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Topic: Contrast effect

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	Nikon MicroscopyU: Phase Contrast Microscopy - Introduction
		For arguments in phase contrast microscopy, the role of the specimen in altering the optical path length (in effect, the relative phase shift) of waves passing through is of paramount importance.
		Contrast is modulated by varying the properties of the phase plate, including the absorption of the metallic film (or anti-reflective coatings), the refractive index of the phase retarding material, and the thickness of the phase plate.
		In effect, a series of internal cellular organelles having increasing density, such as vacuoles, cytoplasm, the interphase nucleus, and the nucleolus (or mitotic chromosomes), are typically visualized as progressively darker objects relative to a fixed reference, such as the background.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/phasecontrast/phasemicroscopy.html (7881 words)

	Contrast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Contrast (vision), the difference in colour and light between parts of an image.
		Simultaneous contrast, where the colour of one object is affected by the colour of another
		Contrast effect in psychology, a change in a normal percept or act resulting from experience with a stimulus of different value in the same dimension.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Contrast (170 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Phase Contrast Microscopy
		Contrast can also be increased by physical modification of the microscope optical components and illumination mode, as well as manipulation of the final image through photographic or digital electronic techniques.
		Optical Pathways in the Phase Contrast Microscope - The most important parameter in the design of a phase contrast microscope is to isolate the surround and diffracted light waves emerging from the specimen so that they occupy different locations in the diffraction plane at the rear aperture of the objective.
		Shade-Off and Halo Phase Contrast Artifacts - Two very common effects observed in phase contrast images are the characteristic shade-off and halo patterns in which the observed intensity does not directly correspond to the optical path difference (refractive index and thickness values) between the specimen and the surrounding medium.
	www.microscopyu.com /articles/phasecontrast/phasehome.html (1441 words)

	Journal of Vision - Contrast effect of spatial context on binocular rivalry is modulated by eccentricity and binocular ...
		The purpose of this research is to explore the contrast effect of spatial context on binocular rivalry, and its modulation of the rival target's eccentricity and the binocular depth separation between the target and the surrounding background.
		The contrast effect of binocular rivalry decreased as the eccentricity increased (Experiment 1) and as the background was separated in depth (Experiment 2).
		Kitazaki, M., and Mase, K. Contrast effect of spatial context on binocular rivalry is modulated by eccentricity and binocular depth [Abstract].
	journalofvision.org /5/8/3 (415 words)

	Atova, Venetian and lime based plasters and paints
		Contrast is an acrylic glaze for the interior, accessible in a pearl or clear base.
		Contrast is a washable enhancing paint appropriate for walls, wood, metal, and plaster.
		Contrast is a ready to use glaze typically employed for your common projects that require quick execution.
	www.paintandplasters.com /finishes_Faux_Contrast.asp (330 words)

	Searching for a Correlation between the UFO Phenomenon and the Movement of the Moon and the Sun
		In order to demonstrate that the CEM contrast effect due to the moon is made use of by the instigators of UFOs, we will need to compare the percentage of times when it appears with the probability of its natural appearance.
		This effect is much less sharp than that with the moon, however, since the strength of the sun’s brightness brings with it the gradual diffraction and diffusion of its light towards the ground.
		We will speak of a double contrast effect (CE2) when the CEM effect and the CES effect are present simultaneously and when the moon is opposite the sun in relation to the Earth (one chance in two), and is thus sufficiently illuminated to allow an effective CEM.
	www.ovnis.atfreeweb.com /summary_evidence_hypothesis.htm (2262 words)

	Scharff and Ahumada (2003) SPIE Proc. Vol. 5007 No. 46. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Because the contrast of the experimental conditions was defined relative to the background, the global metric predicted no effect of text polarity.
		Including the text pixels in the average value of the luminance level defining zero contrast reduces the contrast of the text in a nonlinear way: the contrast of positive contrast text is reduced more than the contrast of negative contrast text is increased.
		The contrast gain asymmetry factor as estimated here is that the ratio of the positive gain to the negative gain is somewhere between 0.5 and 0.9.
	vision.arc.nasa.gov /personnel/al/papers/03ei/03ei5007-46.htm (4149 words)

	Layer Effects: Overlay
		The Overlay Effect takes advantage of a long used darkroom trick in which a either a negative or a semi-transparent positive of an image is used to develop/filter the final image.
		The Overlay Effect narrows the contrast range but increases the gradations so you get finer control Thinks of the duplicated layer as acting as a best guess of what the brightness+contrast should be.
		In the next example (see Overlay Effect II)we use the same basic technique to reduce the contrast which is particularly important on sunny days when shadows and direct sunlight often make a picture too contrasty.
	www.thephotofinishes.com /effectOverlay.htm (676 words)

	CONTRAST Statement
		To correctly specify your contrast, it is crucial to know the ordering of parameters within each effect and the variable levels associated with any parameter.
		If an effect is not specified in the CONTRAST statement, all of its coefficients in the L matrix are set to 0.
		contrast '1 vs. 2 ' A 1 -1 0; contrast '1&2 vs. 4 ' A 3 3 2; contrast '1&2 vs. 3&4' A 2 2 0; contrast 'Main Effect' A 1 0 0, A 0 1 0, A 0 0 1;
	www.okstate.edu /sas/v7/sashtml/books/statexp/chap7/sect5.htm (814 words)

	Physical attractiveness contrast effect and the moderating influence of self-consciousness Sex Roles: A Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This social comparison contrast effect for physical attractiveness has been shown to influence not only self-perceptions of attractiveness, but also other aspects of the social self.
		The interest of the present research was to consider individual differences in susceptibility or reactivity to a physical attractiveness contrast effect.
		Public self-consciousness, as conceptualized by Buss (1980), refers to a characteristic concern with one's self as a social object of others' attention and is associated with greater attention and responsiveness to standards or expectations by which one's behavior and personal attributes may be evaluated by others.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_5-6_40/ai_55082329 (817 words)

	Moon Illusion Explained: Section 2
		The visual angle contrast theory can use the fact that for many of these classic illusions (including the moon illusion) the changes in the visual angle subtenses of the context images happen to also be distance-cue patterns.
		A slightly different contrast effect is that the perceived visual angle for a target may be made smaller by viewing it after staring for a while at a pattern consisting of elements that subtend visual angles much larger than the target.
		A linear size contrast effect may or may not be accompanied by a visual angle contrast effect.
	facstaff.uww.edu /mccreadd/sectionII.html (4188 words)

	handprint : context, contrast & adaptation
		The chroma contrast between the two outer squares induces a small simultaneous lightness shift in the gray squares, which have no chroma: the square surrounded by the high chroma red violet appears darker valued than the square surrounded by dull red violet, as if the higher chroma were equivalent to a higher lightness.
		The main effect is a significant expansion of the wavelengths that appear yellow or blue, with a corresponding decrease in the wavelengths that appear green or red, as retinal illuminance increases from 100 to 1000 trolands.
		Contrast is a fundamental reference space, centered on a dark valued (reflectance 20%) neutral gray and extending across a luminance span of roughly 100:1 in physical units, which vision continually adapts to maintain.
	www.handprint.com /HP/WCL/color4.html (12950 words)

	Color Theory for Digital Displays: A Quick Reference: Part II :: UXmatters
		The smaller an element is, the higher its contrast with its background must be to avoid this effect.
		Contrast effects are noticeable in both the turquoise (#66CCCC) and the teal (#006666) triangles, but not in their larger background areas.
		Also, both the turquoise and the teal triangles suffer from a simultaneous-contrast effect, though the effect is greater in the teal triangles because of their complementary relationship to their crimson (#FF3366) background.
	www.uxmatters.com /MT/archives/000070.php (2900 words)

	Contrast Agents in MRI" - a term paper
		Because of that, the most effect on changing appearance of different tissues on the MR image is achieved by changing the magnetic relaxation times T1 and T2 of the protons in tissue-contained water 2.
		At low concentrations, an increase in contrast agent provides an increase in signal intensity due to effect on T1 until the optimal concentration is reached.
		It is the matter of fact that contrast enhancement is already playing a significant role in the clinical use of MRI and this role seem to become more important as new techniques and applications are being developed.
	www.cc.utah.edu /~av6a51/mri.htm (2573 words)

	Brightness - Intensity - Contrast effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Using this effect, you can change the brightness, intensity and contrast of one or several images at once.
		The effect can be applied both to the entire image and to any part.
		The effect is applied to the image as you move the slider and you can see the effect in the edit area and panel of properties of the object.
	www.awicons.com /help/awicons_old/english/bic.html (72 words)

	Psychology Today: Why I Hate Beauty
		I seem to have a confirmed case of the contrast effect.
		Most recently, Kenrick and Gutierres discovered that women who are surrounded by other attractive women, whether in the flesh, in films or in photographs, rate themselves as less satisfied with their attractiveness—and less desirable as a marriage partner.
		The contrast effect doesn't apply just to strangers men have yet to meet who might be most suitable for them.
	www.psychologytoday.com /articles/pto-20010701-000023.html (2229 words)

	PhotoKit Color-Color Enhance
		The Green Darken effect targets the green colors in an image and is also effective on landscapes and woodland scenes where you wish to make the green colors richer.
		This is effect is most suited to sunny, blue sky landscapes such as the photograph shown here.
		The Grainy Contrast effects are designed to simulate the use of high speed color film that has been push processed.
	www.pixelgenius.com /color/pkc_help/pkcol-pages/130-colorenhance.html (1337 words)

	Contrast Effect
		The Contrast effect can be used to increase or decrease the contrast of an image.
		The value given is used to stretch the contrast within the image.
		Values greater than zero increase the amount of contrast while those less than zero decrease the contrast.
	www.websupergoo.com /helpie/source/2-effects/contrast.htm (54 words)

	Quantitative contrast echocardiographic assessment of collateral derived myocardial perfusion during elective coronary ...
		With ipsilateral injections before occlusion, a significant contrast effect was observed in 24 patients.
		effect was present in 17 patients (fig 1).
		Myocardial contrast echocardiography: relation of collateral perfusion to extent of injury and severity of contractile dysfunction in a canine model of coronary thrombosis and reperfusion.
	heart.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/86/3/324 (3511 words)

	A curvature contrast effect for stereoscopically-defined surfaces (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		We investigate the effect of global curvature on the perception of local curvature using stereoscopically-defined parabolic cylinders.
		We found a considerable curvature contrast effect for such disparity-defined cylinders.
		Furthermore, the same basic pattern of results was found when the reference strip was either offset in depth or slanted with respect to the test strip, suggesting that observers were not basing judgements on direct comparisons of either local depth or slant.
	www.nici.kun.nl /Publications/2000/13592.html (180 words)

	The Effect of Contrast Material on Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Normal Middle Cerebral Artery Peak Systolic ...
		The Effect of Contrast Material on Transcranial Doppler Evaluation of Normal Middle Cerebral Artery Peak Systolic Velocity -- Khan et al.
		Effect of sonographic contrast material on measured peak systolic velocity in normal middle cerebral arteries
		Contrast agent enhanced duplex ultrasonography: visualization of the hepatic artery after orthotopic liver transplantation.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/21/2/386 (2536 words)

	Color Adaptive Graphics: What You See In Your Color Palette Isn't What You Get!
		This paper presents a prototype of a color adaptive graphic system where simultaneous contrast effect is automatically adjusted such that the color perceived in a palette is preserved when it is used against various background colors.
		Simultaneous color contrast is a known phenomenon; humans perceive the same physical color differently depending on its surrounding color, or background.
		The simultaneous contrast effect has been known for a long time and there have been a considerable numbers of psychological studies made since the nineteenth century.
	www.sigchi.org /chi95/proceedings/shortppr/si_bdy.htm (1396 words)

	Effective Color Contrast - Lighthouse International
		Two colors that contrast sharply to someone with normal vision may be far less distinguishable to someone with a visual disorder.
		It is important to appreciate that it is the contrast of colors one against another that makes them more or less discernible rather than the individual colors themselves.
		Avoid contrasting hues from adjacent parts of the hue circle, especially if the colors do not contrast sharply in lightness.
	www.lighthouse.org /color_contrast.htm (591 words)

	SMS Productions, Inc. -- Product Catalog -- Tiffen Filters
		While definitely visible, the effect is subtle and delicate, with contained highlight flare and moderate reduction of contrast.
		It uses ambient light to lower contrast evenly throughout the whole scene, even in an image where there are areas of greater or lesser brightness.
		Different effects may be produced depending on the distance from the light source to the filter, the size of the light source and the intensity of the light source.
	www.smsprod.com /products/lenses/tiffen2.html (1518 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Specialized Techniques - Background Intensity Effect on Contrast: Interactive Java ...
		Explore the effect of background intensity on image contrast in optical microscopy using this interactive Java tutorial.
		The tutorial plots image contrast as a function of image intensity and displays the contrast range for each background intensity selected by the slider.
		As the background intensity is increased up to 1.0, changes in image intensity have a progressively smaller effect on overall contrast.
	www.olympusmicro.com /primer/java/contrast/intensity (280 words)

	Successive Color Contrast Effect (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		There are many forms of adaptation that occur in different anatomical locations in your nervous system and for different physiological reasons.
		For best effect, you should try to see it on a CRT monitor because LCD monitors have problems that make some of what I’ll describe below partially untrue.
		However, the effect will work on an LCD monitor, so if that’s all you have...
	www.lifesci.ucsb.edu /~mrowe/SuccessiveColorContrast.html (516 words)

	Evaluation of myocardial, hepatic, and renal perfusion in a variety of clinical conditions using an intravenous ...
		Evaluation of myocardial, hepatic, and renal perfusion in a variety of clinical conditions using an intravenous ultrasound contrast agent (Optison) and second harmonic imaging -- Hancock et al.
		The pre and peak contrast effects for each organ in each imaging mode were compared using a paired t test.
		During intermittent harmonic imaging, less contrast agent is destroyed, which results in visible perfusion at the apex and increased cavity attenuation.
	heart.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/81/6/636 (3734 words)

	How To Produce A High Contrast Sketch Effect \| PhotoshopSupport.com
		This recipe always adds contrast to the image, which this early morning shot needed.
		In addition to covering each blending mode in detail, John Beardsworth, a London-based photographer and author, takes the reader through a whole collection of recipes that demonstrate how to use blending modes alone or in combination to fix problem photos, add subtle effects, and create dramatic images that are truly unique.
		With clear, step-by-step instructions, real-world projects, an easy-to-follow format, and hundreds of full-color examples, Photoshop Blending Modes Cookbook for Digital Photographers shows you how to use blending modes to achieve a wide range of image adjustments and special effects-without having to first learn everything there is to know about Photoshop.
	www.photoshopsupport.com /tutorials/or/high-contrast-sketch.html (562 words)

	DNA - Money - The contrast effect when renting a house - Daily News & Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Over the years, he was amazed as to how the various real estate agents had tried to use the contrast effect to get a little more rent out of him.
		This trick was used to great effect when the agent wanted to rent out a particular house.
		Another time when the contrast effect was used to great effect was whenever he moved in from a bigger and a more expensive city to a smaller and less expensive city.
	www.dnaindia.com /report.asp?NewsID=1052618 (537 words)

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