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Topic: Contravallation

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	Contravallation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is the process of the attacking army building a line of fortifications around the besieged city facing away from the city (to protect themselves from attacks by allies of the city's defenders and to enhance the blockade of the city) and also the resulting fortifications (known as lines of contravallation).
		Lines of Contravallation generally consist of earth ramparts and entrenchments that encircle the besieged city and are built parallel to the lines of circumvallation that face towards the besieged city.
		The circumvallation and Contravallation tactic has the advantage of making it possible to redirect troops from the siege to the defence of the besieging army itself, with defensive fortifications in either case.
	contravallation.iqnaut.net (173 words)

	Circumvallation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It has been suggested that this article or section be merged with contravallation.
		In cases where the besieging army is threatened by a field army allied to the city, the besieging army may construct a second line of fortifications between itself and the outside enemy parallel to the lines of circumvallation, known as "lines of contravallation".
		The circumvallation and contravallation tactic has the advantage of making it possible to redirect troops from the siege (now reinforced by the first wall of fortifications) to the defence of the besieging army itself.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circumvallation (352 words)

	Clan USMC "BIA Squad" -- semper fidelis
		In cases where the besieging army is threatened by a field army allied to the city, the besieging army may construct a second line of fortifications between themselves and the outside enemy parallel to the lines of circumvallation, known as 'lines of contravallation'.
		The circumvallation and contravallation tactic has the advantage of making it possible to redirect troops from the siege (now reinforced by the first wall of fortifications) to the defense of the besieging army itself.
		A siege is a prolonged military assault and blockade on a city or fortress with the intent of conquering by force or attrition.
	www.freewebs.com /clanusmcbiasquad/tacticsmembersonly.htm (3213 words)

	Fortified Places > Sieges > Siege Warfare (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He also suggested that a garrison should be allowed to surrender with honour if a breach had been made in the walls, to save the needless bloodshed that would ensue if an assault was ordered.
		Standard protocal dictated that the attackers demand the surrender of the place, but it was expected that the defenders would reject this demand.
		Between the lines of circumvallation and contravallation, the supplies for the siege would be stored and the troops would camp.
	www.fortified-places.com /siege_warfare.html (732 words)

	Part 1 of Contemporary Diary of Siege of Limerick, 1691
		The enemies brought down two pieces of cannon to a house on the other side of the river over against the left wing of our camp, so that two or three of our regiments were obliged to change their ground, being incommoded by their shot.
		The general having ordered that the batteries for cannon should be begun, for the cannon and mortars nigh or on the line of contravallation to bombard the place, five hundred men are ordered for the said work.
		Colonel Goor has this night ordered the continuation of discharging the vessels, and that the cannon and mortars be drawn to their several batteries now in hand; the line of communication, forts, and retrenchments are continued against the town.
	www.ucc.ie /celt/published/E703001-009/text001.html (5215 words)

	NapoleonGames.com: Games by Operational Studies Group.
		For this purpose an army of observation should be formed, whose business it is never to lose sight of the enemy, and which, while it effectually bars all access to the place, has always time enough to arrive upon his flanks or rear in case he should attempt to steal a march.
		It is to be remembered, too, that by profiting judiciously by the lines of contravallation, a portion of the besieging army will always be available in giving battle to the approaching enemy.
		Upon the same general principle, when a place is to be besieged in presence of an enemy's army, it is necessary to cover the siege by lines of circumvallation.
	www.napoleongames.com /maxim_strategy.html (2050 words)

	Fortified Places > Sieges > Maastricht
		He at once began to dig lines of circumvallation and contravallation.
		These were earthwork fortifications that ran all the way round the town and were built to protect the besiegers' camps against sorties made by the garrison or attacks from a force outside the town.
		This plan was well-conceived but in the end the strength of Frederick Henry's lines of contravallation and the superior morale of his troops (who were encouraged by his presence during the fighting) decided the day.
	www.fortified-places.com /sieges/maastricht1632.html (872 words)

	Alésia - the battle against the Romans (1)
		The about 60,000 Romans (10 or 11 legions) led by Caesar, builded a long, high, fortification around the city ("contravallation") so no one could escape.
		Because of a possible relief of the town by a so-called "armeé de secours" the Romans later also build a second, outer, fortification ("circonvallation") to be protected against the Gaulish liberation fighters.
		wide reconstruction of a part of the contravallation, based on Caesar's "The Gallic War".
	www.angelfire.com /me/ik/alesia2.html (969 words)

	Siege
		To prevent a relief force from breaking the siege, the attackers would also construct a second series of earthworks (a line of contravallation), creating a double ring around the besieged city.
		A line of contravallation would also be constructed, facing in towards the besieged area, to protect against sorties by the defenders and to prevent the besieged from escaping.
		The next line, which Vauban usually placed at about 600 meters from the target, would contain the main batteries of heavy cannons so that they could hit the target without being vulnerable themselves.
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/s/si/siege.html (3675 words)

	GMT GAMES: Great Battles of History: Caesar
		Caesar and Pompey have both come to Illyria to settle their differences, each trying to besiege the other.
		Towers, ramparts, and lines of circumvallation and contravallation dot the rocky Illyrian coast, as both armies try to go one up on the other.
		Pompey has the troops, he has the position, he has the cavalry...
	www.gmtgames.com /gbca/gmtgbca0.htm (612 words)

	Trench warfare Tactics artillery contravallation Lines of Torres Vedras French Swiss salient Somme grenade Maginot Line (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Trench warfare Tactics artillery contravallation Lines of Torres Vedras French Swiss salient Somme grenade Maginot Line
		Julius Caesar in his Gallic Wars describes how at the Battle of Alesia the Roman legions created two huge fortified walls around the city.
		The inner circumvallation, 10 miles, held in Vercingetorix's forces, while the contravallation kept relief from reaching them.
	en.powerwissen.com /qI\|\|SL\|\|ygDoHA3S8dndjcyNHJA==_Trench_warfare.html (8139 words)

	And the Corona goes to - Josephia! (again!)
		Dyrrhachium was THE supply depot not only for Pompey's army, but the main port on that whole area with unrestricted access to Italy.
		Caesar almost, but not quite, got hold of it when he and Pompey were both racing for it, but ended up besieging Pompey's army (with its back up against the coast) south of Dyrrhachium, with a massive circum- and contravallation that, for Pompey, ran 17 miles and 22 miles for Caesar.
		Meanwhile, Pompey's navy could ferry him lots of goodies by sea.
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/20686 (451 words)

	Arms and Armor in the Age of the Musketeer: A Glossary of Special Terms
		Comb Morion – a morion style helmet with a high central ridge
		Contravallation Trenches – trenches dug by an army allied with the besieged to trap the attacking army between them
		Couter – plate armor that protects the elbow
	users.wpi.edu /~jforgeng/17cIQP/gloss.html (2007 words)

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