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Topic: Continental Celtic

	Celtic languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Celtic languages are the languages descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic", a branch of the greater Indo-European language family.
		Today, Celtic languages are now limited to a few areas in the British Isles, eastern Canada, Patagonia, scattered groups in the United States and Australia, and on the peninsula of Brittany in France.
		Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in a common Italo-Celtic subfamily, a hypothesis that is now largely discarded, in favour of the assumption of language contact between pre-Celtic and pre-Italic communities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Celtic_languages (1026 words)

	Celtic calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Possibly the oldest material Celtic calendar is the fragmented Coligny calendar, which was discovered in Coligny, France, in 1897.
		The date of its inception is unknown, but correspondences of Insular Celtic and Continental Celtic calendars suggest that some early form may date to Proto-Celtic times, roughly 800 BC.
		Celtic days began at night: "they keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night," per their adversary Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Celtic_calendar (698 words)

	Celtic Gods and Goddesses
		Artio of Muri, usually depicted in the form of a bear, she was the continental Celtic goddess of the bear cult.
		The Celtic god of light and healing, "Bel" means "shining one," or in Irish Gaelic, the name "bile" translates to "sacred tree." It is thought that the waters of Danu, the Irish All-Mother goddess, fed the oak and produced their son, The Dagda.
		Celtic Goddess of horses, mules and cavalrymen adopted in Rome.
	www.wisegorilla.com /images/celtic/gods.html (3465 words)

	Celtic languages. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Later, however, in the course of the Roman conquest, Celtic speech tended to yield to Latin, and by the 5th cent.
		Continental Celtic, which includes all Celtic idioms on the Continent with the exception of Breton, died out following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th cent.
		All the modern Goidelic tongues are descendants of the ancient Celtic speech of Ireland.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ce/Celticla.html (1068 words)

	Celtic calendar - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Celtic days began at sundown: "they keep birthdays and the beginnings of months and years in such an order that the day follows the night," their adversary Julius Caesar observed Gallic Wars.
		In some Neo-Pagan religions, a Celtic calendar based on that of Mediaeval Ireland is observed for purposes of ritual.
		In other cases, the four Irish festivals of Samhain, Imbolc, Beltane and Lughnassadh are combined with the solstices and equinoxes to produce the modern Neo-Pagan Wheel of the Year.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Celtic_calendar (520 words)

	Celtic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Celtic languages belong to the family of languages known as Indo-European and as such are related to most of the languages of Europe and many others found as far east of Europe as India.
		However, with the expansion of the Roman Empire from the 3rd century BC, Latin (mainly) gradually replaced Continental Celtic, with the process being complete almost everywhere by the 2nd century AD (although some Celtic may have lingered on in the Swiss mountains as late as the 5th century AD).
		Insular Celtic divides into 2 main branches which are conveniently known as Q-Celtic and P-Celtic (a distinction which seems to have existed in Continental Celtic).
	thecanadianencyclopedia.com /PrinterFriendly.cfm?Params=A1ARTA0001474 (600 words)

	Verbix -- Celtic. Conjugate verbs in 50+ languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The Insular Celtic group consists of the modern Celtic languages, which are generally further subdivided into Goidelic (Irish, Manx, Scottish Gaelic) and Brythonic (Welsh, Cornish, Breton) groups.
		All Celtic languages are tentatively traced back to Common Celtic, which was the parent language of both the Continental and Insular Celtic languages.
		Old Irish, the most archaic Celtic language of which substantial records exist and thus the closest in structure to Common Celtic, suggests that Common Celtic retained features of its ancestral language, Indo-European, both in its consonantal and vowel systems and in grammar, or structure.
	www.verbix.com /languages/celtic.asp (971 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Celtic languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		CELTIC LANGUAGES [Celtic languages] subfamily of the Indo-European family of languages.
		Twilight of the Celts; Throughout Europe, the centuries-old Celtic languages are dying out, buried beneath a linguistic form of globalisation.
		Celtic Warrior - Interview: Huw Edwards; In a frank interview the BBC Six O'Clock News presenter Huw Edwards tells Mario Basini that it is the failure of Welsh-speaking parents to pass the language on to their children that is endangering it.(Features)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Celticla_Brythonic.asp (1293 words)

	Lady Airiel's Sanctuary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		However, according to Ross's Pagan Celtic Britain, historically the worship of Belatucadros among the Celts was confined only the northwestern region of Britain and has never been associated with the festival of Beltane, healing or with a consort.
		Brigantia: The Celtic (British) tutelary goddess of the Brigantes in Yorkshire and the goddess of the rivers Braint and Brent, which were named after her.
		Rosmerta: In Gaulish Celtic mythology, Rosmerta was the goddess of fire, warmth, and abundance.
	celticflower.tripod.com /deities.html (11241 words)

	Labara: Introduction to the Celtic Languages
		Celtic language is considered by scholars and the modern pan-Celtic movement to be the central, defining criterion of Celtic culture and identity, and few would deny that the chief inspirations of Celtic Paganism and Druidism are the flower of cultures that are indeed Celtic by that definition.
		Celtic languages are part of the Indo-European family of languages just as English is, but belong to an entirely different branch of this family - the Celtic branch - and are more different from English than German or French.
		A Celtic language may be briefly defined as any of a group of languages which are organically and directly related to the language of these people.
	www.keltria.org /journal/labara1.htm (2874 words)

	Celtic languages
		Celtic languages: Bibliography - Bibliography See H. Lewis and H. Pedersen, A Concise Comparative Celtic Grammar (1937); K. Celtic languages: Pronunciation and Grammar - Pronunciation and Grammar The rules of pronunciation for all the Celtic languages are extremely...
		Celtic inscriptions from Gaul and Britain.(Textes Gallo-Latins sur instrumentum)(The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and......
		Celtic influence on old English rhetoric - a case study of the interface between diachronic contrastive rhetoric and history of art....
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/society/A0811065.html (371 words)

	Celtic deities, mythological beings and historical figures
		Damona In Continental Brythonic mythology, Damona was a fertility goddess and wife of Borvo.
		Dea Matrona In Continental Brythonic mythology, Dea Matrona was the goddess of the river Marne in Gaul.
		Sirona In Continental Brythonic mythology, Sirona was a goddess of astronomy and fertility, wife of Grannus.
	www.mandrake-press.co.uk /Definitions/celticmythbeings.html (13655 words)

	Celtic Goddesses
		Continental Celtic Goddess of springs; may be equated with Sul.
		A Celtic (Gaul/France) goddess associated with nature and especially with water; for example springs in the vicinity of dolmens and other megaliths.
		A Celtic goddess of fertility and wealth, whose cult was widely spread in Gaul.
	inanna.virtualave.net /celtic.html (2476 words)

	ENGLISH LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The earliest language known to be spoken in the British Isles was Celtic, which evolved along somewhat different linguistic paths to the Celtic spoken on the continent in Gaul, the Pyrenees and the Alps, into Insular Celtic.
		Continental Celtic began to die out from the time of the conquest of Gaul by Julius Caesar, whereas the Insular Celtic of the British Isles continued to thrive unmolested for a further century before the infirm emperor Claudius finally brought south-east Britain under the aegis of Rome.
		Unlike its continental counterpart, however, Insular Celtic continued to be used in the highlands and islands of Britain, despite the presence of the Italic-speaking occupation army.
	www.roman-britain.org /english_language.htm (682 words)

	IELan9 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Continental Celtic is attested to only around the first century BCE, after the Celtic population had become somewhat Romanized, and attestations of Insular Celtic are even later.
		The relatively late date for Continental Celtic can be attributed to the Celtic view that important information had to be preserved orally (by a group of specially trained individuals).
		Continental Celtic comprised four groups: Gaulish, spoken in the ancient province of Gaul; Lepontic, spoken in the Alpine region of northwestern Italy; Celto-Iberian (or Hispano-Celtic) spoken in a large portion of the Iberian peninsula; and, Eastern Celtic, spoken in Eastern Europe.
	www.unlv.edu /faculty/jmstitt/Eng480/IndoEuropean/IEL9/IEL9.html (208 words)

	Gods - A
		In Celtic legend, this mortal queen could not be satisfied with human men, so she took a giant as her spouse.
		The Celtic version Apollo, who was venerated in the areas of Mannheim (Germany) and Salzburg (Austria).
		Surviving from pre-Christian Celtic mythology, it's immortal inhabitants are the fair folk, demons or thinly disguised deities depending on the viewpoint.
	www.gallica.co.uk /celts/gods-a.htm (700 words)

	Celtic Pantheon
		A Celtic Artemis; a huntress figure associated with archery, the sanctity of forests and the wildlife therein, and the chase.
		A Continental Deity revered during Roman times; her name may be cognate with the Irish Valkyrie Nemain, and in fact the Romans seem to have regarded her as having some connection with Mars.
		The continental equivalent of Oghma, portrayed as a bald old man leading a contented group of followers by chains attached to their ears.
	web.raex.com /~obsidian/CeltPan.html (6960 words)

	· II MMV ·
		Celtic and its speakers were initially on the side of 'winners', but later (AC) they became 'losers'.
		Later, however, the Celtic speakers of the same area turned out to be losers when the speakers of Continental Celtic began exchanging their language for various Indo-European languages, and Continental Celtic vanished from Central Europe.
		Celtic and its speakers were initially the winners also in the British Isles when the old languages of the Isles disappeared and Celtic took over.
	www.einst.ee /culture/II_MMV/wiik.html (708 words)

	Celtic Guide - The Celtic languages.
		Breton is not classified as continental Celtic because it came to Brittany from Britain.
		The p-q-phenomenon is found in Italic (compare the Latin quattor, 'four', with the Oscan petora), and certain linguists claim that there was an Italo-Celtic people by the end of the 21st century BC.
		Pictish is mentioned The Cambridge Encyclopedia of language as possibly being Celtic or possibly being a non-Indo-European isolate like Basque although the evidence seems to indicate that it was Indo-European.
	www.siliconglen.com /celtfaq/1_3.html (560 words)

	Scottish Blog - September 2005, 07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Continental Celtic is the earliest recorded spoken form of Celtic.
		From historical records it is believed that Continental Celtic was actively spoken for roughly a 1000 year period, between 500BC and 500AD between the Gaul and Iberian regions.
		The vast majority of evidence and examples of Continental Celtic comes from linguistic analysis of place names, people and tribe names that were recorded by Roman and Greek writers, although some authentic Continental inscriptions have been found in various locations across Northern Italy.
	www.scottish-heirloom.com /scottish-blog/index.php/2005/09/07 (524 words)

	Celtic Goddesses
		Le FAY : Welsh, Cornish, LeFay was a Goddess of the sea an dof the Isle of Avalon.
		She is one of the most potent of the Celtic archetypal mother Goddess.
		In her Dark Aspect (the symbol is then the raven or crow) she is the goddess of war, fate and death; she went fully armed and carried two spears.
	www.paralumun.com /celticgoddess.htm (1113 words)

	Meet the Celtic Goddesses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		She is the origin of the Anglo-Celtic sun Goddess Sul, and was most likely a minor sun Goddess in her own right before the time when the Celts relegated the majority of their sun images to male deities, and moon images to female ones.
		Ariande Continental European, This Goddess of ancient Crete is the only Greek deity known to have been worshipped in Celtic Gaul.
		The number of her priestesses was nineteen, representing the nineteen-year cycle of the Celtic "Great Year".
	www.rac-usa.org /wau/celticgoddess.html (1662 words)

	The Celtic Languages
		The Celtic languages are a group of languages in the Indo-European family.
		The Celtic family of languages is divided into two branches, the Insular Celtic languages, and the Continental Celtic languages.
		The Celtic Insular languages are mostly those spoken on the islands, typically Britain, Ireland, Man and part of France.
	www.digitalmedievalist.com /faqs/langfaq.html (605 words)

	Behind the Name: Celtic Mythology Names (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The names listed here occur in the mythologies and legends of the Celtic peoples.
		These are primarily from continental Celtic mythology - see Irish mythology and Welsh mythology for more.
		From the Celtic name Drystan, which was probably derived from drest meaning "riot" or "tumult"...
	www.behindthename.com /nmc/cel-myth.php (87 words)

	Celtic Deities
		The warrior queen Boudicca is reportd to have prayed to her before battle and she was the recipient of human sacrifice.
		Roman legionaires, deeply impressed with Celtic horsemanship, took up the worship of Epona themselves and eventually imported her cult to Rome itself.
		The most popular and widely worshipped of the Celtic gods, Lug's name in its various forms was taken by the cities of Lyons, Loudun, Laon, Leon, Lieden, Leignitz, Carlisle and Vienna.
	wiccanhistorian.home.att.net /deities/celtic.html (1706 words)

	Celtic Gods
		Known from inscriptions and coinage bearing the symbol of a boar.
		The weapons he makes are deadly in their aim, the armor unfailing in its protection.
		GRANNOS : Scottish, Anglo-Celtic, Continental, An early continental God of mineral springs whose shrines have been found in the Scotland town of Musselburgh, in Auvergne, France, and near Edinburgh, Scotland.
	www.paralumun.com /celticgod.htm (580 words)

	Belenus: The Continental Celtic Solar God (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		He is also a healer and associated with healing spings and the healing power of the Sun.
		The obverse has a typically Celtic face with oval, staring eyew, prominent brows and a walrus moustache.
		The reverse displays a boar, a common Celtic symbol of ferocity, war and hunting as well as of feasting and Celtic hospitality.
	www.kernunnos.com /deities/belenus.html (170 words)

	[No title]
		The Celtic languages, members of the family of Indo-European Languages, disappeared from continental Europe in the late 5th century, but they are still spoken by many people in the British Isles and in Brittany.
		Continental Celtic, or Gaulish, is preserved mainly in brief inscriptions.
		Insular Celtic is divided into two branches--Goidelic (also called Gaelic), including Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Manx; and Brythonic (also called British), including Welsh, Cornish, and Breton.
	www.boudicca.de /langcelt.htm (596 words)

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