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Topic: Context sensitive languages

	Context-sensitive language - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This means that every formal language that can be decided by such a machine is a context-sensitive language, and every context-sensitive language can be decided by such a machine.
		The complement of a context-sensitive language is context-sensitive.
		Each category of languages or grammars is a proper superset of the category directly beneath it.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Context-sensitive_language (285 words)

	Context Free Languages and Context Sensitive Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Parsing of Context Free and Context Sensitive Grammars
		Context free languages like regular sets are of great importance in defining programming languages, in formalizing the notion of parsing and in other string processing applications.
		A context free language is defined by a context free grammar.
	www.cs.iitm.ernet.in /tell/automata/Automata/parser.htm (524 words)

	Formal Language Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		L(G) is the notation for a language defined by a grammar G. The grammar G recognizes a certain set of strings, thus a language.
		Since a language is a set of strings from a finite alphabet, a class of languages is a set of sets.
		The language class P is the set of languages for which there exists a deterministic Turing machine that accepts each language in a number of transitions bounded by a fixed polynomial in the length of the input string.
	www.cs.umbc.edu /help/theory/lang_def.shtml (1263 words)

	hwg-theory archive: Context Sensitive Languages (Was Re: Uses for CSS?) by "John M. Allen" ...
		Context sensitive languages are not extensions of context free languages.
		In fact, context free languages are a subset of the context sensitive languages.
		This started when I mentioned context sensitive languages and you said there was no such thing.
	archives.hwg.org /hwg-theory/3572F520.CACEACE@thunder.temple.edu (622 words)

	Context free grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		For instance, given a context-free grammar, one can use the Chomsky Normal Form toconstruct a polynomial-time algorithm which decides whether a given string is in the language represented by that grammar or not(the CYK algorithm).
		An alternative and equivalent definition of context-free languages employs non-deterministic push-down automata : a language is context-free if and only if it canbe accepted by such an automaton.
		To prove that a given language is not context-free, one employs the pumping lemma for context-free languages.
	www.therfcc.org /context-free-grammar-4502.html (872 words)

	Chomsky hierarchy : Chomsky grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These languages are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.
		Context free languages are the theoretical basis for the syntax of most programming languages.
		These are all proper inclusions, meaning that there exist recursively enumerable languages which are not context-sensitive, context-sensitive languages which are not context-free and context-free languages which are not regular.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ch/Chomsky_grammar_2.html (385 words)

	Context Free and Context Sensitive Languages
		Most agree that language is a static system, where words are part of a lexicon that is assumed to be context free and static — that is, it is a data structure that exists independently of it’s use.
		The SCN that was used for the Context Sensitive Language (CSL) had three input and three output units, with two hidden units.
		The first aimed to show that the BRN could learn a language and demonstrate the inverse correlation between word frequency and recognition time that is a characteristic of human behaviour.
	www.itee.uq.edu.au /~pennyd/LangSummaries.htm (2682 words)

	Home Page Growing Context-Sensitive Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It is well-known that the class of context-sensitive languages (CSL) coincides with the nondeterministic space complexity class NSPACE(n), and that there exist context-sensitive languages for which the membership problem is PSPACE-complete.
		Dahlhaus and Warmuth prove that all growing context-sensitive languages (GCSL), that is, the languages that are generated by growing context-sensitive grammars, have membership problems that are solvable in polynomial time.
		From the definition it might appear that GCSL is not an interesting class of languages, but as shown in [ Buntrock & Lorys, 1992] GCSL is an abstract family of languages, that is, this class of languages is closed under union, concatenation, iteration, intersection with regular languages, epsilon-free homomorphisms and inverse homomorphisms.
	www.tcs.mu-luebeck.de /pages/buntrock/research/gcsl.html (430 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Languages are categorized (as a first cut) as follows from the simplest
		Roughly one can characterize the difference between regular and context-free languages as context-free languages require some sort of recursion or stack based data structure to facilitate their recognition.
		It so happens that languages have been designed in such a way that this two step division can also be made to use the two different kinds of languages.
	www.cs.albany.edu /~sreeni/JavaCC/febmail/171.html (543 words)

	A Hierarchy of Formal Languages and Automata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A language is recursive on a given alphabet if there’s a Turing machine that accepts the language and halts on every string in the alphabet (but not the empty string, remember).
		Since we have an algorithm to determine what language the word is in, the language is recursive as well as recursively enumerable.
		Theorem 11.5 establishes that the family of recursive languages is a proper subset of the family of recursively enumerable languages, not a surprising fact given the previous theorems.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~paulac/theory (1253 words)

	Chomsky hierarchy : Chompsky hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These languages are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic pushdown automaton.
		These languages are exactly all languages that can be decided by a finite state automaton.
		Additionally, this family of formal languages can be obtained by regular expressions.
	www.eurofreehost.com /ch/Chompsky_hierarchy_2.html (385 words)

	Context models in the MDL framework (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Current approaches to speech and handwriting recognition demand a strong language model with a small number of states and an even smaller number of parameters.
		Multicontextual modeling and nonmonotonic contexts, are generalizations of the traditional context model.
		Implicit context growth ensures that the state transition probabilities of a variable-length Markov process are estimated accurately.
	csdl2.computer.org /persagen/DLAbsToc.jsp?resourcePath=/dl/proceedings/&toc=comp/proceedings/dcc/1995/7012/00/7012toc.xml&DOI=10.1109/DCC.1995.515496 (261 words)

	Articles - Chomsky hierarchy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		These languages are also known as the recursively enumerable languages.
		The languages described by these grammars are exactly all languages that can be recognized by a non-deterministic Turing machine whose tape is bounded by a constant times the length of the input.
		These are all proper inclusions, meaning that there exist recursively enumerable languages which are not recursive, recursive languages that are not context-sensitive, context-sensitive languages which are not context-free and context-free languages which are not regular.
	www.gaple.com /articles/Chomsky_hierarchy?mySession=8982bdec150ac4d8bdd8d2b6252531c9 (768 words)

	Formal language theory notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Type 2: Context-free rewriting system (context-free languages) Rules of the form A -> Y A rewrites to Y where A is a single nonterminal, and Y is a string of nonempty nonterminals and/or terminal symbols.
		Differences between levels in the Chomsky hierarchy The language {a^n b c^m : n,m >= 1} is a Type 3 (regular) language.
		The language {a^n b^n : n >= 1} is a Type 2 (context-free) language, but is not a regular language.
	www.umiacs.umd.edu /~resnik/ling645_fa1997/notes/automata.html (212 words)

	The Church-Rosser languages are the deterministic variants of the growing context-sensitive languages - Niemann, Otto ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Abstract: The growing context-sensitive languages have been classified through the shrinking twopushdown automaton, the deterministic version of which characterizes the class of generalized Church-Rosser languages (Buntrock and Otto 1995).
		Exploiting this characterization we prove that this latter class coincides with the class of Church-Rosser languages that was introduced by McNaughton, Narendran, and Otto (1988).
		Niemann, G. and F. Otto, "The Church-Rosser languages are the deterministic variants of the growing context-sensitive languages," Proc.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /niemann97churchrosser.html (541 words)

	Context free grammar Article, Contextfreegrammar Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A formal language is context-free if thereis a context-free grammar that generates it.
		Context-free grammars are powerful enough to describe the syntax of programming languages ; in fact, the syntax of most programming languages are specified with the helpof context-free grammars.
		On the other hand, context-free grammars are simple enough to allow the construction of efficient parsing algorithms which, for a given string, determine whether and how it can be generated from the grammar.
	www.anoca.org /string/language/context_free_grammar.html (938 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		However, there has been little attempt to develop a systematic and comprehensive hierarchy of visual languages based on their formal properties that could parallel the role of the Chomsky hierarchy in the field of visual languages.
		In this article we present such a hierarchy for visual languages and investigate the expressiveness and cost of parsing for the classes in the hierarcy.
		In contrast to formal language theory for textual languages, where the main distinction is that between context-sensitive languages and context-free languages, it is therefore necessary to build the major part of a visual language hierarchy around different forms of context-sensitivity.
	www.csse.monash.edu.au /publications/1997/tr-cs97-335-abs.html (194 words)

	ipedia.com: Context-sensitive grammar Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This is different from a context-free grammar where the context of a nonterminal is not taken into consideration.
		A formal language that can be described by a context-sensitive grammar is called a context-sensitive language.
		The concept of context-sensitive grammar was introduced by Noam Chomsky in the 1950s as a way to describe the syntax of natural language where it is indeed often the case that a word may or may not be appropriate in a certain place depending upon the context.
	www.ipedia.com /context_sensitive_grammar.html (494 words)

	Abstract
		Context sensitive rewrite grammars are syntactically, semantically and computationally unattractive.
		Generating grammars have a collection of nice properties that ensure they define only `mildly context sensitive' languages, and Joshi has proposed that human languages have those properties too.
		Some results relevant to the viability of mildly context sensitive analyses and some open questions are reviewed.
	www.cognitivesciencesociety.org /abstract/04stabler.html (81 words)

	On Growing Context-Sensitive Languages - und, Lory's (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		It is also shown that the languages generated by GCSG form an abstract family of languages and several implications are presented.
		(context) - Dahlhaus, Warmuth - 1986 ACM DBLP
		1 On one-way auxiliary pushdown automata (context) - Brandenburg - 1977 ACM DBLP
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /und92growing.html (528 words)

	Recurrent Neural Networks
		This simulation was tied in with human language performance by using dynamical systems theory to analyse the simulation results.
		Wiles et al argue that the requirement for a DRN to learn a nonregular language is not the amount of memory of the machine, but the precision constraints that are imposed on it.
		The aim of this article was to provide some historical context and background information for some of the relatively new approaches to solving problems in cognition.
	www.itee.uq.edu.au /~pennyd/RNNSummaries.htm (6594 words)

	CJTCS Volume 1996 Article 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The complexity of the language generated by a grammar depends crucially on whether the position valuation is steady or not.
		On the other hand, for every steady position valuation, the class of languages generated corresponds to a level of the hierarchy of exponential time-bounded languages in CSL.
		The hierarchy of exponential time-bounded languages in CSL collapses.
	cjtcs.cs.uchicago.edu /articles/1996/4/contents.html (213 words)

	CSC 4170 Context-Sensitive Grammars and Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		A context-sensitive language is a language generated by a context-sensitive grammar.
		It can be shown that the two kinds of grammars are almost equivalent (generate the same languages) with one exception: one kind of grammar permits languages to contain the empty string, while the other doesn't.
		A language L is context-sensitive if there exists a context-sensitive grammar G such that either L = L(G) or L = L(G) Notice how this definition carefully sidesteps the question of which kind of context-sensitive grammar is meant.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /~cit596/notes/dave/chomsky1.html (199 words)

	Microcomputer Glossary
		Context sensitive: In many programs, when you request help, you are provided help on the operation you area carrying out at the time.
		That is, Help is "sensitive" to the "context" in which help was requested.
		HTML is said to be a "cross-platform" language because it is the same for DOS/Windows, Apple and UNIX.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /ed_asi490/Glossary/cgw.htm (14247 words)

	Context-sensitive traces of infinite graphs
		The well-known Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages can be extended to a hierarchy of (infinite) graphs by considering the trace languages of graphs.
		The first and smallest element of the Chomsky hierarchy is the family of rational languages, which are the traces of finite graphs, also viewed as finite automata.
		Recently, Morvan defined the family of rational graphs, and showed that their traces are the context-sensitive languages, and Caucal introduced the transition graphs of Turing machines, whose traces are, quite naturally, the recursively enumerable languages.
	www.liafa.jussieu.fr /web9/manifsem/description_en.php?idcongres=461 (200 words)

	On Learning Context Free and Context (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Sensitive Languages Mikael Boden, Janet Wiles M. Boden is with the School of...
		Second-order Sequential Cascaded Networks are able to induce means from a finite fragment of a contextsensitive language for processing strings outside the training set.
		6 Language acquisition in the absence of explicit negative evi..
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /691942.html (368 words)

	Context-Sensitive and Dynamic Customization of Component-Based Systems
		It is important to understand that due to the Internet success, an on-line service is at the same time used by hundreds or even thousands of simultaneously requesting client systems, where each client system may have different - possibly conflicting - preferences about how the service must be customized to their needs.
		Context is reified by contextual properties which stem from the clients or configurator/deployer of that system.
		The underlying programming language or middleware platform must implement a method dispatch mechanism that supports a run-time combination of wrappers on a per collaboration basis, while taking the contextual properties into account.
	www.cs.kuleuven.ac.be /%7Eeddy/lasagne.html (1266 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Context Free Grammars- Derivation of languages- Derivation trees.
		Equivalence of Push down automata and context free languages, Pumping Lemma for context free languages.
		Equivalence of Context Sensitive Languages and Linear Bound Automata (LBA).
	www.cek.ac.in /it_504.htm (162 words)

	CS 460 Syllabus
		Regular, context free, and context sensitive languages are covered, as well as finite state, push down, and Turing machines.
		A formal language is simply a set of strings described in a formal way.
		Be able to construct a TM for a given language, and understand the rules for combining TM's.
	www.mc.edu /campus/users/bennet/cs460/syl.html (780 words)

	A Visual Environment for Developing Context-Sensitive Term Rewriting Systems \| Lambda the Ultimate
		CINNI is a first-order calculus of extreme simplicity that can serve as a generic basis for representing and implementing higher-order languages in a first-order framework.
		More precisely, CINNI should not be regarded as a single calculus but merely as a family of calculi that is parameterized by syntax of the language to be represented.
		We think that CINNI is a suitable basis to deal with the problem of binding and substitution in implementations of logics and other languages, in particular those of higher-order nature.
	lambda-the-ultimate.org /node/view/159 (936 words)

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