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Topic: Context sensitive grammars

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context free grammars

context sensitive grammars

context sensitive languages

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	Springer Online Reference Works
		Grammar, formal) which is most frequently employed in applications; they are extensively used in the construction of mathematical models of natural languages (cf.
		Grammar, context-sensitive), others ( "chain-like" characteristics) are based on the number or the distribution of the occurrences of non-terminal symbols into the individual steps of the derivation; in a number of important cases the "tree-like" characteristics may be connected to the "chain-like" characteristics with the same order of growth.
		In an ordered grammar a partial order is specified on the set of rules, and it is decided to employ at each step only those for which none of the rules which precede them in the sequence are applicable to the string obtained at this moment.
	eom.springer.de /G/g044780.htm (0 words)

	2.1 Context Sensitive Situations
		Context sensitive situations involve the interpretation of data in which the interpretation of one segment of data is dependent upon the interpretation of another segment.
		Context sensitive situations are a source of subtle programming errors which are difficult to identify and fix.
		Even though this is a small generalization of the standard (simplest) context sensitive grammar, the impact on the architecture of the software component studied was enormous: rather than a huge number of `special cases', the component can now be specified with a few dozen compact and precise rules.
	www.cs.iastate.edu /~leavens/FoCBS/bespalko-node3.html (0 words)

	Context-sensitive grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A context-sensitive grammar is a formal grammar in which the left-hand sides and right-hand sides of any production rules may be surrounded by a context of terminal and nonterminal symbols.
		The concept of context-sensitive grammar was introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s as a way to describe the syntax of natural language where it is indeed often the case that a word may or may not be appropriate in a certain place depending upon the context.
		This is different from a context-free grammar where the context of a nonterminal is not taken into consideration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Context-sensitive_grammar (669 words)

	Dotted Grammars - Generalized Deterministic Parsing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		These grammars can be shown to be equal in expressive prower with Turing machines and as such are said to generate the set of recursively enumerable languages.
		The expressive power of context sensitive grammars has been shown to equal that of Linear Bounded Automata (nondeterministic Turing machines with a linear bound on the length of their tape).
		This language is often used as an example of a language generated by a context sensitive grammar.
	www.gittens.nl /grammar.html (0 words)

	Springer Online Reference Works
		Grammar, formal); actually it is a special case of a Post calculus (see Post canonical system).
		A systematic study of this grammar was begun in the 1950s by N.
		Chomsky, who pointed out its applications to linguistics and isolated the classes of generative grammars which are most important to applications — context-sensitive grammars, context-free grammars, regular grammars (cf.
	eom.springer.de /g/g044820.htm (0 words)

	[No title]
		Context free grammars generate a class of context free languages, that form the next sequence of languages in the hierarchy, or the type 2 languages.
		Again, the theory of grammars states that type 1 languages, or those generated by context sensitive grammars, are exactly those recognized by bounded linear automata, which are equivalent to Turing machines whose read/write head cannot move off the region of tape containing the input.
		And type 1 languages, or those generated by context free grammars are exactly the same class of languages recognized by pushdown automata, which are equivalent to finite automata that have an unbounded stack available to them.
	www.keck.ucsf.edu /~surya/grammars.txt (0 words)

	Springer Online Reference Works
		For each context-sensitive grammar it is possible to construct an equivalent left-context (or right-context) sensitive grammar, i.e.
		An example of a property which is decidable in the class of context-sensitive grammars is: a given string belongs to the generated language.
		Szelepcsényi [a4] that the complement of a context-sensitive language is again context sensitive.
	eom.springer.de /g/g044790.htm (0 words)

	Implications of Incorporating Learning Probabilistic Context-sensitive Gram... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		In our approach the probabilistic context-sensitive grammar is derived from the originally defined context-free grammar (which usually expresses the syntax of genetic programs in strongly typed GP), using aggregated reward values obtained from the evolved best-of-run healthy, undamaged Snakebots.
		Empirically obtained results indicate that employing probabilistic context-sensitive grammar contributes to the improving the ability of Snakebot to adapt to partial damage by gradually improving its velocity characteristics.
		In all considered cases of inflicted partial damage of 1, 2, 4, and 8 out of 15 morphological segments, the incorporation of learning context sensitive grammar in GP improves the evolvability of adaptive locomotion gaits in that the recovery of partially damaged Snakebot is (i) faster and to (ii) higher values of velocity of locomotion.
	www.cs.bham.ac.uk /~wbl/biblio/gecco2004/prof111.html (0 words)

	Home Page Growing Context-Sensitive Languages
		One approach is based on making the context-free grammars more powerful by adding certain attributes that must be evaluated in order to decide whether a sentence derived from that grammar is considered to be `valid'.
		Obviously, for such a grammar the length of a derivation is bounded from above by the length of the sentence derived.
		From the definition it might appear that GCSL is not an interesting class of languages, but as shown in [ Buntrock & Lorys, 1992] GCSL is an abstract family of languages, that is, this class of languages is closed under union, concatenation, iteration, intersection with regular languages, epsilon-free homomorphisms and inverse homomorphisms.
	www.itheoi.mu-luebeck.de /pages/buntrock/research/gcsl.html (0 words)

	Compute 3D shape and scene from single image
		The grammar rules are used recursively to produce a large number of objects and patterns in images and thus is a type of generative model.
		In the inference, the acceptance of a grammar rule means a recognition of an object, and actions are taken to pass the attributes between a node and its parent through the constraint equations associated with this production rule.
		All the rectangles in (c) are used to activate the graph grammar rules.
	www.cs.ucla.edu /~hanf/GraphGrammar.htm (0 words)

	CSC 4170 Context-Sensitive Grammars and Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		A context-sensitive language is a language generated by a context-sensitive grammar.
		However, the grammars are equivalent, in that they describe (almost) the same languages.
		It can be shown that the two kinds of grammars are almost equivalent (generate the same languages) with one exception: one kind of grammar permits languages to contain the empty string, while the other doesn't.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /~cit596/notes/dave/chomsky1.html (0 words)

	Turing Machines and Grammars
		State machines recognize the languages produced by type 3 (regular) grammars, and nondeterministic push down machines recognize the languages produced by type 2 (context free) grammars.
		If the grammar is context sensitive (type 1), the productions never make the intermediate strings shorter.
		This is a context sensitive grammar, and it generates only those words that are accepted by the btm.
	www.mathreference.com /lan-tm,gram.html (0 words)

	Parsing of Context Sensitive Grammars
		Another more powerful form of grammars is the class of context sensitive grammars.
		A constraint on context sensitive rules is that the length of the string of the left-hand side is at least one, and is less than or equal to the length of the string on the right-hand side.
		This grammar generates all strings consisting of a nonempty sequence of a's followed by the same number of b's followed by the same number of c's.
	www.cs.sunysb.edu /~warren/xsbbook/node31.html (0 words)

	How Computer Compilers actually work (www.patmoss.com/pcref/chomsky.htm)
		In a CSG, we can define "x" in one place, and then use it in numerous other places in the program.
		Every modern compiler (parser) is implemented as a Type 2 context free grammar (CFG) that appears to the user to behave as a much more sophisticated Type 1 context sensitive grammar (CSG).
		Thus, when we declare the data type for a variable "x", an entry is created in a local symbol table for the current block.
	www.patmoss.com /pcref/chomsky.htm (0 words)

	[No title]
		We can, of course, write separate sections of the grammar to yield interrogative and passive sentences, just as we can separate singular and plural phrases in the earlier example, but this is unsatisfying as a means of describing linguistic processes.
		This grammar, incidentally, provides a clue about constructing a context-sensitive grammar in which variables are only used in proper context.
		In a "periodic time-varying context-free grammar, with period k" the rewriting rules are arranged in sets P(1), P(2),..., P(k), and at step t in a derivation, a rule must be chosen from set P(r) where r = t mod k.
	www.cs.queensu.ca /home/cisc366/beyond.html (0 words)

	LSA.234 \| Tree Adjoining Grammar in Grammatical Theory
		Recent work in theoretical syntax has returned to the idea that the nature of grammar is in part a product of its computational and formal character.
		TAG is a mildly context-sensitive grammar formalism that imposes mathematically well-understood restrictions on grammatical computation.
		Experience with formal languages and grammars will also be helpful, but such background is not required: formal and computational concepts will be introduced as needed.
	web.mit.edu /lsa2005/courses/descriptions/234.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		A grammar is a set of rewrite rules which are used to generarte strings by successively rewriting symbols.
		} is a regular grammar and it generates all the strings consisting of a's and b's including the empty string.
		This can be proven by constructing an FA for the given grammar as follows: For each nonterminal create a state.
	www.cs.odu.edu /~toida/nerzic/390teched/regular/grammar/reg-grammar.html (0 words)

	A Hierarchy of Formal Languages and Automata
		Unrestricted grammars, also called Type 0 grammars, represent the most powerful and vast of the sets of grammars.
		Context-sensitive grammars are similar to unrestricted grammars yet have one additional constraint.
		The theorems 11.8 and 11.9 show that the set of languages that can be represented by context-sensitive grammars is equivalent to the set of languages represented by linear bounded automata.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~paulac/theory (0 words)

	Don Burleson blog: Context Sensitive Grammar
		Researchers know that understanding the context of a query is critical to making search engines effective.
		Search engine quality used to be expressed solely in terms of “precision and recall”, but in the past few months Google started word-stemming and synonym expansion, techniques that often leads to context-related false positives.
		They note that search engines are not psychic, and they need to know our query "context" in order to serve-up the "appropriate" search results.
	dba-oracle.blogspot.com /2006/09/context-sensitive-grammar.html (0 words)

	Context-sensitive language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A context-sensitive language is a formal language that can be defined by a context-sensitive grammar.
		That is one of the four types of grammars in the Chomsky hierarchy.
		Of the four, this is the least often used, in both theory and practice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Context-sensitive_language (0 words)

	Issues With The Lojban Formal Grammar
		The by-hand modified PEG grammar for camxes, which is mostly my work.
		For another, PEG grammars are sensitive to the order of elements, preferring earlier options, and the BNF has several places where taking the earliest option that matches is guaranteed to fail later.
		This requires having the grammar descending from a NU clause to eat all brivla it sees until the next kei.
	www.digitalkingdom.org /~rlpowell/hobbies/lojban/grammar (0 words)

	Comparing Markov Chain Models and Probabilistic Context Free Grammar for Language Modeling
		PCFG (probabilistic context-free grammars) add probabilities according to the training data to the grammar rules.
		In general, the inside-outside algorithm learns the probabilities of a given grammar using a train data set.
		Since the runtime of the inside-outside algorithm is linear in grammar size, and the grammar size is cubic in the number of nonterminals, we needed to simplify the given data as follows, (otherwise the experiments would have lasted for days):
	www.cs.sfu.ca /~fmoser/personal/CS540/Project.htm (0 words)

	ESSLLI 2004 - Introductory Course: An introduction to mildly context-sensitive grammar formalisms
		While there is conclusive proof that not all natural languages can be described by context-free grammars, all available evidence suggests that a very cautious extension of this complexity class is sufficient to accommodate all linguistic phenomena.
		The first part of the course aims to recapitulate the motivations for employing non-context-free devices in formal linguistics.
		In the second part of the course, the most common mildly context-sensitive devices - Tree Adjoining Grammars and Combinatory Categorial Grammars - will be introduced formally, and their usefulness for working linguists as well as their applications in language technology methods will be demonstrated.
	esslli2004.loria.fr /giveabs.php?41 (0 words)

	Indexed Grammars - An Extension of Context-Free Grammars
		Aho states the motivation of formalizing IGs in his original publication [1] that part of this interest in larger classes of language (i.e., larger than context-free languages) stems from the inadequacy of context-free grammars in specifying all of the syntactic structures found in many modern-day algorithmic programming languages, such as ALGOL.
		The class of indexed languages assumes a natural position in the Chomsky hierarchy of languages, which has been showed to includes all context-free languages and some context-sensitive languages, and can be generated using a nested stack automaton.
		Many other definitions such as the reflexive and transitive closures are identical to the ones defined in context-free grammars.
	www.cs.queensu.ca /home/xiao/gig/node2.html (0 words)

	Mathematical Background
		Grammars of this form are called phrase-structure grammars because they determine the structure of a sentence as a hierarchy of phrases.
		This grammar may be used to generate sentences by starting with the symbol S and successively replacing nonterminal symbols on the left-hand side of some rule with the string of symbols on the right:
		A context-free grammar can ensure that the two sides are balanced by generating part of the right side and the corresponding part of the left side in the same rule.
	www.jfsowa.com /logic/math.htm (0 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It specifies that a keyword identifier is a word that is treated as a keyword only when used in a keyword context, and is otherwise treated as a regular identifier.
		They raise more issues than they solve: 1) First and foremost, the addition of keyword identifiers changes the IDL grammar into a context-sensitive grammar, which are known to be notoriously difficult to parse.
		Given the common use of tools like yacc and lex for parsing simple grammars like that of pre-OBV IDL, requiring significant rework of all IDL compilers built on those tools is an extremely high price to pay for an attempt to avoid breaking a few existing IDL specifications in the short term.
	www.omg.org /issues/issue1310.txt (0 words)

	Laboratory for Linguistics and Computation -- Brandeis University
		in a grammar model adding another level of grammar control and a machine model allowing another level of embeddedness in the stack).
		We investigate grammatical (a type of Indexed Grammar) and automaton models (constrained two-stack automata) which are semi-linear and have mildly context-sensitive power.
		Our next steps will consider the possible relationship of the class of mildly context-sensitive grammars with the formalisms that we are proposing.
	www.cs.brandeis.edu /~llc/parsing.html (0 words)

	12.4 Linear Bounded Automata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Observe first of all that all of the productions are context sensitive except those given for successor instructions (see 4) and the input instruction (see 5).
		Proof: First of all, a linear bounded automaton can be simulated by a DRAM program that recognizes the context sensitive language and that operates in polynomial space, i.e., there is a constant c such that on input x it uses at most
		Theorem 12.9 The class of context sensitive languages is closed under intersection.
	www.cs.pitt.edu /~daley/cs2110/notes/cs2110w_node51.html (0 words)

	[No title]
		The following grammar needs to be massaged in order to be acceptable for a predictive parse table.
		x Consider the context sensitive example below: What strings are generated from this example? Note, unless you are very lucky you will have the “Cody experience” of getting to a place where you cannot get rid of the non-terminals.
		Use context sensitive rules to interpret the phenomenon of subject-verb agreement with respect to number—that is, singular or plural—as reflected in sentences: (a) The student studies.
	www.cs.usu.edu /~allanv/cs4700/Home4.06.doc (0 words)

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