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Topic: Contraction linguistics

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	Contraction (linguistics)
		In linguistics, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words.
		In English, contractions are usually either negations or combinations of pronouns with auxiliary verbs, and always include an apostrophe.
		The French language has contraction forms similar to English, as in "C'est la vie" ("That's life"), where "c'est" stands for "ce est" ("it is").
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/contraction__linguistics_ (326 words)

	Contraction (grammar) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In traditional grammar, a contraction is the formation of a new word from two or more individual words.
		This often is a result of a common sequence of words, or, as in French, to maintain a flowing sound.
		In English, contractions are usually but not always either negations or combinations of pronouns with auxiliary verbs, and in these cases always include an apostrophe.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contraction_(linguistics) (506 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		linguistics -> Transformational-Generative Grammar In the 1950s the school of linguistic thought known as transformational-generative grammar received wide acclaim through the works of Noam Chomsky.
		One of the founders of modern linguistics, he established the structural study of language, emphasizing the arbitrary relationship of the linguistic sign to that which it signifies.
		His early work was grounded in structural linguistics and stressed that the aim of historical linguistics is the study not of isolated changes within a language but of systematic change.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=Contraction+linguistics&rc=10&fh=12&fr=11 (386 words)

	Computer Contracting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Contract claims (where the parties have defined their own legal relationship) are usually distinguished from tort claims (where the relationship between the parties is defined by law or custom).
		Typically, the remedy for breach of contract is an award of money damages designed to restore the injured party to the economic position that he or she expected from performance of the promise or promises (known as an "expectation measure" or "benefit-of-the-bargain" measure of damages).
		To obtain damages for breach of contract or to obtain specific performance, the injured party may file a civil (non-criminal) lawsuit, usually in a state court, or petition a private arbitrator to decide the contract issues presented.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/49/computer-contracting.html (1163 words)

	Encyclopedia: Contraction (linguistics)
		In linguistics, traditional grammar is a cover name for the collection of concepts and ideas about the structure of language that Western societies have received from ancient Greek and Roman sources.
		In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is a pro-form that substitutes a noun or noun phrase with or without a determiner, such as you and they in English.
		A prepositional phrase is a linguistic term for a phrase whose head is a preposition.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Contraction-(linguistics) (904 words)

	Contraction - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contraction (linguistics), a new word formed from two or more individual words;
		Contraction (science), one that can occur to solid matter as it cools;
		Contraction mapping, in mathematics, a type of function on a metric space;
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contraction (121 words)

	Contraction (linguistics) -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In (The scientific study of language) linguistics, a contraction is the formation of a new (A unit of language that native speakers can identify) word from two or more individual words.
		This often is a result of a common sequence of words, or, as in (The Romance language spoken in France and in countries colonized by France) French, to maintain a flowing sound.
		Outside the English contractions described above, contractions are virtually the same concept as (A large travelling bag made of stiff leather) portmanteaus.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Co/Contraction_(linguistics).htm (521 words)

	Sociolinguistics of the News Media
		A high rate of negative contraction is simply a characteristic of informal speech and would thus quite obviously be present in broadcasting formats aimed at less formal audiences, such as teenagers and young adults.
		That is, changes in these three linguistic variables could be attributed either to an attempt by a station's news broadcasters to mold their style to their perceived audience or to the station's attempt to attract a certain audience to its established programming.
		Bell, before using negative contractions as a sociolinguistic variable in his study, should have determined the extent to which, if at all, each radio station had a overt policy governing their use.
	www.criticism.com /md/newslang.html (5082 words)

	Glossary
		Contraction: A term used in linguistics to refer to the process or result of phonologically reducing a linguistic form so that it comes to be attached to an adjacent linguistic form, or fusing a sequence of forms so that they appear as a single form.
		Deictic: A term used in linguistic theory to subsume those features of language which refer directly to the personal, temporal or locational characteristics of the situation within which an utterance takes place, whose meaning is thus relative to that situation.
		Proto(language): A prefix used in historical linguistics to refer to a linguistic form or state of a language said to be the ancestor of attested forms/languages.
	www.slais.ubc.ca /courses/libr500/04-05-wt1/www/C_Campbell/glossary.htm (863 words)

	Read about Contraction (linguistics) at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Contraction (linguistics) and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In linguistics, a contraction is the formation of a new
		In English, contractions are usually but not always either negations or combinations of pronouns with
		British English allows a to have to contract when it is the primary verb (as with the phrase "I've a date today").
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Contraction_%28linguistics%29 (460 words)

	Contraction (linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In English, contractions are usually either negations orcombinations of pronouns with auxiliary verbs, and always include an apostrophe.
		The possesive form has noapostrophe ("its"), while the contraction of "it is" or "it has" does have an apostrophe ("it's").
		The French language has contraction forms similar to English, asin "C'est la vie" ("That's life"), where "c'est" stands for "ce est" ("it is").
	www.therfcc.org /contraction-linguistics--123391.html (258 words)

	E-Prime (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		E-Prime arose from Alfred Korzybski's General Semantics/ and his observation that English speakers most often use "to be" to express dogmatic beliefs or assumptions or to avoid expressing opinions and feelings as such.
		In addition, speakers of colloquial English frequently Contraction (linguistics)contract ''to be'' after pronouns or before the word ''Negation#Grammarnot/''.
		Contraction (linguistics)Contractions formed from a pronoun and a Grammatical conjugationconjugation/ of ''to be'':
	www.infothis.com /find/E-Prime (836 words)

	[No title]
		Linguistics is the scientific study of how human language works and what this tells us about the human mind.
		Students who combine linguistics with the study of a language have gone on to teach languages and work as translators.
		Many of our students have studied linguistics just for their own interest and have gone on to successful careers in unrelated subjects, including being admitted to prestigious law and medical schools.
	www.ling.umd.edu /Undergraduate/objectives.html (856 words)

	Contraction - An Essay on Contraction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A strong and often painful contraction of the uterine muscles prior to or during childbirth.
		The study of muscle contraction involves the use of a large variety of Such techniques range from physiological studies of muscle contraction to
		Contraction (childbirth), a contraction during childbirth;; Contraction (linguistics), Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contraction"
	www.listf.com /?q=contraction (173 words)

	Language Ecology Course Proposal
		by migration), and contraction over the long term to everyday issues of language choice, style, and repertoire in ongoing communities; these foci converge in the crisis of language death, since an endangered language is precisely one where, due to long-term contraction, everyday speech choices may have devastating consequences.
		As far as we know this is a new area of study combining demography, cladistics, biological anthropology, and linguistics to investigate the consequences of population dynamics for language form and function (expansion, contraction, displacement, and endangerment due to diaspora, migration, colonization, globalization).
		The locus classicus of American linguistics and anthropology in their formative years, a vital area of contemporary research in both disciplines, raising virtually all the questions to which language ecology is directed.
	blc.berkeley.edu /language_ecology_proposal.html (10362 words)

	PORTMANTEAU FACTS AND INFORMATION
		This word was coined by Lewis_Carroll in ''Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There'', in which it is likened to the French word for a type of travelling case or suitcase.
		The term portmanteau is used in a different, yet still not clearly defined sense, to refer either to a portmanteau morpheme (a morpheme that fuses two grammatical categories; see Fusional_language), or a portmanteau word, a word that fuses two function words.
		The latter use overlaps a bit with the folk term contraction, but linguists tend to avoid using the latter.
	www.witwib.com /portmanteau (599 words)

	Sesquipedalian #5
		The interaction of the various durational factors is of interest not only to linguists but also to other speech scientists who have devised duration models for use in speech synthesis and speech recognition applications.
		Candidates are expected to provide a distinguished record of publication and teaching in historical linguistics, a strong commitment to current theoretical concerns, and active engagement in the professional life of the field.
		Applicants should be prepared to teach in the area of their specialization at the graduate and undergraduate level, as well as more general linguistics courses at the undergraduate level.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /Archives/Sesquipedalian/1995-96/msg00004.html (4075 words)

	Stanford Linguistics Colloquium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A new headed morphological structure in English (and the demise of a mythical contraction rule)
		For a quarter of a century there has been controversy in the literature of generative grammar about alleged syntactic constraints on the contraction rule that realizes certain sequences of verb plus infinitival "to" as portmanteau forms like "wanna", "hafta", and "gonna".
		It has occasionally been suggested that a better account might be given in lexical or morphological terms, but no such treatment has been fully elaborated, and the simple suggestion that the contracted forms in question have been "lexicalized" has morphological consequences that are thoroughly unacceptable.
	www-linguistics.stanford.edu /colloq/1995/1995oct27.html (212 words)

	[No title]
		The notion of a "grammatical utterance" within theoretical linguistics is traditionally based upon the non-experimental methodology of gathering data through introspection.
		While this approach was a necessary first step in developing linguistic theory, a social science must develop an objective means of gathering data.
		However, our results also reveal that the prohibition against contracting over a trace is not categorical: 35% of the responses to the contracted form did maintain the subject-extraction interpretation (which is prohibited in GB syntax).
	pubpages.unh.edu /~ngn/abstracts/wanna.abstract.nwav25.html (407 words)

	Geoffrey K. Pullum: Conference Papers
		Lecture 1: Theoretical linguistics and the ontology of linguistic structure.
		The evolution of structure and the etiology of linguistic universals.
		Invited presentation to the Philosophy of Linguistics section at the 12th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science, Oviedo, Spain, August 2003.
	people.ucsc.edu /~pullum/confpaps.html (1854 words)

	Contraction (linguistics) Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Looking For contraction linguistics - Find contraction linguistics and more at Lycos Search.
		Find contraction linguistics - Your relevant result is a click away!
		Look for contraction linguistics - Find contraction linguistics at one of the best sites the Internet has to offer!
	www.karr.net /encyclopedia/Contraction_%28linguistics%29 (674 words)

	Goodall - Publications
		Contemporary Research in Romance Linguistics: Papers from the 22nd Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages.
		Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, Diana Cresti, Teresa Satterfield, and Christina Tortora (eds).
		"SPEC of IP and SPEC of CP in Spanish wh-questions." Linguistic Perspectives on the Romance Languages: Selected Papers from the XXI Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, William J. Ashby, Marianne Mithun, Giorgio Perissinotto, and Eduardo Raposo (eds.).
	ling.ucsd.edu /~goodall/pubs.htm (711 words)

	T-CONTRACTION IN A PHASE-BASED THEORY OF GRAMMAR
		This requires him to assume that where the head T of a complement clause contracts onto a matrix V, the complement clause has the status of TP (and not of a CP headed by a null complementiser).
		For one thing, no explanation is given for why null lexical items should block contraction, but not null traces: this appears to be an arbitrary stipulation, in that if both are null we should expect neither (or both) to block contraction.
		From a strict minimalist perspective, the optimal account of contraction would seem to be to posit that contraction is blocked by overt constituents, but not by null constituents: this would seem to be the minimal conceptually necessary condition on contraction.
	privatewww.essex.ac.uk /~radford/PapersPublications/tcontraction.htm (3837 words)

	The Role of Innate Knowledge in First and Second Language Acquisition - by Hasanbey Ellidokuzoglu - Education (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A typical langauge-specific innate constraint is found in the use of "wanna" contraction.
		A 'seemingly' natural conclusion that a child could arrive at, after being exposed to many of 'b' type sentences would be that 'wanna' contraction is optional in English, if he were to rely merely on general learning strategies.
		But neither the existence of this trace nor the operation of the movement rule is derivable from the surface structure of sentences, nor from the sematics as all of these sentences are meaningful with wanna.
	maxpages.com /thena/Wanna_Contraction - !http://www.maxpages.com/thena/Wanna_Contraction (625 words)

	Survey of California and Other Indian Languages Archives
		She is primarily interested in Mesoamerican descriptive linguistics, especially fieldwork, and she is particularly dedicated to describing underdocumented Southern Zapotec languages.
		Gabriela Caballero is a graduate student in the Linguistics department at UC Berkeley.
		In addition to his linguistic research interests, Jeff is also interested in computational tools to aid linguistic research and has developed some software to assist in the analysis of Yahi texts.
	www.linguistics.berkeley.edu /Survey/people.html (1317 words)

	Lecture 8
		We can account for these facts very simply if we continue to claim that probably must immediately follow Infl, but that verb V-movement may move have and be in front of probably.
		Contraction to pronominal subject (I, you, we, he, she,they, etc.).
		If we assume there is a gap (denoted Ø) marking the site of the omitted material in gapped sentences, then the second principle predicts that contraction isn't possible in such sentences.
	www-rohan.sdsu.edu /~gawron/syntax/lectures/lec8a.htm (794 words)

	Powell's Books - Investigating Obsolescence: Studies in Language Contraction and Death (Studies in the Social & ...
		This comprehensive overview of the study of contracting and dying languages, composed of twenty essays, investigates the wide scope of languages currently under threat of extinction.
		These disappearances occur in diverse speech communities where the expanding languages are both familiar, such as English or Spanish, and less familiar, such as Swedish, Thai and Arabic.
		The aim of this volume is to give an overview of current research in the study of contracting and dying languages.
	www.powells.com /biblio?isbn=0521437571 (310 words)

	NYU Department of Linguistics: Working Group in Urban Sociolinguistics Spring '00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Abstract: Analysis of not-contraction in a diverse group of interactions reveals that social situation [aka, 'register' or 'style'] and dialect both influence American middle class speakers' decision on when and how to use contraction.
		We will show that contraction is influenced both by the importance of the information conveyed and by the importance of other register parameters which will be discussed.
		We will also show that dialect is an important factor in the analysis of contraction, even for corpora made up of middle class 'Standard' speakers.
	www.nyu.edu /gsas/dept/lingu/events/urban_socioling/wgus00s/abstract/yaeger.htm (231 words)

	HeiDeas: Beyond embiggens and cromulent
		Everyone knows (4th para) the Simpsons is really all about linguistics — and these links are just what I could come up with in a few quick searches here and there.
		In a post to the Linguist List several years ago, I noted some theoretically-interesting examples of Simpsons language humor, and said that someone should collect more.
		It doesn’t include the timeless classics embiggens and cromulent — see this Linguist List post for discussion of them — and it doesn’t include Bart’s prank calls to Moe, although they are relevant for their phonological and phonotactic properties, because they’re already well-documented.
	heideas.blogspot.com /2005/03/beyond-embiggens-and-cromulent.html (2314 words)

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