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Topic: Control of respiration

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Respiration (physiology)

Apnea

Gas exchange

Respiration

Mechanical ventilation

Skeletal muscle

Pulmonary

Physiology

Animal physiology

Cellular respiration

Arterial blood gas

Plant physiology

Muscle fiber

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	Respiration (physiology) Summary
		Respiration is the process by which an organism obtains energy by reacting oxygen with glucose to give water, carbon dioxide and ATP (energy).
		Respiration takes place on a cellular level whereas breathing is on a different level.
		Respiration also takes place in plants, where they respire the products of photosynthesis - oxygen and glucose to give energy, water and carbon dioxide.
	www.bookrags.com /Respiration_(physiology) (1777 words)

	Involuntary control of respiration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The body's involuntary control of respiration is mediated by the brain's respiratory center located in the brainstem, particularly in the medulla oblongata and pons.
		In addition to involuntary control of respiration by the respiratory center, respiration can be affected by conditions such as emotional state, via input from the limbic system, or temperature, via the hypothalamus.
		Voluntary control of respiration is provided via the cerebral cortex, although chemoreceptor reflex is capable of overriding conscious control.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Involuntary_control_of_respiration (650 words)

	Control of respiration - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Control of ventilation refers to the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of ventilation (physiology).
		The control unit of ventilation consists of a processor (the breathing centre in the brain) which integrates inputs (emotional, chemical and physical stimuli) and controls an effector (the lungs) via motor nerves arising from the spinal cord.
		The nuclei known to be involved are divided into regions known as the ventral respiratory group (nucleus retroambigualis, nucleus ambiguus, nucleus parambigualis and the pre-Botzinger complex), dorsal respiratory group (nucleus tractus solitarius), the pneumotactic centre and the apneustic centre, both in the pons.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Control_of_respiration (608 words)

	Vet Tech Respiratory Physiology Lesson: Control of respiration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Although there is chemical control of respiration, nervous signals from areas in the brain that control skeletal muscles also contribute to regulation of respiration
		The characteristic rhythm of respiration is due to the function of the respiratory center, which is comprised of:
		Rapid shallow breathing (such as panting in the dog) is controlled by pneumotaxic center, which increasing rate of respiration while decreasing depth of respiration (does the respiratory minute volume change?).
	www.vet.purdue.edu /depts/bms/vldl/LP_04_D.html (712 words)

	Alternative Respiration
		Alternative respiration is especially active in roots due to its relation to oxygen uptake, which is the result of phosphate uptake occurring in roots.
		During the alternative respiration process oxygen is consumed and through a reaction with the electrons transported to the AOX and a proton, water is yielded.
		cytochrome respiration is blocked in situation of proton excess at the inter membrane space in relation to the matrix.
	www.tau.ac.il /~ecology/virtau/2-elitsur/ey.htm (2113 words)

	USU CROP PHYSIOLOGY LABORATORY: RESEARCH: RESPIRATION/CARBON USE EFFICIENCY
		In contrast, respiration is widely accepted to double with each 10 ºC increase in temperature, but this relationship is derived from short-term (hours) measurements in mature organisms.
		Respiration is widely accepted to double with each 10C increase in temperature (a 100% increase), but this relationship is derived from short-term (hours) measurements in mature organisms.
		While both components may play a role in determining respiration rates, their relative contributions are poorly characterized, and we do not understand the short-term respiratory adaption of plant communities to environmental changes such as warm sunny days followed by cool cloudy days.
	www.usu.edu /cpl/research_CUE.htm (1548 words)

	REGULATION OF RESPIRATION PAGE
		In the normal resting state, respiration is due to the inspiratory center and when these nerves shut off, there is passive exhalation.
		Generally, then, the oxygen chemoreceptors are not significantly involved in regulation of respiration.
		This is a protective reflex to prevent over-expansion of the lung; the stretch receptors are not used during normal respiration but become increasingly active with labored breathing associated with vigorous exercise or climbing.
	faculty.etsu.edu /currie/respcontrol.htm (1348 words)

	Factors Influencing the Control of Breathing
		Chemical control of breathing indicates that ventilation is critically dependent on arterial and brain tissue PO and pH and involves two sets of chemoreceptors: the peripheral chemoreceptors located in the carotid bodies at the bifurcation of the carotid artery, and the central chemoreceptors located in the ventral medulla.
		However, the behavioral control systems is second in command and chemical control will eventually determine the pattern of breathing without any voluntary action able to suppress breathing activity.
		Anesthetics and analgesics act at specific receptors in the peripheral and central nervous system and since the integrity of the ventilatory control system is dependent on many of these, it is not surprising that agents commonly used to induce anesthesia and analgesia, may affect ventilation and the ventilatory responses to acute and sustained hypoxia.
	www.eurosiva.org /Archive/Goteborg/Abstracts/dahan.htm (940 words)

	Pulmonology - Respiration
		Respiration, which means "breathe again", is very critical for life because it is necessary to supply all parts of de body with oxygen and to get rid of the produced carbon dioxide.
		Inhalation is initiated by the contraction of both the diaphragm and the external intercostal (between the ribs) muscles, which cause expansion of the vertical and horizontal dimension of the thorax (including the lungs) respectively.
		The control of respiration is mainly affected by the efficiency of gas exchange and ventilation.
	www.pul.unimaas.nl /respir.htm (1825 words)

	Blood Gas Text
		Respiration is the total process of delivering oxygen to the cells and carrying away the byproduct of metabolism, carbon dioxide.
		Respiration includes gas exchange in the lungs, circulation of gases through the blood stream, and transfer of gases at the cellular level.
		The area of the brain stem that controls respiration is directly responsive to increases in acid concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, producing increased respirations.
	www.madsci.com /manu/gas_gas.htm (2322 words)

	CHAPTER 9: CELLULAR RESPIRATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Even though anaerobic respiration is not very efficient, this small amount of ATP released per glucose could be very important for an animal attempting to escape a predator.
		Glycolysis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, is a catabolic pathway common to fermentation and respiration.
		The rate of ATP synthesis in respiration is finely controlled by allosteric enzymes at key places in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
	webpages.marshall.edu /~adkinsda/b120ch9.htm (1964 words)

	Cellular Respiration -- Biochemistry @ La Canada HS
		Glycolisis, the breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid, is a catabolic pathway common to fermentation and respiration.
		It occurs in the cytoplasm of all organisms and probably evolved in ancient prokaryotesbefore oxygen was avaliable in the atmosphere.
		The rate of ATP synthesis in respiration is finely controlled controlled by allosteric enzymes at key places in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
	www.lcusd.net /lchs/mewoldsen/BCellularRespiration.htm (1299 words)

	In vivo control of respiration by cytochrome c oxidase in wild-type and mitochondrial DNA mutation-carrying ...
		In vivo control of respiration by cytochrome c oxidase in wild-type and mitochondrial DNA mutation-carrying human cells -- Villani and Attardi 94 (4): 1166 -- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
		In vivo control of respiration by cytochrome c oxidase in wild-type and mitochondrial DNA mutation-carrying human cells
		from 0.2 mM to 0.4 mM, by the (malate + glutamate)-dependent respiration
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/94/4/1166 (5480 words)

	Respiration Patterns Play Key Role in Pest Biology
		Respiration patterns of the beetle cockroach, Diploptera punctata, and red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, were examined using flow-through respirometry methods.
		Air flow was regulated with a mass-flow controller and the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air stream was recorded at one second intervals with a computer.
		These results are interesting because subterranean termites live in closed nests with low levels of oxygen and high concentrations of carbon dioxide; exactly the conditions for which the discontinuous pattern is thought to be adaptive.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /aaes/communications/highlights/winter97/respiration.html (543 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		During forced respiration: a) forced inspiration: activity of DRG and VRG b) forced exhalation: activity of VRG only C.
		Conscious control of respiratory activity: speaking, singing, swimming.
		Effect: decreased rate and depth of respiration, decreasing ventilation in the lungs.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/plapolt/200b/lect26b.txt (460 words)

	Virtual Naval Hospital: United States Naval Flight Surgeon Manual: Third Edition 1991: Chapter 1: Respiratory Physiology
		The principal functions of respiration are to transport alveolar oxygen to the tissues and to transport tissue carbon dioxide back to the lungs.
		The neural control of respiration is accomplished by neurons in the reticular formation of the medulla.
		This rhythmic activity is modified by afferent impulses arising from receptors in various parts of the body, by impulses originating in higher centers of the central nervous system, and by specific local effects induced by changes in the chemical composition of the blood.
	fig.cox.miami.edu /~lfarmer/BIL265/respiration2000.HTM (1337 words)

	New Method Permits Neural Control of Mechanical Ventilation
		OF A new method promises to improve the efficacy of mechanical ventilation and lessen its adverse effects by permitting the respiratory center in a patient's brain to control the ventilator.
		Neural control of respiration originates in the respiratory center, and signals are transmitted through the phrenic nerve to excite the diaphragm.
		Neural control of mechanical ventilation in respiratory failure.
	www.pulmonaryreviews.com /may00/pr_may00_neuralcontrol.html (882 words)

	Wednesday, September 1, 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		To understand pathological conditions inflicted by episodes of epilepsy, ischemia and hypoxia, it is important to evaluate the control mechanisms of mitochondrial respiration in brain during rapid respiration.
		Pentochlorophenol (PCP) was administered to induce rapid mitochondrial respiration.
		The abrupt reversal of NADH oxidation to reduction suggests that at high levels of mitochondrial respiration, some substrates limit electron flow, typically seen when oxygen is limited.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~eprctr/ISOTT99/days/1/nioka.html (303 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Analysis of the Catalytic Mechanism of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase
		The control of respiration in plant cells is a subject of ongoing study.
		The activity of a protein thought to be important in overall control of respiration is itself controlled by a different, associated protein.
		The chemical components that make up the controlling protein were modified to define which contributes the most to overall control of respiration.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=166180&pf=1 (513 words)

	Direct Evidence for the Control of Mitochondrial Respiration by Mitochondrial Creatine Kinase in Oxidative Muscle Cells ...
		ADP in the control of the respiration should be reduced to a minimum.
		ScCKmit was absent, the increase of the ATP-induced respiration
		is a redistribution of the control of respiration among the parallel
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/275/10/6937 (5965 words)

	ATP Production: An Introduction
		A key control point is the third step of glycolysis which is catalyzed by an allosteric enzyme, phosphofructokinase.
		ADP or AMP are allosteric activators for phosphofructokinase, so when their concentrations relative to ATP rise, the enzyme speeds up glycolysis which speeds up the Krebs cycle.
		There are other allosteric enzymes at key locations which also control the rates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/CampOLs/RespControl.html (170 words)

	Tight Control of Respiration by NADH Dehydrogenase ND5 Subunit Gene Expression in Mouse Mitochondria -- Bai et al. 20 ...
		Tight Control of Respiration by NADH Dehydrogenase ND5 Subunit Gene Expression in Mouse Mitochondria -- Bai et al.
		Respiration and growth defects in transmitochondrial cell lines carrying the 11778 mutation associated with Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy.
		Use of transmitochondrial cybrids to assign a complex I defect to the mitochondrial DNA-encoded NADH dehydrogenase subunit 6 gene mutation at nucleotide pair 14459 that causes Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and dystonia.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/3/805 (8070 words)

	Control of respiration and bioenergetics during muscle contraction -- Chung et al. 288 (3): C730 -- AJP - Cell ...
		Control of respiration and bioenergetics during muscle contraction -- Chung et al.
		Multiple controls of oxidative metabolism in living tissues as studied by phosphorus magnetic resonance.
		Control of mitochondrial respiration in the heart in vivo.
	ajpcell.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/3/C730 (4937 words)

	Affiliates - UW-Madison Institute on Aging
		Very little is known about the effects of age on regions of the brain and spinal cord that are involved in the control of respiration.
		In male rats, testosterone may also be involved in the control of breathing, as it can be converted to estrogen in the brain.
		Similarly, the capacity of the respiratory control system to respond appropriately to episodes of hypoxia in young male rats is critically dependent on the presence of testosterone.
	aging.wisc.edu /research/affil.php?Ident=115 (753 words)

	[No title]
		(Redrawn from Nielson, M., and Smith, H.: Studies on the regulation of respiration in acute hypoxia with an appendix on respiratory control during prolonged hypoxia.
		Study Questions for Control of Respiration Name the single most important blood gas value determining the level of central chemoreceptor stimulation?
		Answers to Control of Respiration Study Questions 1.
	www.ursa.kcom.edu /Department/LectureNotes/Summer/ContRespiration.doc (1625 words)

	[No title]
		If, for example, a person is excited and breathes too much (hyperventilates), he or she will pass out and the respiratory center will re-establish a respiration rate that restores appropriate levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen.
		If respiration is mediated by blood pH, then you would expect the breathing rate to increase when blood is acidic (too much carbon dioxide in the blood) and decrease when blood is too basic (too little carbon dioxide in the blood).
		This increased respiration rate is necessary to provide the body with more oxygen and remove excess carbon dioxide to restore the body to optimal concentrations of these gases.
	www.csun.edu /~vceed002/health/Activities/respiration.doc (989 words)

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