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Topic: Contrail

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In the News (Sat 28 Nov 09)

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	Contrail shadows
		The Moon, Jupiter, an aircraft contrail, its shadow cast by the moon and a 22º ice halo.
		Contrails are clouds of small water droplets and ice crystals condensed from the engine exhaust and from water vapour already in the air cooled by rarefaction over the wings and fuselage.
		In the photograph the shadow falls on a thin lower layer of cirrus cloud.
	www.atoptics.co.uk /atoptics/contr2.htm (179 words)

	Contrail Rockets Hybrid Motors
		Contrail 75mm and 98mm hybrid motor systems consist of three pieces of hardware: the oxidizer tank, the combustion chamber, and the nozzle.
		Contrail 38mm and 54mm hybrids are monotube motors with an internal injector baffle that separates the fuel grain from the oxidizer compartment.
		Contrail motors are non-pyrotechnic as shipped, with the exception of some of the older 75mm loads.
	www.pratthobbies.com /contrail.htm (1185 words)

	Contrails (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Contrails form when hot humid air from jet exhaust mixes with environmental air of low vapor pressure and low temperature.
		Contrails are a concern in climate studies as increased jet aircraft traffic may result in an increase in cloud cover.
		Contrails were observed from the ground during this period.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/contrail.html (583 words)

	The Contrail
		A "contrail" -- or "condensation trail" -- is that streak of water vapor a plane leaves behind it on its way across the sky.
		The Contrail's feedbacky, tinny, bedroom production similarly mars its songs' beautiful melodies, and the result is something similarly appealing: a muddy blur of sound with a thin, wistful voice skating across the top.
		Fans of Guided by Voices' trebly quirk-pop or Of Montreal' psych-pop odes to the broken heart should respond especially strongly to this, but if you have a beating heart and a funny bone or two, you're sure to like The Contrail.
	www.epitonic.com /artists/thecontrail.html (208 words)

	UPOS contrails
		Condensation trails (contrails) formed by aircrafts are sometimes visible from the ground for several hours.
		Numerous contrails are formed in the vicinity of main air- traffic routes; due to additional spreading effects contrails may contribute significantly to the total cloud cover.
		The contrail analysis is based on all-sky digital camera imagery and direct observations of aircrafts.
	contrail.gi.alaska.edu (113 words)

	Aviation and the Global Atmosphere
		Contrails often become wide and thick enough to induce radiative disturbances that are sufficient to be detectable in multispectral satellite observations.
		Contrail frequency refers to the probability that a contrail will be observed somewhere within the scene being viewed; area of coverage refers to the fraction of the area of the scene in which contrails are observed.
		Contrail clusters observed in satellite data indicate that these air masses cover 10 to 20% of the area over mid-Europe (Mannstein et al., 1999) and parts of the United States of America (Carleton and Lamb, 1986; Travis and Changnon, 1997), consistent with the fraction of air masses expected to be ice-supersaturated at cruise altitudes.
	www.grida.no /climate/ipcc/aviation/038.htm (4262 words)

	APOD: 2004 October 13 - Contrail Clutter over Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The exhaust of an airplane engine can create a contrail by saturating the surrounding air with extra moisture.
		The wings of a plane can similarly create contrails by dropping the temperature and causing small ice-crystals to form.
		contrail counting exercise that runs over the next two days.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap041013.html (159 words)

	Contrails: condensation trails
		A contrail, also known as a condensation trail, is a cirrus-like trail of condensed water vapor often resembling the tail of a kite.
		Contrails are produced at high altitudes where extremely cold temperatures freeze water droplets in a matter of seconds before they can evaporate.
		For a contrail to remain in tact for a long period of time, the air must have a high relative humidity in the presence of relatively light winds.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gh)/guides/mtr/cld/cldtyp/oth/cntrl.rxml (151 words)

	NOVA \| Dimming the Sun \| The Contrail Effect \| PBS
		After a lifetime of enjoying contrails, it came as a surprise to me to learn recently that something so ephemeral may not be a harmless by-product of the jet age but may in fact impact the climate.
		In a study published in 2004, for example, Minnis and colleagues reported that contrails are capable of increasing average surface temperatures sufficiently to account for a warming trend in the U.S. between 1975 and 1994.
		Contrails, the man-made clouds left in the wake of jet aircraft, may actually alter climate, though to what degree remains unclear.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/sun/contrail.html (1629 words)

	contrail.html
		Contrail formation typically occurs in the upper Troposphere between nine and twelve kilometers is height with temperatures ranging between -35C and -55C (Jensen e.
		Contrails that lasted for more than a few minutes during this study all occurred when the ambient air was significantly supersaturated with respect to ice.
		Each type of engine has a different contrail factor (Cf) which is 1000((mwCp)/E where mw is the mass of water vapor in the aircraft exhaust, Cp is the specific heat of air at a constant pressure, and E is the total energy released by the engine (Coleman 1996).
	students.ou.edu /J/Thomas.A.Jones-1/contrail.html (1785 words)

	S'COOL: Observing Contrails
		Contrails are clouds of ice particles formed around the small particles (aerosols) which are in aircraft exhaust.
		Because of this contrails form not when an airplane is taking off or landing, but while it is at cruise altitude.
		If the air is somewhat moist, a contrail will form immediately behind the aircraft and make a bright white line that lasts for a short while (a short-lived contrail).
	asd-www.larc.nasa.gov /SCOOL/contrails.html (545 words)

	Home
		The New Contrail System eliminates this type of wire and replaces it with Heavy Duty Extension Cords which are commonly 14 or 16 gauge multi strand wire which is designed to take lots of abuse.
		The Contrail GSE also is designed to be more than durable enough to take any punishment which is thrown at it during a launch or transportation.
		Contrail Rockets is Offering these new parts to customers at No Cost when they purchase reloads for the corresponding hardware.
	www.contrailrockets.com (1082 words)

	Air Traffic (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Thinner contrails and contrails that have developed into natural-looking cirrus clouds also affect climate, but their impact cannot yet be predicted.
		Contrails formed due to the emission of particles and water vapor can increase the cloud cover in the upper troposphere.
		Schematic of aerosol and contrail formation processes in an aircraft plume and wake as a function of plume age and temperature.
	www.solcomhouse.com /Airtraffic.htm (1704 words)

	Nasaexplores
		Contrails, as they are called, result from a combination of high humidity and low temperatures of the atmosphere at high altitudes.
		Contrails are made mostly of water, which freezes rapidly at those heights to form ice crystals.
		Most of the water in a contrail is already in the air as the plane passes through it.
	www.nasaexplores.com /show_912_teacher_st.php?id=030109111121 (583 words)

	Contrail / Chemtrail Analysis
		Therefore, contrails that persist or expand and blend with others into a haze are not mere water-vapor condensation but are instead composed of some kind of nonevaporating substance.
		This contrail proliferation appeared to have been caused by a bubble, or pocket, of dry and unusually warm air hugging the land above which there was very cold air.
		The contrails simply provided "grist for the mill," and as such, were inducted into the unique cloud-formation mechanics of that day.
	users.erols.com /igoddard/contrail.htm (624 words)

	Aircraft Contrail Detection - Focus Tutorial
		The MODIS contrail product is a qualitative tool designed to enhance these contrails and provide the analyst with a first-order assessment of aircraft activity in those regions conducive to contrail formation.
		One must remember that the atmosphere is always in motion, and the position of an old contrail may be displaced tens to hundreds of kilometers downwind of where it was formed.
		In some cases one can identify the leading edge of the contrail an use this as an indicator of actual aircraft position at the time of satellite image collection, however caution must be exercised to not be mislead by the possibility that the aircraft simply departed a region of favorable contrail formation.
	www.nrlmry.navy.mil /sat_training/contrail_detection/modis/index.html (533 words)

	Chemtrail Central :: View topic - Contrail Formation Forecast
		We know that contrails are sometimes observed in areas where estimates of the RHI are less than 100%.
		Because the input data do not perfectly characterize the meteorological conditions, the diagnoses of persistent contrail conditions are only estimates and will not detect all of the areas where persistent contrails will form and may also add areas of formation that do not exist.
		Favorable contrail conditions, for a range of pressure levels between 125 and 400 mb, are represented as concentric circles - color coded with reducing diameter for each level.
	www.chemtrailcentral.com /forum/msg65683.html&sid=d1e7f5b890a1e9e20b69bfb831bb1abf (480 words)

	Wikipedia contrails (kottke.org)
		When I was a kid, we had a World Book encyclopedia which I read at any possible opportunity, and I would have loved to look back at where I'd been.
		If you want to find your own contrail, type "en.wikipedia.org/wiki" into your browser and see what comes up in the autocomplete list.
		Here are contrails from Adrian McEwen, Tom Stafford, and rodcorp.
	www.kottke.org /06/06/wikipedia-contrails (428 words)

	CNN.com - NORAD investigates vapor trail reports - Nov. 28, 2002
		Wednesday that the contrail, seen near the Turks and Caicos Islands, was headed northwest toward the United States, said Lt. Cmdr.
		A contrail is a white trail of condensed water vapor that sometimes forms in the wake of an aircraft.
		The jets attempted to intercept and identify the source of the contrail, but no visual or confirmed radar contact was made, he added.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/US/Central/11/28/contrail.scramble/index.html (326 words)

	National Weather Service - Western Region Headquarters (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Contrails have been recorded from the Sahara Desert to the South Pole indicating that contrails are not constrained to only populated regions of the Earth.
		If contrails persist for a long enough period of time, say on the order of an hour or more, they can spread out across the sky due to the prevailing winds at the level at which they formed.
		Contrails are a concern in climate studies as increased jet traffic may result in an increase in cloud cover.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /fgz/science/contrail.php (878 words)

	September's Science: Shutdown of airlines aided contrail studies: Science News Online, May 11, 2002 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		One way that aircraft may affect climate is through their cloud like contrails, which appear behind jets flying at high altitude.
		Contrails are made of ice crystals that form within seconds around the small particles present in aircraft exhaust, says David J. Travis, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Wisconsin-Whitewater.
		The observations of these single contrails along aerial highways normally crowded with dozens of aircraft may help scientists develop better models of how contrails spread and affect climate, says Minnis.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20020511/fob1.asp (577 words)

	Contrail Analysis II
		However, the fallacy that contrail persistence is abnormal persists and is the primary basis of claims that persistent contrails are actually poison being sprayed on civilians by military jets.
		Actually this phenomenon has been shown to be the result of the fact that the atmosphere is not a uniform medium, but is instead a turbulent patchwork of intermingling pockets, layers, and strata containing air with different temperatures, wind speeds, and levels of humidity.
		The evaporating contrail is in a higher and obviously drier atmospheric strata.
	iangoddard.net /contral2.htm (712 words)

	Contrails (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The condensation trail left behind jet aircrafts are called contrails.
		If the atmosphere is near saturation, the contrail may exist for sometime.
		A 3 1/2 hour time sequence of the contrails generated on this day.
	cimss.ssec.wisc.edu /wxwise/class/contrail.html (570 words)

	EO Newsroom: New Images - Contrail Web over the Central Rhône Valley, Eastern France
		Because of this tendency for thin contrails to cover greater areas with time, it is estimated that these “artificial clouds”; cover 0.1% of the planet?s surface.
		Despite this dramatic conclusion, it is nevertheless too early to know whether contrails produce a net warming or cooling of the atmosphere.
		Whereas cirrus clouds seem to have a net warming effect, contrails are denser and thus may produce the opposite effect.
	earthobservatory.nasa.gov /Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=10293 (278 words)

	UPOS: CONTRAIL (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The purpose of the Contrail Forecasting project is the investigation and forecast of aircraft condensation trail (contrail) formation.
		Contrail formation facilitates the detection of aircraft, which is important for military purposes.
		Further, contrails have a strong influence on radiation budget and as such, are of importance for climate change.
	sd-www.jhuapl.edu /UPOS/CONTRAIL/index.html (124 words)

	The Contrail - Correspondence School, Don't Derail 7"
		I knew Erin from KSCU and was a fan of his previous band Antonym, which included members Yvonne Chen (Xiu Xiu) and Ryan Fox (The Good Life, The '89 Cubs).
		Still today Correspondence School is one of my favoriate album and I'm proud to have been a part of this band.
		The Contrail released it's follow up to Correspondence School, House of Moths, available on Frank Records, is another lo-fi masterpiece from Czech as he continues to prove that he the new king of the 4-track.
	www.turnrecords.com /turn003.html (404 words)

	CHEMTRAILS - CONTRAILS
		with the historical behavior and observation of contrails.
		Contrails composed of water vapor routinely dissipate, as the physics and
		the case of a contrail composed of water vapor, the heat of
	www.carnicom.com /model1.htm (1369 words)

	Pathfinder Contrail Studies
		To better understand and model contrail formation and radiative effects, a comprehensive effort is underway to improve the measurement of contrail properties and the meteorological environment in which they form, develop climatologies of contrail conditions and contrail properties over the USA.
		Contrail formation conditions are determined with variants of the Appleman-Schmidt criteria from the observed temperature and humidity using assumptions about the propulsion efficiencies of modern commercial aircraft.
		Most of the contrails have tau between 0.05 and 0.2, although contrails with optical depths as large as 1.0 are observed.
	www-pm.larc.nasa.gov /sass/pathfinder_research.html (896 words)

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