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Topic: Controlled natural language

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Natural language processing

	Natural language processing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Natural language generation systems convert information from computer databases into normal-sounding human language, and natural language understanding systems convert samples of human language into more formal representations that are easier for computer programs to manipulate.
		Natural language understanding is sometimes referred to as an AI-complete problem, because natural language recognition seems to require extensive knowledge about the outside world and the ability to manipulate it.
		The grammar for natural languages is ambiguous, i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Natural_language_understanding (902 words)

	Guidelines
		Natural language is human language, in this case, language used by cheese makers, importers, and sellers of British cheeses.
		The natural language used by CABACHI members and cheese makers would not necessarily be understood by officials of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, therefore the ABC Thesaurus offers users a defined set of controlled vocabulary from which CABACHI members can derive official terminology for use in completing importation forms.
		The highly specialized nature of this language environment, in concert with the encouragement from the Guidelines (3.6.1) to select terms that reflect the usage of individuals familiar with that language, indicated that we follow the best practice of using terms as recognized by the user group wherever possible.
	www.slais.ubc.ca /courses/libr512/04-05-wt2/thesauri/cheese/guidelines.htm (1916 words)

	LogiMOO: an Extensible Multi-User Virtual World with Natural Language Control
		Our natural language front-end is extensible in the sense that it is easy for the user to tailor it to a particular virtual world through defining the verbs specific to that world and establishing links between lexical objects and their WWW representations.
		Dynamic knowledge is created by execution of a natural language command, and described with the aid of the same predicates as static knowledge, but these are put on a flboard instead of simply extending the static world knowledge.
		Given that we accept only controlled language, and that some words, such as nouns and adjectives, do not need to be explicitly defined in a lexicon, but are inferred by the system from their first use in a command, we have a simple way of adapting our English analyzer into other languages.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /CC/882/veronica/UsefulLinks/papers97/lm/html.html (5757 words)

	[MT-List] Controlled Language Translation
		Controlled languages are subsets of natural languages whose grammars and dictionaries have been restricted in order to reduce or eliminate both ambiguity and complexity.
		Traditionally, controlled languages fall into two major categories: those that improve readability for human readers, particularly non-native speakers, and those that improve computational processing of the text.
		Controlled Language * Examples of controlled languages: their definition, by whom, and intended usage; * Consequences for technical authors and implications for Natural Language Processing; * Practical experiences of teaching and using controlled languages; * Application of controlled languages in speech systems.
	www.pairlist.net /pipermail/mt-list/2002/000155.html (1169 words)

	Language
		A language is a convention according to which certan material objects, to be referred to as linguistic objects, define certain actions, which are referred to as their meanings.
		Commands are used in the context of control, where the meaning of a command issued by the controlling system is the resulting action of the controled system.
		A language is formal, or formalized, if the rules of manipulation of linguistic objects depend only on the `form' of the objects, and not on their `human meanings'.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /LANG.html (728 words)

	Architectures for Intelligent Systems
		A controlled natural language is a subset of the corresponding natural language.
		But natural languages and their translations into logic could also specify more complex speech acts that could dynamically reconfigure the components of an intelligent system and their ways of interacting.
		New languages and dialects of languages could be added whenever a translator becomes available for mapping them to and from the patterns of CGs that are used by the flboard communication center.
	www.jfsowa.com /pubs/arch.htm (10644 words)

	Ontology, Metadata, and Semiotics
		Natural languages have a variety of quantifiers, such as the words every, some, or all, the numbers two, seventeen, or half, and the phrases more than six or at least as many.
		In natural languages, indexicals are represented by pronouns, by deictic words such as this and that, and by noun phrases marked by the definite article the.
		The ontology defines the words of a natural language, the predicates of predicate calculus, the concept and relation types of conceptual graphs, the classes of an object-oriented language, or the tables and fields of a relational database.
	users.bestweb.net /~sowa/peirce/ontometa.htm (8802 words)

	Graphics and Languages for the FMF
		Controlled natural languages, which are formally defined subsets of whatever natural language the user prefers.
		In natural languages, the purpose of a proposition can be expressed in several ways: sometimes by syntax, as in questions and commands; sometimes by the context of a message, a conversation, or an extended discourse; and sometimes by a complex statement with multiple nested statements.
		Natural languages are often called unstructured, but it is more accurate to say that NLs can express such a wide range of structures that it is difficult for a computer program to detect which structure is being expressed by any particular phrase.
	www.jfsowa.com /pubs/gal4fmf.htm (8004 words)

	Controlled Languages in Industry
		Controlled Languages (CL) have been developed to counter the tendency of writers to use unusual or overly-specialized, inconsistent language.
		One might consider formal written English to be the ultimate Controlled Language: a form of English with restricted word and grammar usages, but a standard too broad and too variable for use in highly technical domains.
		Perhaps the best known recent controlled language is AECMA Simplified English [AEC95], which is unique in that it has been adopted by an entire industry, namely, the aerospace industry.
	cslu.cse.ogi.edu /HLTsurvey/ch7node8.html (930 words)

	Language Technology Research Group - Seminars
		Natural Language Understanding (NLU) is the process of constructing a machine understandable meaning representation from natural language inputs.
		While I cannot hope to solve these problems in general, I believe that by carefully constraining the virtual world and natural language inputs, it is possible to make substantial progress in developing a framework and the tools necessary for building specific systems that could be controlled by natural language instructions.
		His current area of research is natural language understanding in constrained virtual environments.
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /research/lt/seminars/seminar_20040226.html (540 words)

	Citations: TEAM: An Experiment in the Design of Transportable Natural-Language Interfaces - Grosz, Appelt, Martin, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		BACKGROUND 6 2.1.3 Natural Language Coverage One disadvantage of natural language interfaces is that they can only handle subsets of natural language[AR95] Furthermore, the linguistic coverage may be unclear to the enduser.
		Because of the problems related to natural language understanding hardly any of the systems are actually used for retrieval in databases.
		Many of these natural language interfaces to databases are transportable, that is, they can be adapted to new domains by changing the lexicon and the domaindependent knowledge.
	sherry.ifi.unizh.ch /context/115690/0 (4673 words)

	Architectures for intelligent systems
		In natural languages, metalevels are marked by a variety of syntactic features that delimit the context of the metalanguage from the context of the object language.
		The knowledge engineer in Figure 4 is a specialist in translating unformatted natural language to database tables, if-then rules, and procedural sequences.
		To simulate a conventional scripting language, the destination would always be specified, and the speech act would always be “command.” To access a relational database, the speech act would be “assertion” for an update, “question” for a query, or “definition” for creating a new table with a new format.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/sj/413/sowa.html (8665 words)

	Re: Controlled natural language for program debugging
		The term CNL has been used in a variety of ways for languages that use the basic vocabulary and syntax of some natural language in a more controlled or restricted way than usual.
		In general, CNLs have a lot of promise, but that promise is not likely to be realized without good tools and a good development environment.
		In fact, one way to use a CNL is for the output stage: after a system designer had specified a conceptual model, the tools could automatically generate a complete specification in a CNL, which the manager who requested the design is more likely to read than other notations.
	grouper.ieee.org /groups/suo/email/msg12680.html (525 words)

	LogiMOO: an Extensible Multi-User Virtual World with Natural Language Control
		What we provide is the ability to create those persistent links dynamically, as the result of a controlled natural language interaction with the user or her decision to trigger the action of a building agent.
		There is a very strong move towards the use of natural language as a command language today, with General Magic, Microsoft, IBM and telecommunication companies pioneering its use for major industrial applications which routinely use spoken language to communicate with the user both for input and output.
		With respect to the natural language processing component, the next logical step is the use speech recognition in order to interact with LogiMOO and other interoperable components running under Netscape as, for instance, VRML plugins.
	logic.csci.unt.edu /tarau/research/99/lm.html (7085 words)

	Controlled English
		The ACE language is the easiest one to implement, since it needs no built-in ontology, but it could be supplemented with ontologies defined in any logic-based language.
		A language like ACE could be used to enter and modify knowledge in Cyc, or it could be used to write programs.
		The ACE language is general enough to specify a Turing machine, but predefined ontologies could make it easier to use by reducing the amount of detail that must be specified for each application.
	users.bestweb.net /~sowa/misc/ace.htm (2421 words)

	Aplications of Natural Language to Information Systems
		Concrete NL consultable database systems were addressed in "Natural Language Interface to an Object-Relational Database Management System", by M. Bastawala and P. Bhattacharyya, and error recognition was studied in "Error Detection in Several Languages fro an OCR-Generated Multilingual Database, by Nic Gearailt and J.G. Byrne.
		This method combines hypothetical reasoning, which is used both for natural language analysis and for concept extraction, and domain-oriented taxonomies of concepts to guide the system's reasoning.
		The method is especially applicable to incomplete textual databases, given the non- monotonicity of extended logic programs, but it is also generally applicable to the analysis of natural language descriptions in view of conceptual modelling and to natural language interfaces for database querying.
	www.cs.ucy.ac.cy /compulog/newpage43.htm (579 words)

	Human Emotions Thesaurus - Language Tools Consulted
		It was particularly beneficial in that it provided natural language selections more often used in popular literature and conversation, thereby rounding out our selection of controlled vocabulary terms.
		Containing the controlled vocabulary used by PsycINFO in creating records for their databases, it helped in establishing preferred and other terms for our own thesaurus.
		The thesaurus entry “emotional states” is directly applicable to the domain of the HET and served as a model for its structure.
	www.slais.ubc.ca /courses/libr512/04-05-wt2/thesauri/HET/language_tools.htm (866 words)

	LOGIC PROGRAMMING AND NATURAL LANGUAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		We shall uncover a natural alliance between natural language and logic programming, which was apparent in the beginnings of the latter and is becoming again apparent in a more mature state-of-the-art way.
		A historic overview will first examine the uses of logic programming for describing formal and natural languages; their expression as either logic programs or logic grammars, some formal characterizations of logic grammars.
		Other applications, such as driving robots through natural language, error diagnosis and repair, machine translation, and language front ends to knowledge based systems will also be examined, as well as cross-fertilizations with other disciplines, e.g.
	www.cs.sfu.ca /~veronica/personal/ILPS97/outline.html (327 words)

	Research: Natural Language Research and Development
		BCL's Natural Language (NL) capabilities offer the freedom for users to communicate with voice-enabled handheld devices and desktop computers using totally natural SL with any number of variations in which a specific command or query may be stated.
		By using an off-the-shelf voice recognition system and a Government and Binding (GB) Theory based natural language parser, BCL can demonstrate the feasibility of developing a system that can be ported from one machine to another by switching the lexicon, GB parameters, and table of machine executable commands.
		A primary agent interfaces with the user, translating natural language requests into the agent languages of KQML and KIF, which are then sent to task-specific agents to be executed.
	www.bcltechnologies.com /rd/nl.htm (1165 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The specification language Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e.
		The restriction of full natural language to a controlled subset is essential for ACE to be suitable for specification purposes.
		The main goals of this restriction are to reduce ambiguity and vagueness inherent in full natural language and to make ACE computer processable.
	www.iiia.csic.es /seminars/abstracts/s121699.html (146 words)

	Re: Controlled natural language for program debugging
		Use some internal logic-based tools for the analysis and debugging of the spec's, and use CNL generators to echo back to the analyst the current state of the specifications.
		During this stage, various languages could be used: CNLs, graphics such as UML, and whatever procedural and declarative notations the programmres and system analysts already know.
		After the spec's are verified against the original requirements, the programmers could push a button to have the compilers generate the executable code from the internal logic specifications.
	grouper.ieee.org /groups/suo/email/msg12684.html (445 words)

	Seminar Abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Attempto Controlled English (ACE) - a subset of standard English - is a controlled natural language specifically constructed to write specifications.
		Though ACE seems perfectly natural, it is a formal language with the semantics of the underlying logic language.
		The Attempto system offers users a natural language interface for the automatic analysis of ACE specifications such as query answering, consistency verification and execution.
	www.dai.ed.ac.uk /groups/ssp/abstract/norbert2002-1.html (138 words)

	265gr08 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If we are to control vocabulary during the indexing process, it is important to understand the basis of that control.
		The aim of PART B is to consider the nature and form of index languages and thesauri as well as strategies for their construction.
		This reading offers a process involving terminological control through stepwise reduction of an initial set of terms to arrive at a set of descriptors that could be used in indexing.
	ils.unc.edu /inls265/265gr08.html (502 words)

	Controlled Language
		One of the main goals for authoring, translation, and localization technologies (such as CL, MT, TM and AM) is to facilitate and improve comprehension and communication within languages and across languages.
		He served as executive committee chairperson for the Controlled Language Applications Workshop (CLAW) 2000 and is an active member of the MT certification special interest group of the International Association for Machine Translation.
		As a developer of software tools that promote language standardization, she has naturally been led to consider CL and other translation and localization technologies for her own development work.
	hometown.aol.com /mit2usa/CLs.html (1318 words)

	Knowledge Representation and Reasoning in (Controlled) Natural Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e.
		While the meaning of a sentence in unrestricted natural language can vary depending on its — possibly only vaguely defined — context, the meaning of an ACE sentence is completely and uniquely defined.
		ACE served as natural language interface for the model generator EP Tableaux, for a FLUX agent, and recently for MIT's Process Handbook.
	www.cs.ut.ee /~peeter_l/seminar/fuchs.html (402 words)

	Research - Projects
		This project is concerned with dynamic document delivery: the use of natural language generation techniques to provide customized and up-to-date information via the web.
		We are also interested in the confluence of speech technology and language technology and how both can be applied to make speech technology in the meeting room be a viable and useful resource.
		In contrast to other controlled natural languages, the author of a PENG text does not need to remember the rules of the controlled language, since the PENG editor guides the writing process via predictive interface techniques.
	www.clt.mq.edu.au /Research/Projects.html (440 words)

	Zoological Record Plus (ZR Plus)
		Any term can be searched as natural language or free text, but unless the term is selected from the controlled vocabulary, it is recommended to also include synonyms and variants in the search.
		These are controlled terms from the ZR Plus Thesaurus and are searchable directly from the thesaurus.
		Titles in languages other than these are translated into English using British spelling and are enclosed in square brackets.
	www.csa.com /factsheets/zooclust-set-c.php (1381 words)

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