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Topic: Continental trading blocs

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	UC Atlas: Trade Blocs
		Regional trade blocs are intergovernmental associations that manage and promote trade activities for specific regions of the world.
		Although the notion that the world is fragmenting into trade blocks is popular, what must be remembered is that there is not a clear definition of what a trade bloc is (Bliss 1994).
		Bliss appropriately cautions us on giving too much credit to trade blocs for development, noting that the efficacy of trade blocs “depends upon the definition of a trade bloc” which must also include an assessment of current political conditions of the region (1994:1).
	ucatlas.ucsc.edu /trade/subtheme_trade_blocs.php (935 words)

	Continental trading bloc - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		For example, in his 1948 novel, "Nineteen Eighty Four", George Orwell suggested that global power would consolidate into three trading blocs defended by military power that was constantly shifting alliances so that two would be aligned against a third.
		His blocs were Eastasia, roughly the Chinese sphere of influence, Eurasia, and Oceania, the Nearctic and Neotropic zone plus most large islands (British Isles, Australia, New Zealand).
		Moreover, many advocates of globalization are opposed to continental trading bloc when they inhibit global trade flows.
	www.music.us /education/C/Continental-trading-bloc.htm (449 words)

	[No title]
		Trade barriers continue to dissolve at the global level with the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), yet a new type of barrier seems to be looming on the horizon - a byproduct of regional trade agreements.
		With the formation of these large, continental trading alliances, we are likely to see a resurgence of protectionism and a restriction of the free trade policies established by the WTO.
		Should this come to pass, free trade areas (FTAs) are likely to exist only within trade blocs, where commodity flow restrictions and barriers are lifted amongst intra-continental trading partners and imposed upon outside members.
	global.cscc.edu /ssci/104/global_notes.htm (1930 words)

	EUROPA - Rapid - Press Releases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The liberalisation of trade within a solid institutional framework is part of this process of harnessing globalisation.
		On the one hand, these countries must be able both to open up more to trade with their peers and neighbours and enjoy meaningful access to the markets of the industrialised countries.
		Nevertheless, the primary sector suffers from three weaknesses: unstable exchange rates, worsening terms of trade and a highly uneven distribution of land ownership and incomes unmitigated by first-stage processing, which is itself very capital-intensive.
	europa.eu /rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/00/338&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en (2042 words)

	Continental Trading Blocs: Are They Natural, or Super-Natural?
		The super-natural zone occurs when the regionalization of trade policy exceeds what is justified by natural factors.
		Estimates suggest that trading blocs like the current EC are super-natural.
		"Trading Blocs And The Americas: The Natural, The Unnatural, And The Super-Natural," Journal of Development Economics, 1995, v47(1), 61-95.
	ideas.repec.org /p/nbr/nberwo/4588.html (1256 words)

	Definition of Continental trading bloc
		A continental trading bloc refers to the NAFTA, EU, and other such "free trade zones" based around continental boundaries.
		In east Asia, there have been a number of abortive attempts to create a free trade zone, and the People's Republic of China is currently interested in promoting free trade between itself and the ASEAN nations.
		Moreover, many advocates of globalization are opposed to continental trading bloc when they inhibit global trade flows.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Continental_trading_bloc (273 words)

	Forumi mbarëkombëtar i studiuesve shqiptarë \| Theoretical and Empirical Aspects of the Economic Integration and ...
		Gains from trade to the trading partners would leave both better off than they were before trade began.
		In international matters, free trade among nations is seen as preferable to the trade restrictions.
		Such free trade areas are viewed as a means of attracting FDI and achieving global competitiveness in trade.
	www.alb-shkenca.org /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=149&Itemid=105 (4236 words)

	[No title]
		Trade refers to the movement of goods, services, capital, and labor across national borders.
		It was adopted as part of the Free Trade Agreement in 1994, and committed Canada, Mexico and the United States to the promotion of eleven "Labor Principles".
		Despite the existence of such agreements, there is little research available on the impact of transnational trade on the harmonization of regional legal systems and, as a result, the evolution of organizations.
	aei.pitt.edu /2982/01/Duina_Article-F.txt (16874 words)

	Nearing Midnight
		It became apparent that the world would likely be divided into economic trading powers, the World Trade Organization (WTO) being the nucleus body to govern, or at least act as catalyst for, the trading bloc powers to organize.
		Trading blocs, rather than 10 nations out of Europe, made more prophetic and practical sense, when considering world developments in economic matters, and Revelation 17: 12-13: “And the ten horns which thou sawest are ten kings, which have received no kingdom as yet; but receive power as kings one hour with the beast.
		I’m convinced that the process has been underway in earnest for some time, with the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) serving as the nucleus around which layer after layer of the North American toe of the 10 trading bloc kingdoms is growing.
	www.raptureready.com /nm/114.html (1497 words)

	- Inter-American Development Bank
		Frankel, J., E. Stein and S. Wei, 1998, "Continental Trading Blocs: Are they Natural or Super-Natural?", in J. Frankel, ed., The Regionalization of the World Economy, University of Chicago Press.
		Spilimbergo, A. and E. Stein, 1998, "Trading Blocs Among Countries with Different Endowments", in J. Frankel, ed., The Regionalization of the World Economy, University of Chicago Press.
		Frankel, J., E. Stein and S. Wei, 1995, "Trading Blocs and the Americas: The Natural, the Unnatural and the Supernatural", Journal of Development Economics, June 1995, 47(1).
	www.iadb.org /res/researcher.cfm?au_id=9 (1088 words)

	Continental Trading Blocs: Are They Natural, or Su... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Continental Trading Blocs: Are They Natural, or Su...
		Using the gravity model, we find evidence of three continental trading blocs: the Americas, Europe and Pacific Asia.
		"Trading Blocs And The Americas: The Natural, The Unnatural, And The Super-Natural," Journal of Development Economics, 1995, v47(1), 61-95.
	www.socionet.ru /publication.xml?h=Repec:nbr:nberwo:4588 (271 words)

	People's Daily Online -- African Focus: Union governemnt for Africa comes under spotlight
		He said rather than becoming polarized, these regional blocs such as Southern African Development Community, Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa, and the Economic Community of West African States, could be effectively harmonized into a single continental trading bloc to deal with other international blocs such as the EU and World Trade Organization.
		The trade surplus of 108.6 billion, coupled with capital inflows of 55 billion during recent years, could cause foreign exchange reserves to expand by 32 percent to 306 billion dollars, he said.
		In coming up with a continental government, issues such as state sovereignty, national interest, the impact of AU policies on the politics of member states, economic harmonization and the values and cultural identity of the of AU, needed to be looked into.
	english.people.com.cn /200705/25/eng20070525_377871.html (1140 words)

	Gibb80(1)
		All trading arrangements involve an element of geographic discrimination in that various factors of production and consumption are subject to differing tariff levels according to country of origin and destination.
		Under the Uruguay Agreement, South Africa is obliged to reduce its maximum tariff levy from 100 to 30 per cent (with certain excemptions that include motor vehicles and textiles), reduce the number of tariff lines to 6,000 from 10,000, and increase the number of tariffs 'bound' to the GATT from 58 to 98 per cent.
		SADC's acceptance of trade liberalisation and the neo-liberal agenda, whilst at the same time recognising and advocating corrective measures designed to lessen inequalities, illustrates neatly the interplay and influence of the two principal factors identified earlier in this paper as being instrumental in determining future integrative efforts; economic liberalisation and regional inequalities.
	www.egs.uct.ac.za /sagj/Gibb80(1).htm (7122 words)

	DW Block, Associates
		Their desire was to have a study undertaken that would provide the Commission with information allowing it to focus further consumer and trade research on new target countries in the Asia-Pacific region where market entry in 1990 and beyond would be most likely to succeed.
		While doing research in Washington, D.C., it was quite interesting to hear comments from several trade negotiators as to their familiarity with California kiwifruit and its visibility in trade barrier negotiations and efforts directed toward foreign market openings.
		Nevertheless, one must be careful not to exaggerate its importance relative to the North American and European trading blocs.
	www.dwblock.com /pub/cfrwinter90.html (1799 words)

	Working paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Intra-regional trade exceeds what can be explained by the proximity of a pair of countries, their sizes and GNP/capitas, and whether they share a common border or language.
		The super-natural zone occurs when the regionalization of trade policy exceeds what is justified by natural factors.
		Estimates suggest that trading blocs like the current EC are super-natural.
	www.eerc.ru /details/WorkingPaper.aspx?handle=RePEc:nbr:nberwo:4588 (164 words)

	AMS Acta - The Harmonization of Technical Barriers to Trade, Innovation and Export Behavior: Theory with an application ...
		A key feature of the EU harmonization of technical barriers to trade (TBT’s) is that exporting firms may entail a compliance costs.
		In a simple Cournot duopoly with trade, we pursue the idea that process RandD has a positive spillover effect (with different intensities) in lowering the compliance cost and investigate the impact of an RandD subsidy.
		Continental Trading Blocs: Are They Natural, or Super-Natural.
	amsacta.cib.unibo.it /archive/00000619 (667 words)

	Trade talks in balance as leading blocs compromise - Times Online
		STORMY world trade talks aimed at boosting the global economy while relieving poverty lay in the balance last night as negotiators struggled to reach agreement and “unmovable” deadlines were extended.
		A compromise text was presented by the world’s most powerful trading blocs to try to salvage the talks and reach agreement by this weekend.
		The latest draft text shows that rich countries have made compromises on the subsidies given to their farmers, but several nations have already said that they are opposed to parts of the draft deal.
	www.timesonline.co.uk /article/0,,3-1197352,00.html (991 words)

	The Globalist \| Global Economy -- Regional Trading Blocs — Too Small To Matter?
		As the Doha round of multilateral trade negotiations moves ahead like a drunken snail, regional trade arrangements continue to spread.
		Regional trade groups can provide members some political and economic benefits, but they hardly offer a serious alternative to engagement with the global economy.
		While rich countries can rely upon their domestic economies or a few wealthy neighbors to reap the benefits of a large market, they still seek to expand external trade to increase domestic prosperity.
	www.theglobalist.com /DBWeb/printStoryId.aspx?StoryId=3371 (1113 words)

	WWS 543: International Trade Policy
		This course aims to provide students with the ability to conduct and evaluate economic analysis of policy issues relating to international trade.
		Krugman, "Is Bilateralism Bad?", in E. Helpman and A. Razin, International Trade and Trade Policy, The MIT Press, 1991.
		Copeland and M.S. Taylor, "Trade and Transboundary Pollution," mimeo, 1994.
	www.wws.princeton.edu /faculty/grossmanpapers/wws543.old.html (987 words)

	Matthew Sparke
		Yet, while these kinds of interpretations are quite right in connecting continental free trade agreements with global patterns and processes of liberalized trade and investment flows, they do not adequately identify the most significant geographical scale of regionalization.
		However, notwithstanding some super-exploited sectors such as agribusiness on both sides of the 49th parallel, the dominant vision of Cascadia boosters is of a hi-tech investment center with all the amenities attractive to the upper echelons of today's global computer, bio-tech and aerospace industries.
		This framing of the region suggests that it is inherently ideologically inclined towards a decentralized, deregulatory approach to organizing business, a place therefore where the cross-border freedoms opened-up by free trade are matched by a more generalized commitment to the freedom of businesses from regulation and taxation.
	www.geog.ubc.ca /iiccg/papers/sparke_m.html (4287 words)

	Internationale Politik und Gesellschaft
		In the 1990s, negotiations on the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) seemed to mark the end of the hegemonic presumption and US "benign neglect" toward the region.
		Third, successful conclusion of an EU-Mercosur free trade agreement might lead to a strategic partnership between the two trading blocs, or between the EU and a projected South American Free Trade Area (SAFTA).
		Two antagonistic blocs, Peronism and anti-Peronism, developed which undermined any possibility of a democracy based on societal consensus and laid the ground for the civilian-military dictatorships that followed.
	www.fes.de /ipg/ONLINE2_2004/SUMLISTE.HTM (3181 words)

	Memphis Region
		A world that was divided by ideological blocs for most of the 20th century has become one global unit defined by a single continuous global network, a set of new trading blocs, and a series of regions which function as the foundation blocs of the global economy and the hubs of the global network.
		For the first time in history, the three nations of North America are joining together in a free trade agreement to form a single "North American Trading Bloc." The North American Trading Bloc will form a larger domestic marketplace with a combined population exceeding 400 million.
		The divisions in the world's economic geography are no longer ideological blocs and national states but a series of functionally integrated trading blocs.
	www.memphisregion.com /opportunity.asp (1733 words)

	Granite Slabs \| Granite Blocks \| Brazil \| Granites \| Granites and Marble \| Countertops \| granite slabs \| granite ...
		They form the major part of surface exposure of continental crust.
		To explain their emplacement, it is first necessary to obtain an understanding of their origin.
		Always progressive, Trading Stones closely monitors international trade market tendencies, remaining your trusted facilitator agent in accessing Brazil’s best quarries.
	www.tradingstones.com (260 words)

	Millennium Study Guide
		In the new world order, the pattern of connection is based on trade blocs instead of ideological blocs, and the fundamental competitive unit is the metropolitan region, not the nation.
		The fastest growing continental trade route is the NAFTA Corridor, shown in red on figure 3, which links Canada to Mexico through the Midwest and provides the major north-south connection within the North American trading bloc.
		Economic growth will take place along these major trade routes, and the major unrealized opportunity is connecting the trade from Asia and Europe with the NAFTA Corridor.
	www.ripolicy.org /resources/content/studyguide.html (983 words)

	Bibliography
		Direction of Trade Statistics Yearbook 1996, Washington DC: IMF.
		Free Trade Areas and U.S. Trade Policy, Institute for International Economics.
		United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) (1999).
	ucatlas.ucsc.edu /bibliog.html (916 words)

	Soederberg: ". . . Who Gains from the Maquiladorization of the Mexican Society?"
		The neo-liberal logic running through the EPI project was that the medium-term pain associated with this restructuring was necessary to achieve sustained growth and prosperity for society as a whole.
		Ironically, this move to liberalise its trade occurred during a time when the majority of advanced industrialised states were busy constructing protectionist barriers (IMF 1989: 331).
		1 In regard to Mexico's trading relations with the U.S., with a brief exception of a bilateral agreement under the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program (to aid and profit from the U.S. war effort) in 1942, Mexico avoided any legally binding pacts with its powerful neighbour to the North (Hart 1990: 32).
	www.csudh.edu /dearhabermas/soederberg.htm (7923 words)

	The View From 1776
		Unemployment in Germany, the largest single economy within the Continental EU, is near the catastrophic levels of the 1930s that catapulted Hitler into power.
		If Great Britain, pushed by the socialist Labour government, does swallow the full set of EU hooks, it too will be reeled in and gutted by the Brussels planning mafiosi.
		Remember that, when President Clinton took office, his Council of Economic Advisors declared that we could not compete against Japan, Inc., without imitating the collectivized coordination among the Japanese government ministries, the giant banks, and the giant Japanese manufacturing and trading companies.
	www.thomasbrewton.com /index.php/weblog/rival_power_blocs (1012 words)

	International Trade
		Trade Flow Data between Canada, USA and Mexico.
		Lewandowski, James P., The Bias of Intrafirm Trade in the Linder Trade Model, Professional Geographer, 53(4), 2001, 503-10.
		It would undoubtedly be advantageous to the capitalists of England, and to the consumers in both countries, that under such circumstances, the wine and the cloth should both be made in Portugal, and therefore that the capital and labour of England employed in making cloth, should be removed to Portugal for that purpose.
	faculty.washington.edu /~krumme/207/internat.trade.html (1706 words)

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