypted DVDs hit the market.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,115884,00.asp (780 words)

	What is CSS (Content Scrambling System)?
		CSS, Content Scrambling System, is a weak encryption system used on most commercial DVD's.
		The encryption algorithm utilized by the Content Scrambling System has been broken and distributed on the Internet.
		An excellent technical description of CSS has been published by Gregory Kesden as part of his Operating Systems: Design and Implementation course.
	www.tech-faq.com /content-scrambling-system.shtml (220 words)

	Tech, studio giants team on new DVD locks CNET News.com
		The content protection system on today's DVDs, called Content Scrambling System, or CSS, was broken in the late 1990s by hackers.
		Dubbed Advanced Access Content System, or AACS, the technology--which has yet to be created--would replace the anticopying technology that now protects ordinary DVDs, but it would be focused on next-generation, high-definition discs.
		Like CSS, the new AACS technology would be added to a disc as it is created and would require specific hardware or software to have the "key" to unlock the content on the disc.
	news.com.com /Tech,+studio+giants+...+locks/2100-1025_3-5269286.html (1433 words)

	EETimes.com - Code hack prompts delay of DVD-Audio launch
		We said all along that this is a light scrambling system, and we knew this was going to happen sooner or later." Noting that CSS has been used for three years, he added, "It has lasted a lot longer than we expected."
		You can distribute encrypted content, but in order for it to be read, viewed, or listened to, it must be turned into plaintext.
		But it foreshadows proliferation of such problems, as more consumer devices go digital and consumer electronics manufacturers are held responsible for content security.
	www.eet.com /story/OEG19991202S0046 (1075 words)

	(WO 01/78386) SYSTEM FOR SCRAMBLING CONTENT, AND SYSTEM FOR DESCRAMBLING SCRAMBLED CONTENT
		In a system a scrambler is programmed with a first algorithm for selecting sections from the content.
		This processor is programmed with the second algorithm to scan the scrambled content for unscrambled sections and to process at least these sections.
		The scrambler passes the selected sections unscrambled, wherein the scrambled content with the selected sections can be processed according to a second algorithm.
	wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/78386.011018&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (231 words)

	Openlaw: Open DVD
		CSS prevents many fair uses of the DVD works even on "supported" systems.
		Defendants, on the other hand, are adherents of a movement that believes that information should be available without charge to anyone clever enough to break into the computer systems or data storage media in which it is located.
		Without licensed DVD players for Linux and other operating systems, an entire class of computer users is completely cut off from viewing DVDs.
	cyber.law.harvard.edu /openlaw/DVD (3870 words)

	DeCSS: watch your DVD's on your favorite OS
		Recently the (very weak) content scrambling system was deciphered, freeing the way for a Linux DVD player.
		The CSS system is not a copy protection system, since it does not prevent copying of the disk.
		To do this, the CSS system needs to be incorporated in the player.
	www.free-dvd.org.lu (908 words)

	Comments for: Legal challenges could sink 321 Studios - ja.zz
		CSS, Content Scrambling System, the encryption mechanism in question, is licensed by the DVD CCA, the DVD Copy Control Association.
		#33, CSS, Content Scrambling System, the encryption mechanism in...
		Also just like they would not sell a license for a linux DVD player, which is why Jon Johannson had to make his own.
	techreport.com /ja.zz?id=50896 (437 words)

	The Battle over DeCSS
		The CPSA comprises six forms of content protection, one of which, called Content Scrambling System (CSS), is the eye of this storm.
		This can be done with a utility called DeCSS (De Content Scrambling System), which allows DVDs that have support for Windows and Mac systems to be played on Linux systems.
		The CSS is a data encryption and authentication system that was intended to prevent the copying of files directly from the DVD.
	www.pcquest.com /content/technology/101021102.asp (651 words)

	Stacking Fault
		Moving it might confuse your system, so this might be an option only if you know you don't use it or you're willing to risk a tiny bit of instability until Apple releases a patch.
		As systems increase in capability and complexity, the ability of any one individual to understand the system decreases.
		Developing working software system is a complicated exercise usually involving multiple engineers.
	www.cryptonomicon.net /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=548 (5763 words)

	EFFector, Vol. 12, No. 4; Dec. 28, 1999
		The technology at issue here is the DVD Content Scrambling System (CSS), a technical effort to prevent people who have legally purchased a DVD from making completely legal copies of it for their own use.
		The decoder source code at the center of the case, called "DeCSS", was created (by third parties, not the defendants) to enable Linux computers to utilize DVD drives and content, since the industry itself failed to produce the necessary drivers for this operating system.
		They knew that their "encryption system" was weak and that it would not withstand scrutiny, so they kept it secret as long as possible.
	www.eff.org /effector/HTML/effect12.04.html (1824 words)

	Judge rules links illegal, code not free speech
		DeCSS allows users to circumvent the Content Scrambling System, an encryption system designed to prevent piracy and included by the MPAA on all DVDs.
		In cases in which links took the user to a page where no other content than the DeCSS code was available, that also was against the law, the judge wrote.
		The posting of DeCSS could have the effect of rendering all current DVD players obsolete if the MPAA were to change the encryption scheme used on DVDs so DeCSS would no longer unlock it.
	www.networkworld.com /news/2000/0818dvd.html (1087 words)

	Cable Crypto Coming
		That makes the DFAST licensing solution eerily similar in its means and goals to the Content Scrambling System (CSS) the motion picture industry implemented to control DVD movies.
		DFAST is a content scrambling system for digital cable.
		From a content provider's point of view, the copy protection technology is designed to combat piracy of digital movies and programming.
	www.securityfocus.com /news/128 (460 words)

	InformationWeek Copyright DVD Kid To Be Retried In December April 1, 2003
		The program is just one of many that can break the film industry's Content Scrambling System, which prevents illegal copying and blocks the use of legitimate copies on unauthorized equipment.
		Software Tech Center: Operating Systems • Software Blog • Enterprise Applications • Open Source • Development • Business Intelligence • Integration
		Prosecutors filed charges against Johansen last year after a complaint from the Motion Picture Association of America and the DVD Copy Control Association, the group that licenses CSS.
	www.informationweek.com /story/IWK20030401S0002 (489 words)

	ESD10 Materials - Block 2 - Links
		Links to a BBC article stating that the EU is planning to investigate DVD pricing and the regional coding system (CSS).
		A discussion of a pending decision by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) to challenge the MPAA's Region Playback Control system - the "zoning" of DVDs and players so that, for example, a US sold DVD cannot be decrypted by an Australian DVD player.
		A potentially troubling strategy is discussed - what if the movie industry decides that, since CSS is cracked, they switch to Windows Media format files to protect their content?
	msl1.mit.edu /esd10/sslinks/links.php?cat=35 (412 words)

	PCWorld.com - California Court Okays DeCSS Ban
		The case centers on the publishing on the Web of DeCSS (De-Content Scrambling System) software by California resident Andrew Bunner.
		DeCSS allows users to access movies on DVDs that are protected by an encryption technology to prevent them from being copied, called the Content Scrambling System.
		Bunner appealed and the appellate court overturned the decision, ruling that DeCSS was "pure speech" and that the trial court's ruling violated U.S. free speech rights.
	www.pcworld.com /news/article/0,aid,112151,00.asp (574 words)

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	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/wcemultimedia5/html/...?frame=true (71 words)

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