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Topic: Contraception

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	eMedicine - Contraception : Article by Omnia M Samra, MD
		It augments contraceptive efficacy of the cervical cap and diaphragm.
		The contraceptive efficacy of the method is equivalent to that of surgical sterilization.
		Today, the combination contraceptive vaginal ring is a new form of contraception that was approved by the FDA in October 2001.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3211.htm (10054 words)

	Birth control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Oral contraceptives did not appear until the mid-20th century, when scientists better understood the process of conception and advances in biochemistry allowed for the isolation (and later synthesis) of the hormones controlling the cycle.
		Contraception holds back something significant, namely fertility, and hence is argued to be objectively anti-unitive, even if the couple subjectively feels united (that something is held back is clearest in the case of barrier methods, but it is argued that other methods still involve holding something back from giving).
		The option of contraception is raised by the Talmud (tractate Yevamot 12b), where the use of a pessary is discussed for women who are too young to get pregnant, presently pregnant, or nursing.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contraception (3311 words)

	Emergency Contraception - August 15, 2004 - American Family Physician
		Emergency contraception, sometimes referred to as the "morning-after" pill, is birth control that women can use to prevent pregnancy after known or suspected failure of contraception or unprotected intercourse, including sexual assault.
		Widespread use of emergency contraception requires familiarity with the methods, public awareness of its availability and, in all but the six states (i.e., California, Alaska, Washington, New Mexico, Hawaii, and Maine) where it can be obtained without prescription, prompt access to a health care professional who can provide a prescription.
		The daily dose of steroid hormones in the hormonal methods of emergency contraception is greater than that used for routine oral contraception; however, the duration of use in the latter case is short.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20040815/707.html (3815 words)

	[No title]
		Contraception: By Thierry Dejond, S. Introduction: The purpose of this article is to describe the social problems that result from the present widespread practice of contraception.
		Contraception casts man himself in the role as lord of life, allowing him to use his body as a piece of material that is subject to his desire; as an object he can manipulate as he wishes.
		A fourth consequence of the contraceptive mentality is that the field of medicine is evolving into a bio-technology and the medical corps is becoming a health bureaucracy responsible for the regulation of a health policy formulated and enforced by political might.
	www.ewtn.com /library/MARRIAGE/CONTRA.TXT (3650 words)

	Contraception and Catholic Teaching
		Contraception, so to speak, slams the door in the face of God and encloses the married couple in a world that is deprived of important avenues to and therefore to sources of supernatural help.
		Contraception, as John Paul II has pointed out on many occasions, contradicts the “innate language that expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife.”23 In a verbal lie, the word contradicts what one knows to be the case.
		Contraceptive intercourse is a lie on a deeply personal level because, on the one hand, intercourse symbolizes the total giving of the partners to each other, whereas contraception, on the other hand, is their willful negation of each other’s procreative potential.
	www.catholic.net /rcc/Periodicals/Faith/11-12-98/Morality2.html (5168 words)

	Pat Barker's Regeneration -- Critical Contexts -- Contraception
		Contraception also came in different forms as the use of oral and other types of birth control began to emerge with the fights of some very important women's activists.
		Contraception is first mentioned in chapter 12 as Prior is on the beach with his current significant other, Sarah, and they are about to have sex for the first time.
		But Prior is mistaken as Sarah, obviously learned in the ways of contraception from her fellow coworkers and friends, replies to him, "Boots have a way of springing a leak," thus signifying that she is also up to date on the latest slang for contraception and that it isn't always that trustworthy.
	www.k-state.edu /english/westmank/regeneration/contraception.hiles.html (1610 words)

	Contraception methods - the pill, condoms, diaphragms and caps
		Contraception aims to prevent sexual intercourse from causing pregnancy.
		Non-hormonal contraception works by either preventing sperm fertilising an egg, or preventing the implantation of a fertilised egg into the lining of the womb.
		The intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) — or coil — is a small plastic and copper device, which is fitted into the womb (uterus) by a doctor or nurse.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/Mosby_factsheets/contraception.html (1310 words)

	Contraception Online: Contraception and Reproductive Health Info for OB/GYN Professionals
		One of the oldest known plants used for contraception was silphium, a member of the giant fennel family, described in the 4th century BC.
		The contraceptive needs of adolescents, sexually active single or postpartum women, women who are lactating or in their later reproductive years, andâ”very importantlyâ”men of any age remain substantially unmet.
		Adolescents are of special concern not only by virtue of their youth and vulnerability, but because the contraceptives that are most appropriate to their age and health status are few in number and require meticulous use to be fully effective.
	www.contraceptiononline.org /contrareport/article01.cfm?art=93 (5414 words)

	Acceptance of contraception leads to promotion of legalized abortion June 14, 1995
		In fact the contraceptive culture, with regard to fertility, encourages a hypocritical attitude that is labeled "responsible", while in reality it is a "refusal".
		When firmly established, it soon creates a contraceptive mentality,that is, the prejudiced and clear rejection of every child unwanted by the couple, or the woman.
		New medicines have been sold as contraceptives, whose only, or at least unfailing, effect is not to prevent conception but the newly-conceived's chance of survival: products therefore that are definitely abortive.
	www.miraclerosarymission.org /ev061495n8.htm (1219 words)

	Contraception and religion, a short history, by Kathleen O'Grady, at the Museum of Menstruation and Women's Health
		Jewish Talmudic literature builds on this passage and prohibits the use of any contraceptive device for use by men which would waste the "male seed"; female contraceptives may be permitted for health reasons (danger to the mother or to the potential child).
		The Catholic position on contraception is highly influenced by the natural law theory of Aristotle, Augustine and Aquinas, which deems that sexuality has as its end purpose, procreation; to interfere in this end would be a violation of the natural law, and thus, a sin.
		Feminist analysis of contraception in the Islamic tradition include Islam, Gender and Social Change edited by Yvonne Yazbeck Haddad and John L. Esposito (1998) and Theodora Foster Carroll's "Islam and Population" in her Women, Religion, and Development in the Third World (1983).
	www.mum.org /contrace.htm (1716 words)

	Contraception - TEENS - sexualityandu.ca
		For now, it's a good idea to use contraception to avoid an unplanned pregnancy, until you're sure you want and are ready to have a baby.
		Contraception is a shared responsibility of both partners.
		Once you've found which contraception you and your partner like best, make sure to use it on a regular basis...and don't forget to use condoms to protect you from sexually transmitted infections.
	www.sexualityandu.ca /eng/teens/CN (325 words)

	Islamset - Contraception
		As the number of children ceased to be a financial asset, the emphasis is mainly on the quality of life the parents want for their children, and that the required standards of raising up the children and of catering for the whole family might be incompatible with a large number of chilren.
		Iman Al-Ghazali wrote that contraception was permitted and innumerated a wide range of indications to practise it, beginning with health reasons that would make pregnancy a health hazard to the woman, through socio-economic factors and going as far as the mere wish of the woman to preseve the beauty of her physique.
		If the incidence of pregnancy in the contraceptive device bearers is statistically higher than the general background incidence of unnoticed, miscarriages in the general population represented by the control group (unknown but estimated as more than twenty per cent), it might be concluded that the device is abortifacient.
	www.islamset.com /bioethics/obstet/contra.html (2157 words)

	Birth Control
		Contraception is "any action which, either in anticipation of the conjugal act [sexual intercourse], or in its accomplishment, or in the development of its natural consequences, proposes, whether as an end or as a means, to render procreation impossible" (Humanae Vitae 14).
		Contraception is wrong because it’s a deliberate violation of the design God built into the human race, often referred to as "natural law." The natural law purpose of sex is procreation.
		Contraception was so far outside the biblical mindset and so obviously wrong that it did not need the frequent condemnations other sins did.
	www.catholic.com /library/Birth_Control.asp (1862 words)

	Birth Control & Contraception for Teenagers
		Contraceptives work by preventing a man’s sperm from fertilising a woman’s egg, and this can be done in several different ways.
		For many people, barrier methods of contraception are best, because they not only prevent pregnancy, but also prevent HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases being passed on during sex.
		There are three main barrier methods of contraception used by teens: the male condom, the female condom and spermicides in the form of foams or gels.
	www.avert.org /cpills.htm (1974 words)

	::: Family Planning Queensland - Emergency Contraception ::: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Levonorgestrel-only emergency contraception should be used as the method of choice unless a woman is considering insertion of an IUCD.
		Emergency contraceptive pills (ECP) should not replace the use of regular contraception, as the cumulative pregnancy rate for frequent use of ECP is higher than with regular contraception.
		Women should be advised that, after hormonal emergency contraception, their menstrual period should occur within one week before or after the expected time.
	www.fpq.com.au /factsheets_brochures/fs-ch-ec-healthprofs.stm (1755 words)

	fpa Contraception guide (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		How effective any contraceptive is depends on how old you are, how often you have sex and whether you follow the instructions.
		Some methods of contraception do not depend on you remembering to take or use contraception.
		Contraception should continue to be used until a woman has not had a period or any bleeding for two years if aged under 50 and for one year if over 50.
	www.fpa.org.uk /guide/contracep (623 words)

	Contraception - WomensHealthChannel
		Many contraceptive methods have been used for hundreds of years: the condom since the 16th century; cervical cap since the 1820s; the diaphragm and vaginal spermicide since the late 19th century; and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUCDs or IUDs) since the early 20th century.
		The process of choosing a contraceptive is influenced by age, race, education, socioeconomic status, religion, and experience with a particular contraceptive method.
		Women who are considering contraception should consider the advantages and disadvantages associated with each method for women in their age group, and seek information from their health care provider.
	www.womenshealthchannel.com /contraception/index.shtml (325 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 18, Ch. 246, Family Planning
		The contraceptive methods most commonly used in the USA are (in order of popularity) oral contraceptives (hormones), condoms, withdrawal (coitus interruptus), periodic abstinence, progestin injections, spermicides, diaphragms, progestin subdermal implants, and intrauterine devices (IUDs).
		Emergency contraception, taken after fertilization occurs, should not be used as a regular method of contraception.
		The effective contraceptive dose is 150 mg q 3 mo, given by injection deep into the gluteal or deltoid muscle, after which the progestin is released slowly into systemic circulation.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section18/chapter246/246b.jsp (4615 words)

	PressurePoint - Cyber Youth Clinic
		When selecting a method of contraception it is important to choose one that best suits you and your partner, and to keep in mind that some methods help protect against the spread of sexually transmissible infections (STIs) while others do not.
		If the drug or medication you are on does interfere with "the pill" then you must use other contraception eg condoms or not have sex until you have finished the other treatment and taken active hormone pills for seven consecutive days after you have finished taking the other drug.
		Spermicide creams, foams and jellies are not effective contraceptives on their own, and should always be used with a diaphragm or condom.
	www.pressurepoint.com.au /contraception.asp (2859 words)

	50 States Summary of Emergency Contraception Legislation
		Although emergency contraception is already available through many clinics and hospitals throughout the country, on August 24, 2006, the FDA approved a specific brand of emergency contraception called Plan B as an over-the-counter (OTC) option for women aged 18 and over.
		Under this bill, a pharmacist may initiate emergency contraception drug therapy in accordance with procedures developed by the New Hampshire pharmacy board and a physician or other authorized prescriber who is acting within his or her scope of practice (Formerly SB 30--2005).
		The law requires hospitals providing emergency care to victims of sexual assault to: provide medically and factually accurate information about emergency contraception; orally inform victims of their option to be provided emergency contraception at the hospital; and provide emergency contraception immediately to each victim who requests it.
	www.ncsl.org /programs/health/ecleg.htm (1601 words)

	Contraception: Unintended and Teen Pregnancy \| CDC Reproductive Health
		The most popular method of contraception was the oral contraceptive pill, used by 11.6 million women in the United States, followed by female sterilization, condoms, male sterilization, and other methods of contraception.
		Since 2000, several new methods of contraception have become available in the United States, including the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system, the hormonal contraceptive patch, the hormonal contraceptive ring, a 91-day regimen of oral contraceptives, two new barrier methods, and a new form of female sterilization.
		An assessment of contraceptive use among women attending Title X family planning clinics in 1999 indicated that some women were using Nonoxynol-9 (N-9) spermicide.
	www.cdc.gov /node.do/id/0900f3ec80006c9c (545 words)

	Fr Lino Ciccone, C.M.
		As a result, the use of contraception is not to be considered gravely sinful matter and, therefore, using contraceptives is not a mortal sin.
		John Paul II then goes on to develop his reflections, focusing his attention on the conjugal act: as "the authentic language of persons" in which "man and woman reciprocally express themselves in the fullest and deepest way" in their "masculinity and femininity", the conjugal act "is subject to the demands of truth".
		That contraception is a direct violation of the moral order of sexuality is unequivocally a constant teaching of the Magisterium, given the fact that it is described as "intrinsically immoral".
	www.ewtn.com /library/Theology/CONTRCPT.HTM (3323 words)

	Contraception (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-27)
		Contraception can be defined as ‘the various methods by which a couple can avoid pregnancy’;.
		It should be noted that although some people may be happy to use contraceptives they may not be happy to use certain types which they consider to be a form of abortion (E.g.
		Catholics believe contraception is against the Natural Law whereas Protestants generally see no issue (unless the form of contraception is deemed to have ‘abortive’ effects).
	www.faithnet.org.uk /Ethics/contraception.htm (235 words)

	Penn Ob/Gyn Care: Spring 2004 - Understanding Your Contraception Options
		Most contraception methods have a theoretical success rate, or “perfect use” rate, ranging from 91 to 99 percent.
		The Emergency Contraception Pill (ECP) is a post-coital method of contraception, often referred to as “the morning after pill.”; ECPs are intended to prevent pregnancy by temporarily blocking eggs from being produced, stopping fertilization or keeping a fertilized egg from becoming implanted in the uterus.
		This form of contraception is meant for emergency situations and is not intended to be the sole form of birth control.
	www.pennhealth.com /obgyn/news/04spr/contraception.html (702 words)

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