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Topic: Continuous spectrum

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Discrete spectrum

Spectrum of an operator

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	spectrum. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Dispersion, the separation of visible light into a spectrum, may be accomplished by means of a prism or a diffraction grating.
		A dark-line, or absorption, spectrum is the reverse of a bright-line spectrum; it is produced when white light containing all frequencies passes through a gas not hot enough to be incandescent.
		The Fraunhofer lines appearing in the spectrum of the sun are an example of a dark-line spectrum; they are caused by the absorption of certain frequencies of light by the cooler, outer layers of the solar atmosphere.
	www.bartleby.com /65/sp/spectrum.html (676 words)

	Continuous spectrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In physics, continuous spectrum refers to a range of values which may be graphed to fill a range with closely-spaced or overlapping intervals.
		The idea of a continuous spectrum can be viewed as "a continuous set of eigenvalues" -- which is something of a contradiction in terms.
		A spectrum may be described as being 'continuous in the region' X to Y, where X and Y are values between which the spectrum is seen to be continuous, and outside which, spectral values are either untested, or are known to be absent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Continuous_spectrum (784 words)

	Spectrum Glass ... Continuous Ribbon
		In the Spectrum process, raw materials are introduced into a tank furnace, displacing existing molten glass and forcing it, stream-like, down a channel called the forehearth.
		Continuously moving, the glass flows from the stirring bay through a pair of water-cooled forming rolls, flattening into uniform thickness and becoming an endless ribbon of sheet glass.
		Spectrum's popular "wispies" are made by ladling small amounts of white opal into the flow of a cathedral base.
	www.spectrumglass.com /Library/ScoreArticles/ContinuousRibbon.html (689 words)

	Spectroscopy Patent (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		This invention relates to techniques for non-invasively detecting the concentration of analytes in the blood of living animals, and in particular to the use of continuous spectrum infrared spectroscopic techniques for the non-invasive detection of glucose concentrations in the blood of humans.
		It is accordingly an object of this invention to provide a method for the continuous spectrum non-invasive spectroscopic detection of analytes in the bloodstream of living animals with increased signal-to-noise ratio.
		For example, to provide radiation over a continuous spectrum, at every wavelength within the range from 1100 to 2500 nanometers, a tungsten filament bulb may be used.
	home.columbus.rr.com /yeack/id25.html (2559 words)

	Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The spectrum of a sound is a primary determinant of its perceived
		A partial spectrum is also known as a line spectrum, where discrete frequencies are present.
		Analyzing the spectrum of a sound is a way of understanding its behaviour in the frequency domain, as opposed to its behaviour in the time domain, according to its
	www.sfu.ca /sonic-studio/handbook/Spectrum.html (282 words)

	[No title]
		Let Hc(G; M) denote the continuous* cohomology of G with coefficients in the discrete G-module M. This cohomology is defined as the right derived functors of G-fixed points.
		Notice that, under this identificati* on, the continuous* G-action respects the topology of both G and all the Xi together.
		Continuous G-spectra and examples of such in chromatic stable homotopy theory are considered in [3, 2].
	hopf.math.purdue.edu /DavisDaniel/cplx2.txt (2217 words)

	The Continuous Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In order for there to exist absorption lines, there must be some continuous spectrum of electromagnetic radiation to be absorbed.
		The solution as to the origin of this spectrum, through the study known as stellar atmospheres, is not a simple process, and contrary to earlier beliefs, occurs throughout the outer layers of the stars.
		The source of continuous emission in the Sun is the negative hydrogen ion, H
	bea.st /text/jrlab1/node26.html (217 words)

	Deep Impact: Science: Spectroscopy
		When you separate the light that is passing through a sample, or reflecting off a sample, you end up with an emission spectrum or absorption spectrum, as opposed to the continuous spectrum you would get if you break up a source of all wavelengths of light.
		Such a spectrum would be created when material is given extra energy somehow (it's heated, electrified, radiated with light, etc.) and that extra energy is later emitted as light energy.
		The emission or absorption spectrum of a substance is as unique to that substance as a fingerprint is to a human being.
	deepimpact.jpl.nasa.gov /science/spectroscopy.html (953 words)

	Spectrum analysis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Spectrum Analysis also known as Emission Spectrochemical Analysis is the original scientific method of charting and analyzing the chemical properties of matter and gases by looking at the bands in their optical spectrum.
		A continuous spectrum source viewed through a cool, low-density gas produces an absorption-line spectrum.
		Spectrum analysis was then grouped by Kirchhoff into the three fundamental laws commonly called Kirchoff's Laws, these laws integrated both Alter and Angstrom's discoveries of radiance and emission with Kirchhoff's fundamental discoveries of absorption.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Spectrum_analysis (602 words)

	Light Spectra
		To see a spectrum, a beam of electromagnetic radiation is spread according to wavelength or colour so that the intensity as a function of wavelength is represented.
		In this case, the spectrum is presented as a plot.
		White radiation or a continuous spectrum is emitted by a hot solid.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/c120/spectrum.html (734 words)

	Bohr Theory
		Because of their unique nature, atomic spectra are also referred to as the "fingerprints of the elements." The series of lines of color that an atom will produce is related to the locations of the electrons on that atom and their relationship with the nucleus.
		A continuous spectrum, or rainbow, when observed in nature, is usually the result of the spectra of many elements superimposed on top of each other.
		The locations of the colors that are present and the gaps in color serve as clues to the arrangements of electrons on the atoms.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/bohr/bohr.html (904 words)

	Flash Spectrum
		This is the flash spectrum, so-called because of its brief accessibility.
		This was one of the first indications that the corona is extremely hot; indeed temperatures of several million degrees are required to strip 13 electrons from iron.
		Thus, the spectrum from a discharge tube filled with hydrogen was obtained.
	www.phys.vt.edu /~heremans/Astrolab1156/Readings/flash.html (1258 words)

	CommsDesign - Discrete Spectrum Techniques for Spectral Regrowth Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		However, compared to the generally correct continuous-spectrum description, the discrete spectrum approach introduces errors in both output bandwidth estimation and in power estimation of the spectral regrowth.
		In this figure, the input is consists of the sum of three cosine signals, which results in a discrete input-frequency spectrum with components at the input frequencies.
		is the reference for this operation, since it includes the correct spectral folding of the continuous spectrum signals.
	www.techonline.com /community/ed_resource/feature_article/20289 (1480 words)

	Kinds of Spectra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A continuous spectrum is, as the name implies, a parade of all the colors from the deepest red to the ultraviolet - of which the rainbow in the sky is a good example.
		In the laboratory a continuous spectrum can be produced by heating a solid, a liquid, or an opaque gas to a fairly high temperature - several thousand degrees Fahrenheit.
		Dark line spectrum (or absoption spectrum) is due to absorption of light of particular wave length by relatively cool gases.
	www.twcac.org /Tutorials/kinds_of_spectra.htm (438 words)

	More About Spectra and the Spectra of Galaxies
		Separating the combined colors (or energies) of the Sun like this gives you a "spectrum", which is just a measure of light emission as a function of energy (or wavelength, or frequency, which are all uniquely related).
		This spectrum of the Sun is known as the visible spectrum and it is a small part of the light in the electromagnetic spectrum, which spans energies from radio waves to gamma-rays.
		Certainly this is not a continuous spectrum, yet it represents some visible radiation which has been separated by means of a prism or a diffraction grating.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /YBA/M31-velocity/spectra-more.html (989 words)

	Principles of Spectroscopy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The spectrum produced is a set of bright emission lines, so it is called an emission spectrum.
		The spectrum is projected onto a scale to the left of the light source.
		Observe the spectrum of at least four of the discharge tubes, including hydrogen and the sodium lamp.
	www.astro.lsa.umich.edu /Course/Labs/spectro/spect.html (3501 words)

	[No title]
		Start by assuming a continuous spectrum of thermal radiation (typically from a hot, dense energy source).
		You see a continuous spectrum minus the photons that have been absorbed out.
		If you look at the energy source through the low-density cloud, you will see a continuous source minus all the photons that are not traveling in the initial direction.
	www.astro.umd.edu /~ecasper/fall04/1020disc_web.doc (608 words)

	Electromagnetic Radiation
		When light is passed through a prism or a diffraction grating to produce a spectrum, the type of spectrum you will see depends on what kind of object is producing the light: is it a thick or thin gas, is it hot or cool, is it a gas or a solid?
		The continuous spectrum from these kinds of objects is also called a thermal spectrum, because hot, dense objects will emit electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths or colors.
		A thermal spectrum is the simplest type of spectrum because its shape depends on only the temperature.
	www.astronomynotes.com /light/s4.htm (740 words)

	NAAP Eclipsing Binary Simulator – Light, Spectra, and the Color of Stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A hot, dense gas is another example of an object that emits a continuous spectrum.
		An absorption spectrum is created when the light from a hot dense object (a continuous spectrum) passes through a cool transparent cloud of gas.
		While continuous spectra have light at all wavelengths the actual brightness or intensity – the amount of energy emitted – at each wavelength is a function of the temperature.
	jbworld.jbs.st-louis.mo.us /science/astromet/NAAP/ebs/spectraltype.html (1233 words)

	Continuous Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		White light is shown, á la Newton's demonstration of dispersion by a prism, to be composed of a continuous spectrum of colors.
		The resulting spectrum is not quite as brilliant as the carbon arc source.
		Because the dispersion is a function of frequency, the blue end of the spectrum is much more spread out than the red.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~scdiroff/lds/LightOptics/ContinuousSpectrum/ContinuousSpectrum.html (401 words)

	Spectra - Introduction
		The word ' spectrum' (the plural of which is 'spectra') comes from a Latin word, spectare, which means 'to make a display out of something'.
		But since it is hard to examine the whole electromagnetic spectrum at once, scientists often break it down into smaller regions for their studies.
		Isaac Newton (1642-1727) saw the spectrum from sunlight as a continuous band of colors.
	imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov /docs/science/how_l1/spectra.html (745 words)

	Chapter 5: Continuous Functions
		Such functions are common currency in experimental science since usually the continuous variables under study are quantified by sampling at discrete intervals.
		We noted in Chapter 4 that if we increase the number of samples by lengthening the observation interval without changing the sampling rate, the result is an increase in the frequency resolution of the spectrum over the same bandwidth.
		In cases 2 and 3, continuous functions are depicted as the limiting case when resolution approaches zero.
	research.opt.indiana.edu /Library/FourierBook/ch05.html (1689 words)

	Evans Function Analysis and Stability Calculations in the Continuous Spectrum by Robert Gardner
		It is an analytic function of the eigenvalue parameter, and in the most general setting, the domain of analyticity of the Evans function is the region of the spectral plane outside the continuous spectrum.
		In many interesting physical problems, the crucial portion of the spectrum that determines whether a wave will be stable is either inside or close to the continuous spectrum of the wave.
		We describe how this continuation theorem, (the "Gap Lemma"), can be used in stability analyses of viscous shock waves and also, of travelling wave solutions of certain reaction-diffusion systems.
	www.ima.umn.edu /reactive/abstract/gardner1.html (218 words)

	Sun and Continuous Spectrum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Part of this energy travels as electromagnetic waves, with all wave lenghts, and that is why the spectrum of the sunlight is continuous, from the nucleus.
		The radiation, in principle, is discrete however the emissions are broadened by the pressure of the gases comprising the Sun and the specific emissions are so close together and numerous that they cannot be resolved experimentally.
		There are discrete absorption lines in the solar spectrum due to absorptions of specific wavelengths of cooler gases in the sun's outer atmosphere -- called Fraunhofer lines.
	www.newton.dep.anl.gov /askasci/phy00/phy00413.htm (305 words)

	Systat Software Inc. - AutoSignal - HTML Help
		This option presents the wavelet spectrum in an AutoSignal 2D graph with a default 32 color blue to red gradient contour.
		The CWT offers the means to generate a wavelet spectrum using any set of frequencies desired.
		The CWT spectrum is graphically rendered by evaluating a bivariate B-spline interpolant.
	www.systat.com /products/AutoSignal/help/?sec=1101 (1537 words)

	Spectrum Lines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The spectrum of the Sun was not a solid band of color (known as a continuous spectrum), there were small, fl gaps, or lines, in it!
		It was later discovered that the corona of the Sun (which is an outer layer only seen during an eclipse) had a spectrum with no bands of color.
		These spectrum lines could be used, like a fingerprint, to identify elements.
	www.astro.uiuc.edu /projects/data/Spectra/index.html (250 words)

	continuous spectrum (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A spectrum in which all wavelengths are present between certain limits; it is produced by electrons undergoing free-bound transitions in a hot gas.
		White light for example can be dispersed by a prism to give a continuus spectrum in the optical region of the spectrum from red to violet.
		Dark absorption lines crossing a continuous spectrum are caused by the absorption of radiation at specific wavelengths.
	www.daviddarling.info.cob-web.org:8888 /encyclopedia/C/contspec.html (136 words)

	spectrum: Continuous and Line Spectra
		Dispersion, the separation of visible light into a spectrum, may be accomplished by means of a
		, so that the spectrum appears as a band of colors ranging from violet at the short-wavelength (high-frequency) end of the spectrum through indigo, blue, green, yellow, and orange, to red at the long-wavelength (low-frequency) end of the spectrum.
		may be spread into a spectrum according to frequency or wavelength.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/sci/A0861272.html (331 words)

	PES 105 Light: Spectroscopy and Atoms
		Sometimes we are interested in determining the composition of a star or the atmosphere of a planet.
		We can do that by studying the spectrum of light coming to us from these objects.
		emission spectrum: If an electron jumps down from a higher level to a lower level, light with a specific energy (wavelength) will be emitted.
	www.uccs.edu /~tchriste/courses/PES105/105lectures/105lecspectro.html (252 words)

	A CD spectrometer
		It should not be too narrow either, otherwise the spectrum is too dim.
		When the lamp is just on, there are several bright spectrum lines including yellow sodium at 589nm (4c).
		As moonlight is nothing but reflected sunlight, the spectrum looks the same as a solar spectrum (1).
	www.cs.cmu.edu /~zhuxj/astro/html/spectrometer.html (573 words)

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