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	Fusion power - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Fusion power is the extraction of energy in some useful form from a nuclear fusion reaction, that is, by combining two light atomic nuclei into a heavier one with the release of energy.
		The likelihood of a catastrophic accident in a fusion reactor in which injury or loss of life occurs is much smaller than that of a fission reactor.
		Finally, there are also electrostatic confinement fusion systems, in which ions in the reaction chamber are confined and held at the center of the device by electrostatic forces, as in the Farnsworth-Hirsch Fusor, but these are not believed capable of being developed into a practical power plant.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Fusion_power (3475 words)

	Introduction
		Controlled thermonuclear fusion is one of the few energy supply options capable of supplying energy on a large scale for the twenty-first century.
		Thermonuclear fusion is one such an option, even if there still remain barriers to be taken, such as the technological complexity of fusion devices.
		The fusion challenge consists in reproducing, on Earth, the reacions that fuel the stars: to construct fusion reactors capable of satisfying a large share of the energetic demand of the planet in the medium term.
	www-fusion.ciemat.es /fusion/Intro/Intro-eng.html (1726 words)

	Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion - 1 Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fusion energy is an important, albeit long-range element of the nation's energy strategy because of its many potential advantages as an energy resource.
		The successful commercialization of fusion energy (which could be realized by the middle of the next century) could ultimately change the overall pattern of electricity generation -- as fusion power plants replace those now fueled by nuclear fission and fossil fuels.
		Because fusion power plants would not produce air pollutants that contribute to acid rain and that may contribute to global climate change, they could minimize the environmental risks associated with the burning of fossil fuels and could substantially decrease demand for premium hydrocarbon fuels.
	www.ipp.mpg.de /BB/Kernfusion/Kernfusion1.html (796 words)

	Magnetic fusion : a european activity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The study of thermonuclear fusion is common to a number of countries throughout the world (link to some major laboratories).
		Research on fusion is the most convincing example of the benifits of a combined research effort in Europe.
		Controlled thermonuclear fusion is one of the research activities of the Framework Programme for Research, Technological development and Demonstration activities (FP-RDP
	www-fusion-magnetique.cea.fr /gb/fusion/ue01.htm (302 words)

	Laser Driven Inertial Confinement Fusion: Principles And Implementation
		Controlled thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium and tritium) into helium offers the possibility of a virtually unlimited source of energy.
		A second method of achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion uses laser or ion beams to deliver megajoules of energy in a few nanoseconds to the surface of a spherical mass of hydrogen.
		Laser driven fusion was proposed by John Nuckolls shortly after the demonstration of a ruby laser by Ted Maiman at Hughes in the early 1960s.
	www.ece.uiuc.edu /seminar/98-99/fusion.html (508 words)

	Nuclear Fusion
		For a fusion reaction to take place, the nuclei, which are positively charged, must have enough kinetic energy to overcome their electrostatic force of repulsion.
		Fusion reactions that occur within a plasma serve to heat it further, because the portion of the reaction product is transferred to the bulk of the plasma through collisions.
		Although the temperature of a thermonuclear plasma is very high and the power flowing through it may be quite large the stored energy is relatively small and would quickly be radiated away by impurities if the plasma touched a wall and began to vaporize it.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack14_10.html (1159 words)

	Controlled Magnetic Fusion
		Of the energy sources currently available worldwide--such as coal, oil, gas, nuclear fission, and solar energy--only controlled thermonuclear fusion has the capability of supplying the needed power to bring the population of the Earth to a comparable energy consumptionn level.
		Fusion has the potential of delivering this huge amount of power without environmental catastrophe and for an extended, if not infinite, time.
		Controlled fusion relies on a plasma or fully ionized hot gas made up of electrons and ions.
	www-fp.mcs.anl.gov /petaflops/95_workshop/case-studies/fusion/fusion.html (2081 words)

	Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fusion is one of the two methods of generating atomic energy.
		NEWS: in 2004 new scientist reported that fusion had reached the breakeven level, where it no longer uses more energy than it takes to start the reaction.
		Cold Fusion is a bit of an exception, because although there is a small amount of evidence that you do get more energy out than you put in, there are no fusion byproducts detectable, so it probably isn't fusion.
	www.pescu.net /fusion.htm (88 words)

	FUSION EXPO: THE ENERGY OF THE STARS: UNESCO
		Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion is one of the promising energy options for the 21st century.
		Fusion is the energy which makes the sun and the stars shine.
		Fusion Expo is an itinerant exhibition to explain fusion research energy activities, concerns and progress.
	portal.unesco.org /es/ev.php-URL_ID=21173&URL_DO=DO_PRINTPAGE&URL_SECTION=201.html (230 words)

	Tutorial on Heavy Ion Fusion Energy
		Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) is the approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion which uses intense ion or laser beams to implode and ignite target pellets of deuterium-tritium fuel, whose inertia confines them for a sufficiently long time for a good "burn" to occur.
		Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) is the name for the research program in the U.S. Department of Energy whose goal is to use the ICF approach to controlled thermonuclear fusion energy to commercial power production.
		In general, the temperatures necessary for fusion imply that burning fuel is in a plasma state.
	hif.lbl.gov /tutorial/glossary.html (1344 words)

	Fusion Controlled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Controlled nuclear fission have been carried out before fission bombs were built.
		In contrast, the first fusion bomb exploded Enewetak atoll on Nov. 1, 1952, but controlled fusion for power generation has not been realized yet.
		In parallel with the development of the hydrogen bomb, massive efforts towards achieving controlled thermonuclear fusion (CTF) were initiated in a number of countries.
	www.science.uwaterloo.ca /~cchieh/cact/nuctek/fusioncontrol.html (173 words)

	Re: About Fusion
		Thermonuclear fusion or fusion for short is the power source for the sun and stars.
		Man's first thermonuclear fusion was set off in 1952 with the explosion of the first Hydrogen Bomb (H-bomb).
		No container can contain the enormous temperatures required for a fusion reaction and so scientists have developed complex machines which attempt to confine the fusion reaction away from the chamber walls by using magnetic and microwave fields to enclose the plasma.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1997-03/853464363.Ph.r.html (306 words)

	Fusion Science _ general (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It explains in a few pages the fundamentals of the fusion reaction, the concept of plasma confinement and the methods to heat the plasma.
		Advanced information on fusion can be retrieved from the book entitled "The Science of JET", written by John Wesson.
		Even if the book is mainly focussed on the achievements of the scientists and engineers who worked on the Joint European Torus (JET) between 1973 and 1999, it guides the reader through the most important issues of plasma physics and provides also the experimental aspect of the research.
	www.efda.org /portal/fusion_science/fus_general.htm (119 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		C) CNR (Padua) The programme of activity of the Padua Group coincides with the RFX Project; in the period under consideration, the construction phase of the new experimental facility will be completed and it will be put to use for the first time.
		Present scientific and technical programme Experiment on Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating of the plasma of the FTU tokamak of ENEA; Experimental activity on tritium handling; H2 isotopes permeation in fusion materials Theoretical activity on plasma physics: wave propagation in plasmas plasma confinement and heating, study of thermonuclear regimes.
		The activity of the Padua group for fusion research increased substantially in 1984 after the start of the RFX (Reversed Field Pinch eXperiment) project.
	www.sercobe.es /espejo/Energia/Fusion/fusion01.doc (897 words)

	Magnetized Target Fusion
		Controlled thermonuclear fusion remains one of today’s outstanding challenges in fundamental science and applied technology.
		An approach to creating fusion conditions in the laboratory which has the potential for much lower cost than traditional approaches is magnetized target fusion (MTF), in which a magnetized, wall-confined plasma is compressed by a magnetically driven imploding liner to fusion conditions.
		Los Alamos, which has long been a leader in the study of fusion physics for nuclear weapons, inertial confinement fusion, and magnetic fusion, has a unique combination of resources to be the world leader in magnetized target fusion.
	wsx.lanl.gov /mtf.html (1234 words)

	Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion - 6 Fusion Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nuclear fusion research is carried out in world wide collaboration of the national fusion sites.
		The overall programme objective of ITER is "to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes".
		ITER would accomplish this objective by "demonstrating controlled ignition and extended burn of deuterium-tritium plasmas, with steady-state as an ultimate goal, by demonstrating technologies essential to a reactor in an integrated system, and by performing integrated testing of high heat-flux and nuclear components required to utilized fusion energy for practical purposes".
	www.ipp.mpg.de /BB/Kernfusion/Kernfusion6.html (498 words)

	World Survey 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For over forty years, the IAEA has published the Nuclear Fusion journal, which features the latest developments and significant achievements in fusion research and stands out as the leading publication in the field.
		Furthermore, through the publication of its periodic surveys of the world-wide research in controlled thermonuclear fusion, the IAEA has provided a comprehensive overview of the broad spectrum of activities in the field.
		The IAEA is pleased to present herewith the ninth edition of its World Survey of Activities in Controlled Fusion Research.
	epub.iaea.or.at /fusion/public/ws01 (287 words)

	Organizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Organization of educational institutions focusing on plasma science and technology for the development of an environmentally attractive energy source utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion energy.
		ITER is an international project to design and build an experimental fusion reactor based on the "tokamak" concept.
		Fusion research at NIFS focuses on a stellarator concept.
	www.canadiancontent.net /dir/Top/Science/Physics/Nuclear/Fusion/Organizations (328 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Nuclear: Fusion: Organizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		ITER Fusion Research Collaboration - ITER is an international project to design and build an experimental fusion reactor based on the "tokamak" concept.
		Sandia National Laboratories Fusion Energy Science Program - Research on the interactions of plasmas and materials, the behavior of materials exposed to high-heat fluxes, and the interfaces of plasmas and fusion reactor walls.
		University Fusion Association - Organization of educational institutions focusing on plasma science and technology for the development of an environmentally attractive energy source utilizing controlled thermonuclear fusion energy.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Nuclear/Fusion/Organizations (440 words)

	Experimental Approaches to Fusion
		The conditions under which a fusion reactor would deliver more energy than it consumes are expressed by the Lawson criterion.
		The ultimate objective of the controlled fusion research programme is to achieve ´ignitionª, i.e.
		In a reactor burning a D - T mixture, the reactions will be self-sustaining due to the kinetic energy of the helium (alpha particle), which will be sufficient to maintain the combustion temperature (no external energy input needed).
	www.fusion-eur.org /fusion_cd/experiment.htm (394 words)

	Tore Supra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This represents a significant technological success and an important progress for the feasibility of the programme of controlled thermonuclear fusion.
		In 1996 a record was reached with a plasma duration of two minutes with an induced current of almost 1 million amperes generated non inductively by 2.3 MW of lower hybrid frequency waves (i.e.
		This result opened the way to the active control of steady state plasma discharges and the associated physics.
	www.efda.org /portal/fusion_eu/machines/tore_sup.htm (600 words)

	NEEP 536: Feasibility St of Power from Controlled Thermonuclear Fusion
		NEEP 536 is a survey course describing what fusion reactors might look like if a variety of technological problems could be overcome.
		A major portion of the class is devoted to issues of sustainability (need for fusion energy), the relative environmental impact of fusion relative to fission, and the economic constraints that have to be addressed before fusion can be considered a viable energy source.
		There is also an implicit underlying focus on environmental and contemporary issues, in that fusion provides an essentially limitless energy source with minimal environmental impact.
	www.engr.wisc.edu /ep/neep/courses/neep536.html (420 words)

	nuclear fusion controlled and other fusion related information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Nuclear Fusion NUCLEAR FUSION (NF) is an international journal published monthly by the IAEA.
		bomb, where the driver is x-rays created by a fission bomb, but is also attempted in "controlled" nuclear fusion, where the driver is a laser, ion, or electron beam.
		Plasma Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion web sites This is a list of web sites that particularly describe (world-wide) experiments to study the physics of nuclear fusion by magnetic confinement...
	www.nethorde.com /fusion/nuclear-fusion-controlled.html (325 words)

	Results for Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fusion is an important long-term option for energy supply.
		Further exploitation in the framework of the European Fusion Development Agreement (EFDA)...
		Financial Fusion provides integrated financial solutions to more than 200 of the world's leading financial institutions.
	www.gogoglo.com /buscar/search/Fusion/60 (150 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry/Fusion (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		JET is the world's largest magnetic confinement fusion experiment which aims at confirming the scientific theory of fusion and the scientific feasibility of nuclear fusion for power generation.
		ITER's mission is to demonstrate the scientific and technological feasibility of fusion energy for peaceful purposes.
		To do this, ITER will demonstrate controlled ignition and extended energy production, demonstrate essential fusion energy technologies in an integrated system, and perform integrated testing of key elements required to use fusion as a practical energy source.
	www.kent.k12.wa.us /KSD/KR/LIBRARY/SCIENCE/RESOURCES/NUKECHEM/fusion1.html (159 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The contribution of fusion to safe and clean base-load electricity generation will be investigated in the wider context of studies on the socio-economic aspects of fusion.
		This will be achieved by increasing the plasma performance of fusion devices, and by easing the required technological constraints, therefore increasing the reliability and reducing the complexity and the cost of a future commercial reactor.
		In the case of projects and activities receiving a financial contribution of up to 45% or 75%, all the associations and organisations taking part in the key action on controlled thermonuclear fusion have the right to take part in the experiments carried out on the equipment concerned.
	www.tu.koszalin.pl /~5pr/h_wp_en_199901.doc (5581 words)

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