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Topic: Controller (control theory)

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	Control theory - Trust
		Controllability is related to the possibility of forcing the system into a particular state by using an appropriate control signal.
		Other "classical" control theory specifications regard the time-response of the closed-loop system: these include the rise time (the time needed by the control system to reach the desired value after a perturbation), peak overshoot (the highest value reached by the response before reaching the desired value) and others (settling time, quarter-decay).
		Optimal control is a particular control technique in which the control signal optimizes a certain "cost index": for example, in the case of a satellite, the jet thrusts needed to bring it to desired trajectory that consume the least amount of fuel.
	enwiki-trust.cse.ucsc.edu /index.php/Control_theory (2691 words)

	Control theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Controllability is related to the possibility to force the system in a particular state by using an appropriate control signal.
		Adaptive controls were applied for the first time in the {{Aircraft industry]] in the 1950s, and have found a particular ground of success in that field.
		In control theory is sometimes possible to linearize such class of system and apply linear techniques: but in many cases it had been necessary to devise from the scratch theories permitting control of non-linear system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Control_theory (2287 words)

	Encyclopedia: Controller (control theory)
		This controller relies on measuring the desired output, in this case the temperature of the house, and then adjusting the input, whether or not the heater is on.
		With this type of controller, the controller output (control action) is proportional to the error in the measured variable.
		A proportional-integral-derivative controller is commonly used to implement closed-loop control.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Controller-(control-theory) (1658 words)

	Control theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		There is also a sociological theory of deviant behavior that is called control theory.
		One of the main disadvantages of this type of controller is the sensitivity to the dynamics of the system under control.
		Controllability is a measure for the ability to use a system's external inputs to manipulate its internal state.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/control_theory (826 words)

	Control engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the mathematical modelling systems of a diverse nature, analysing their dynamic behaviour, and using control theory to make a controller that will cause the systems to behave in a desired manner.
		Control engineering is the engineering discipline that focuses on the modelling of a diverse range of dynamic systems and the design of Controllers that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner.
		Control engineering has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of commercial airliners to the cruise control present in many modern automobiles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Control_engineering (540 words)

	Control theory - Wikipedia
		A simplistic way to implement cruise control is to lock the position of the gas paddle the moment the driver engages cruise control.
		Controllability is a measure for the ability to use a certain input to control an output of a system.
		In the cruise control example, an additional input to control the speed of the car is the clutch paddle.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Control_theory (380 words)

	Mind control - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Mind control has been a popular subject in fiction, featuring in books and films such as The Ipcress File, and The Manchurian Candidate, which has the premise that a man could be hypnotized into murder on command but retain no memory of the killing.
		George Orwell's novel Nineteen Eighty-Four features a description of mind control, both directly by torture, and indirectly, in the form of pervasive mind control by the use of Newspeak, a constructed language which is designed to remove the possibility of articulating and even thinking subversive thoughts.
		In science fiction, fantasy and superhero fiction, mind control often is described as a means of how a person literally seizes control of the minds of the victims to the point where not only their bodies are placed under direct control, but also their consciousnesses as well to become puppets like slaves to the controller.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Mind_control (1985 words)

	NPH's - Control Theory Principles, Technical Letter section
		To obtain accurate control of your process loop, it is necessary to properly match the characteristics of all four components.
		The position of the control motor valve and the subsequent temperatures are transmitted to the controller.
		Computers and controllers manipulate precise facts that have been reduced to strings of zeros and ones or statements that are either true or false, they do not have the reasoning capability of the human mind.
	www.nphheaters.com /technical/din_letter.htm (3411 words)

	A brief history of feedback control - Chapter 1
		Feedback control may be defined as the use of difference signals, determined by comparing the actual values of system variables to their desired values, as a means of controlling a system.
		The theory of differential equations was by then well developed, due to the discovery of the infinitesimal calculus by I. Newton (1642-1727) and G.W. Leibniz (1646-1716), and the work of the brothers Bernoulli (late 1600's and early 1700's), J.F. Riccati (1676-1754), and others.
		With the advent of the space age, controls design in the United States turned away from the frequency-domain techniques of classical control theory and back to the differential equation techniques of the late 1800's, which were couched in the time domain.
	www.theorem.net /theorem/lewis1.html (8851 words)

	Control theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This type of controller is called an open-loop controller because there is nodirect connection between the output of the system and its input.
		Stability in control theory means that for any bounded input over any amount of time, the output will also be bounded.Mathematically, that means for a system to be stable all the poles of its transfer function must lie in the left half of thecomplex plane.
		Controllability is a measure for the ability to use a system'sexternal inputs to manipulate its internal state.
	www.therfcc.org /control-theory-14026.html (737 words)

	Encyclopedia: Control theory
		In a human-made world, a controller is a component of a system that makes it operate within desired limits.
		In the cruise control example, an additional input to control the speed of the car is the clutch pedal.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Control-theory (317 words)

	PID without a PhD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In a typical PID controller these elements are driven by a combination of the system command and the feedback signal from the object that is being controlled (usually referred to as the "plant").
		The elements of a PID controller presented here either take their input from the measured plant output or from the error signal, which is the difference between the plant output and the system command.
		Nonetheless, for a PI controller I prefer to have a system where each sample falls within ý1% to ý5% of the correct sample time, and a long-term average rate that is right on the button.
	www.embedded.com /2000/0010/0010feat3.htm (4777 words)

	Systems
		Recently, the connections between piecewise linear control systems and adaptive controllers have been studied, with the pourpose of showing the relevance of adaptive techniques for the control of nonlinear systems.
		The theory of stochas tic control and the cynematics of dissipative processes of Nelson have been used to obtain a variational characterization of the dynamics of thermodynamical systems.
		Working Group on Control : it is a European consortium in which CNR participates on a national basis; it awards a limited number of fellowships.
	www.ladseb.pd.cnr.it /control/control.html (1965 words)

	Control theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The primary means to control the speed of the car is the gas pedal.
		The controller $C$ then takes the difference between the reference and the output, the error $e$ , to change the inputs $u$ to the system under control $P$ .
		If we assume the controller $C$ and the plant $P$ are linear, time-invariant and all single input, single output[?], we can analyse the system above by using the Laplace transform on the variables.
	www.explainthis.info /co/control-theory.html (675 words)

	CTM: PID Tutorial
		This error signal (e) will be sent to the PID controller, and the controller computes both the derivative and the integral of this error signal.
		The signal (u) just past the controller is now equal to the proportional gain (Kp) times the magnitude of the error plus the integral gain (Ki) times the integral of the error plus the derivative gain (Kd) times the derivative of the error.
		This plot shows that the derivative controller reduced both the overshoot and the settling time, and had small effect on the rise time and the steady-state error.
	www.engin.umich.edu /group/ctm/PID/PID.html (1195 words)

	PID controller - Control loop basics
		PID controller - Control loop basics is one of the topics in focus at Global Oneness.
		A control loop consists of three parts: Measurement by a sensor connected to the process, Decision in a controller element, Action through an output device ("actuator") such as a control valve.
		(Some control loops work in cascaded control, and so produce signals used by other controllers or use signals created by other controllers.) For example, suppose a water tank is used to supply water for several parts of a plant and it is necessary to control the tank level at a constant value.
	www.experiencefestival.com /pid_controller_-_control_loop_basics (928 words)

	sci.engr.* FAQ on PID Controller Tuning
		This is a type of feedback controller whose output, a control variable (CV), is generally based on the error (e) between some user-defined set point (SP) and some measured process variable (PV).
		One reader does this with cascade control loops on the Honeywell DCS by using the SP as feedforward input, then optimizing feedback response with the normal tuning constants, and adjusting feedforward gain to optimize the SP response separately.
		If the controller output is saturated, reduce the integrator input by some constant times the difference between unsaturated and saturated controller output.
	www.tcnj.edu /~rgraham/PID-tuning.html (2105 words)

	Linear systems and control theory
		This subject is motivated by the study of robust control systems, that is, control systems which preserve their properties under perturbations of the to-be-controlled system.
		The goal of adaptive control is to handle perturbations and uncertainties in the to-be-controlled system by providing the compensator with identification and adaptation mechanisms.
		Although heuristic elements have an important place in adaptive control theory, various fundamental results have been obtained during the last decade, and the current research in Twente is mostly in the latter direction.
	www.math.utwente.nl /ssb/annrep99/proj1_99.htm (1061 words)

	Read about Controller (control theory) at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Controller (control theory) and learn ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In a human-made world, a controller is a component of a
		The thermostat senses when the temperature in the house is too cold, and starts up the heater.
		In control theory a controller is a device that attempts to control states or
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Controller_%28control_theory%29 (328 words)

	PID controller: Encyclopedia II - PID controller - Theory
		Development of PID control originated from the observation that a proportional-only control can only eliminate the error between setpoint and process variable at one particular setpoint.
		In older control literature this is referred to "reset" action as a result.
		for a heater, a controller with a proportional band of 10 °C and a setpoint of 20 °C would have an output of 100% at 10 °C, 50% at 15 °C and 10% at 19 °C. Note that when the error is zero, a proportional controller's output is zero.
	www.experiencefestival.com /a/PID_controller_-_Theory/id/1827416 (826 words)

	Feedback and Temperature Control
		I have chosen an oven controlled by a PID temperature controller to use as a case study but the behaviour described is characteristic of many systems that employ feedback.
		If you want to build your own controller there is a circuit diagram with some questions for self-assessment.
		Finally there is a remark about control theory, some problems, and
	newton.ex.ac.uk /teaching/CDHW/Feedback (333 words)

	Optimal control theory
		Optimal control theory provides an appealing framework for controller analysis and design since it treats very general models and can account for state and manipulated variable directly.
		Therefore, optimal control theory is an excellent tool for controller design for nonlinear, strongly interacting, and multivariable fermentors that can not be treated with simple multiloop PID controllers.
		There are a number of references available in the literature which will enable the curious reader to pursue this subject further.
	userpages.umbc.edu /~sahuja1/6.html (76 words)

	math lessons - Controller (control theory)
		A controller in control theory is a device that attempts to control states or outputs of a dynamic system.
		Generally, it accomplishes this using feedback to reject disturbances to the system: known as closed-loop control.
		For example, the velocity of a motor may be well-characterized for the voltage fed into it, in which case feedback may prove unnecessary.
	www.mathdaily.com /lessons/Controller_%28control_theory%29 (104 words)

	permanent magnet DC motor control with the C167 - a simple PID (proportional integral derivative) controller for the ...
		In this "closed loop" speed controller, a signal proportional to the motor speed is fed back into the input where it is subtracted from the setpoint to produce an error signal.
		Although the controller can accommodate a negative output, in the context of the motor controller for simplicity it was decided to simply convert a negative value to zero.
		The PID controller's output is in the range of 0-32767 and so has to be scaled to cover the 0 to -1023 range required by the PWM generator.
	www.hitex.co.uk /c166/pidex.html (4445 words)

	Control Theory 101
		I find control theory and PID algorithms very fascinating (at least at a simple level) so I want to share a few basics.
		The cruise control will manipulate the accelerator position (control output) to try to make the current speed (process value) equal to the target speed (reference point.) How the cruise control calculates what accelerator position is needed to hold the desired speed (even going up and down hills) is where the magic happens.
		The real trick for creating a well behaved PID controller and a well behaved autopilot is tuning the relative weights of each of the P, I, and D components.
	www.flightgear.org /Docs/XMLAutopilot/node2.html (1021 words)

	PID Without the Math, Controller Tuning and Control Loop Performance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The period of this cycle is called the natural period, and it largely determines the potential performance of the loop.
		He took, in 1947, what he understood to be the first college course offered in the theory of feedback control, a chance event at MIT that started his career in the field.
		He arguably has applied the scientific method to solving control problems in the process industries longer than anyone, or at least that was probably true when he retired in 1987.
	members.aol.com /pidcontrol/booklet.html (1303 words)

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