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Topic: Continental uplift

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	Tectonic uplift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The opposite of uplift is subsidence, which results in a decrease in elevation.
		Orogenic uplift is the result of tectonic plate collisions and results in mountain ranges or a more modest uplift over a large region.
		The Ozark Plateau is a broad uplifted area which resulted from the Ouachita Orogeny to the south during the Permian Period.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tectonic_uplift (373 words)

	Plate Tectonics
		Continental Drift, the theory that continents move slowly about the earth's surface, changing their positions relative to one another and to the poles of the earth.
		At the same time, the continental crust tends to ride over the oceanic crust, for it is the lighter of the two.
		The trenches may be filled as the advancing edge of the continental crust is thrust up to form mountains, and numerous earthquakes originate from the plane along which the oceanic crust is forced to slip under the continental crust.
	www.platetectonics.com /article.asp?a=18&c=3 (1694 words)

	Plate tectonics: a paradigm under threat
		One of the main props of continental drift is paleomagnetism – the study of the magnetism of ancient rocks and sediments.
		Examples of eugeosynclines prior to the uplift stage are the Sayans in the Early Paleozoic, the eastern slope of the Urals in the Early and Middle Paleozoic, the Alps in the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, and the Sierra Nevada in the Triassic (Beloussov, 1980).
		The hypotheses of large-scale continental movements, seafloor spreading and subduction, and the relative youth of the oceanic crust are contradicted by a substantial volume of data.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/dp5/tecto.htm (13451 words)

	Himalayan geology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Uplift of the Tibetan Plateau has both physical and chemical implications for climate change.
		Charting the uplift history of this plateau is clearly important for understanding past climate change, but unfortunately this is not straightforward.
		During subsequent surface uplift, triggered by convective removal of the base of the lithosphere, two phenomena occurred; (i) the stress regime of the higher parts of the plateau changed from compressional to extensional tectonics and (ii) heating of the sub-lithospheric mantle resulted in the generation of high-potassium volcanics.
	earth.leeds.ac.uk /ygs/programme/year1998/nov98.htm (1416 words)

	Lithospheric uplift
		The initial surface reaction to the plume ascent is a regional domal uplift.
		The mantle uplift may be rapidly suppressed by negative Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities that develop in the mantle lithosphere.
		The role of the competent mechanical “core” of the crust may be as important as that of the mantle lithosphere, particularly for early Archean lithosphere or lithosphere younger than 300 Ma.
	www.mantleplumes.org /LithUplift.html (1308 words)

	[No title]
		During the ice age that occurred in the Pennsylvanian and Permian, the southern portion of the supercontinent Pangea was at the south pole.
		Some scientists hypothesize that climatic changes caused by uplift are critical to the development of ice ages.
		The uplift of the Himalayas and the Tibetian Plateau probably contributed to the initiation of the current cool period.
	www.museum.state.il.us /exhibits/ice_ages/why_4_cool_periods.html (669 words)

	Interaction between a Plume and Thermal Convection ...
		Correct modeling of the interaction requires a model for thermal convection in the continental upper mantle and a model for gravitational spreading of the plume head at the base of the continental lithosphere in the absence of convection.
		These data indicate that the mantle part of the mature continental lithosphere remains isolated for a long time and does not participate in the convective stirring after the completion of the last stage of the orogeny forming the crust and the lithosphere as a whole.
		Evolution of temperature distribution and current structure in the continental upper mantle beneath a lithosphere plate of varying thickness with a plume (white yellow) near the bottom of the lithosphere (lengths of arrows are proportional to current velocity).
	geology.uiggm.nsc.ru /uiggm/geodynam/lab818/geod/RGG-4-98/RGG-4-98.html (5659 words)

	UVic Petrology - Research on Wrangellia
		Continental crust on earth is produced at convergent margins, where juvenile magma is emplaced beneath arc volcanoes.
		The geology suggests Wrangellia is tilted on its side by tectonics and uplift during accretion in the last 100 Ma, exposing an oblique section of arc crust of unknown structural depth.
		Hornblende geobarometry of intrusive rocks of various ages along with thermochronology will reveal the depth extent to which arc crust is exposed on Vancouver Island and the processes by which continental crust is formed, eroded and exhumed.
	web.uvic.ca /~dcanil/research/wrangellia.htm (166 words)

	Plate-Driving Forces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A significant reservoir of carbon resides on the ocean floor near continental margins in the form of methane hydrates.
		Third, this uplift would elevate any methane hydrates stored along the subducting plate margin out of the methane hydrate stability field, releasing this carbon into the atmosphere and ocean.
		This highlights the potential importance of subduction zone tectonics in the determining the stability of the methane hydrates in particular, and to the carbon cycle and climate in general.
	www.jhu.edu /~eps/faculty/conrad/resproj/methane/methane.html (677 words)

	PLATE TECTONICS: Lecture 2
		Passive continental margins are those associated with continental rifting and the subsequent formation of ocean basins.
		The continental shelves around the Atlantic are typical passive margins: however there are some quite large differences in the morphology of continental margins around the Atlantic: the reasons for which are not fully understood (but see White et al.
		As the lithosphere is stretched during continental extension, the ductile deeper crust thins by pure shear, while the upper crust is broken up and pulled apart by listric faults which 'bottom out' in the ductile layer.
	www.le.ac.uk /geology/art/gl209/lecture4/lecture4.html (3229 words)

	MARGIN.htm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		This is a quantitative technique which allows the contribution to the subsidence and uplift of sediment loading to be evaluated at a well site, along a seismic reflection profile or, over a isopach map.
		The subsidence and uplift derived from backstripping is therefore some function of the amount of this thinning.
		Margins form by rifting, yet many continental rifts are flanked by rim uplifts which appear to require a high flexural rigidity.
	www.earth.ox.ac.uk /~tony/watts/MARGIN/MARGIN.HTM (552 words)

	Continental Rifting.
		Continental rifting is a convenient starting point (but not a simple one).
		Continental rifts are locations of continental crustal extension/divergence, crustal thinning, sedimentary basin formation, and often thermal and igneous activity.
		Describes a variant on the Wernicke model and applies it to continental margins, discussing the effect of the inherent asymmetry of Wernicke's and their model on margin development.
	maps.unomaha.edu /Maher/plate/week3/contrift.html (802 words)

	EXHUMATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC UPLIFT ALONG CONTINENTAL STRIKE-SLIP AND OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULTS IN SOUTHWEST NEW ZEALAND
		The uplift is bounded on all sides by seismically active fault zones.
		Fault-slip data, kinematic models and preliminary thermochronologic data indicate that 3.5-5.5 km of cumulative vertical displacement and 6.5-7.0 km of oblique-dextral displacement have occurred along the northeastern edge of the uplift since the Miocene (6.4 Ma).
		Uplift along oblique-slip faults on the northern edge is balanced by normal faulting on the southern side.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63356.htm (498 words)

	Dhanjori LIP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Significant pre-volcanic uplift of the lithosphere is one of the expected consequences of mantle plume upwelling (Campbell and Griffiths, 1990; Farnetani and Richards, 1994).
		This postualted plume-induced uplift was correlated with the sudden change from carbonate-platform to terrestrial-clastic facies in the western Yangtze Craton at the transition between the Middle and Upper Permian.
		An important question related to plume models for LIPs is whether uplift and extensional deformation precede magmatism in the manner predicted by experimental and numerical models (Griffiths and Campbell, 1991; Farnetani and Richards, 1994; He et al.
	www.dur.ac.uk /maple.plumes/Dhanjori.html (2148 words)

	continental margins
		ocean margins, referred to be continental margins, are the regions of transition between continent and ocean.
		continental lithosphere recovers toward its initial elevation with time constant of 50-60 my., 6.
		It is difficult to explain 4-10 km of sediments accumulated on the shelf based on erosion, thinning and subsidence.
	atlas.cc.itu.edu.tr /~okayn/JEO444E/MGLecture7.htm (991 words)

	The EXPANDING EARTH - Geology
		A readily workable driving "mechanism of continental drift" (3) was lacking prior to plate tectonics' adoption because it was not widely understood that crystalline crustal rocks "flow" in the manner of a highly viscous, chemically differentiated fluid over periods of millions of years.
		This upper continental crust compression is due to gravity driven thrusting and folding within the upper-most 10 - 15 kilometers of the continental crust, which produces the near surface appearance, that the crust has suffered great compressional shortening during orogenesis (mountain building) but this is not the case.
		The north-west Pacific's oceanic crust is largely of Jurassic age and hence, in an expansion interpretation, was extruded from the mantle at a Jurassic palaeo-radius, and a correspondingly higher surface curvature (quantitative modelling, of pre-Jurassic Earth indicates palaeo-radius ~50 % present).
	www.geocities.com /CapeCanaveral/Launchpad/8098/1.htm (13217 words)

	INTRODUCTION
		Causes of volcanic activity are unresolved; however, central volcanoes and leucitites appea r related to a hotspot trail; lava fields are thought related to post-rifting uplift that lead to formation of the Eastern Highlands.
		Continental movements may have significant influence on oce an currents, which in turn influence climate.
		During Tertiary, considerable areas of continents were uplifted, causing both changes in atmospheric circulation and decreased temperature due to higher elevation.
	www.peter.unmack.net /biogeog/html/introduction.html (3611 words)

	ROCK UPLIFT ALONG THE SAN ANDREAS FAULT AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PROCESSES OF TRANSPRESSION
		Unlike oceanic transforms, continental strike-slip faults are typically fixed along irregular continental margins or to heterogeneous zones of weakness and do not always form or remain parallel to plate motion.
		Rock uplift is generally concentrated in the near-field of the fault zone.
		The highest rates of rock uplift are observed where obliquity exceeds 20 degrees, consistent with predictions of pure-shear dominated transpression.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_67207.htm (443 words)

	gga_107
		The continental margin of southwestern Africa was investigated under morphotectonic aspects, due to its origin from plate tectonics.
		The landforms of the continental margin (the onshore part of which is named continental ramp) are of polygenetic origin, induced by tectonics and isostasy and sculptured under different climatic conditions.
		Attributes of the uplift are coastal flexures (Fig.
	www.geogr.uni-goettingen.de /gga_107.html (1908 words)

	Tsunami - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As an Oceanic Plate is subducted beneath a Continental Plate, it sometimes brings down the lip of the Continental with it.
		Sub-marine landslides (which are sometimes triggered by large earthquakes) as well as collapses of volcanic edifices may also disturb the overlying water column as sediment and rocks slide downslope and are redistributed across the sea floor.
		Waves are formed as the displaced water mass moves under the influence of gravity and radiate across the ocean like ripples on a pond.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tsunami (4634 words)

	The Carpathians
		The different curves represent the subsidence of Focsani foreland, the uplift of the Carpathian chain and the hinterland subsidence leading to the Brasov, Ciuc and Gheorghieni basin formation, while straight lines represent the age intervals of the Late Miocene-Quaternary volcanic activity and of shortening of the internal part of the foreland basin.
		This model suggests that, during the continental collision in Miocene times, break-off of the west-dipping subducting slab occurred at a depth of 70 km.
		In this model, crust-mantle decoupling, magma genesis, volcanism and local, near-surface hinterland extension are consequences of uplift induced by asthenospheric upwelling triggered by intra-mantle delamination.
	www.mantleplumes.org /Carpathians.html (1305 words)

	PLATE TECTONICS: Lecture 2
		This stage may be associated with domal uplift caused by uprise of hot upper mantle material - but this uplift is not ubiquitous and may be connected with underlying mantle hotspots.
		This is typical of a number of crustal cross-sections across the continental shelf of the eastern Atlantic seaboard of North America, projected down to 30 km -- based largely on gravity and magnetic evidence, plus some seismic profiles -- and some extrapolation from land geology based on deep drill holes.
		In many sections of the continental shelf off this eastern seaboard of the USA there is a major coast-parallel magnetic structure, possibly a major intrusion.
	www.le.ac.uk /geology/art/gl209/lecture3/lecture3.html (2032 words)

	Glossary of Terms: O
		Part of the Earth's outer surface that is comprised of the ocean floor, mid-oceanic ridges, continental rise, and continental slope.
		Uplift of an air mass because of a topographic obstruction.
		Uplift also causes the cooling of the air mass.
	www.physicalgeography.net /physgeoglos/o.html (1355 words)

	Global Climate Change Student Guide
		Orogeny is the name given to the tectonic process of mountain building and continental uplift.
		Ruddiman and Kutzbach (1991) have proposed that the uplift of the Tibetan Plateau, the Himalayas and the Sierra Nevada in the American south-west may have induced a global cooling during the last 40 million years (see section 5.2.2.3).
		In section 2.7 the hypothesis will be investigated that climate change really results from a combination of impacts to different components (and sub-components) of the climate system, which cascade through the system.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /Resources/gcc/2-6-1.html (465 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: The United States of America
		The Laurentian uplift, seen in the Adirondacks and the region of the Great Lakes, was clearly in the earliest geological periods.
		Though the fighting around Philadelphia was not decisive, the patriot army, as shown in the engagement at Germantown (Oct., 1777), was improving in efficiency.
		Thereafter the Continentals were a match for the best-drilled troops of England.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15156a.htm (21335 words)

	New Zealand plate tectonics and the Alpine Fault.
		Continental rock margins are light and refuse to sink, so they slide.
		Continental rock is light and floats on the heavy sea-floor rocks.
		The continental shelf surrounding New Zealand has considerable economic importance, as it is a popular place for fish.
	nzphoto.tripod.com /volcano/atectonic.htm (1155 words)

	The Dispersal of Land Animals, by William Diller Matthew
		The borders of the platform are everywhere sharply defined by the continental shelf, and beyond them the ocean suddenly deepens to several thousand feet, with a comparatively level floor of an average depth of two miles.
		The zonar, widely varying climates were associated with uplifted mountain regions and general elevation of the continental platforms, the uniform climates with reduction of the mountains and plateaux to vast peneplains by prolonged erosion, and flooding of the low-lying portions of the continental platforms by the ocean.
		The epoch of uplift at the end of the Cretaceous enabled them to reach the southern continents, and during the isolation of the earlier Tertiary they expanded into faunas of varied adaptations, only to be overwhelmed by later northern invasions.
	www.wku.edu /~smithch/biogeog/MATT1930.htm (3284 words)

	uplift (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		A submarine plateau of sediments (green) accumulates on the continental shelf, simulating pre-Mesozoic sedimentation in epi-continental seas prior to Mesozoic rupture and separation of the continental landmasses.
		And if so, how then might it be replenished from the Earth's interior, for the stratigraphic sequence of the geological record tells us that there has always been a balance of water and land on the planet, and that there has always been erosion.
		The concept of uplift of the land is so deeply ingrained it is even written into the terminology as mountain building.
	users.indigo.net.au /don/cpr/uplift.html (787 words)

	Wednesday
		The feature accumulates continental sediments (alluvial fans, lakes) and can have associated continental volcanism (magma coming up fault lines in the crust).
		So the early history of the continental margin is rapid thermal subsidence, and the later history is slower sediment loading subsidence.
		of the passive continental margin is a lower (older) section which is continental followed by a continuous series of relatively shallow marine sediments.
	jove.geol.niu.edu /faculty/loubere/G3206F03.htm (431 words)

	untitled
		Flexural subsidence may offset effects of thermal uplift induced by heating from the oceanic lithosphere.
		During early drifting, the young oceanic block slides against the older continental block possibly inducing thermal uplift.
		With subsequent cooling and mechanical coupling to faster subsiding oceanic block, the continental block may bow down on approaching the fracture zone.
	www.geol.lsu.edu /Faculty/Juan/Abstracts/Abstracts_GMLett.html (837 words)

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