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	Chinese Rites controversy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute within the Catholic Church in the early 18th century about whether Chinese folk religion rites and offerings to the emperor constituted idolatry or not.
		The Jesuits claim Chinese terms could be used to designate the Christian God and that the Confucian ceremonies were merely civil rites that Christians could attend and that Chinese ancestor worship was compatible with Christianity was condemned by Pope Clement XI in 1715.
		Chinese officials and successful candidates in the metropolitan, provincial, or prefectural examinations, if they have been converted to Roman Catholicism, are not allowed to worship in Confucian temples on the first and fifteenth days of each month.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy (1163 words)

	China-related Topics CE-CH Topic Center - China-Related Topics
		Chinese Cuban A Chinese Cuban is an ethnic Chinese born in Cuba.
		Chinese in Singapore NPOV cleanup-dateAugust 2005 The Chinese in Singapore constitute the majority of the population in Singapo...
		Chinese reunification Chinese unification is a goal of Chinese nationalism which is the unification of all of China under a single political enti...
	www.famouschinese.com /public/China-Related_Topics_CE-CH.html (5481 words)

	Info and facts on 'Chinese Rites controversy' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At the time, there was fascination among European intellectuals with Chinese culture, Confucianism (The teachings of Confucius emphasizing love for humanity; high value given to learning and to devotion to family (including ancestors); peace; justice; influenced the traditional culture of China), and the Chinese language (additional info and facts about Chinese language).
		It was related to larger controversies between the two orders over the adoption of local practices of other countries, such as the ascetic brahmin (A member of the highest of the four Hindu varnas) practices of India.
		They impressed the Chinese with their knowledge of European astronomy (The branch of physics that studies celestial bodies and the universe as a whole) and mechanics (The branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies in a frame of reference), and in fact ran the Imperial Observatory.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ch/chinese_rites_controversy.htm (1130 words)

	Encyclopedia: Chinese Rites controversy
		Chinese folk religion comprises the religion practiced in much of China for thousands of years which included ancestor worship and drew heavily upon concepts and beings within Chinese mythology.
		Chinese (written) language (pinyin: zhōngw n) written in Chinese characters The Chinese language (汉语/漢語, 华语/華語, or 中文; Pinyin: H nyǔ, Hu yǔ, or Zhōngw n) is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family of languages.
		One of the religious debates in 18th century Catholicism focused on the issue of "Chinese rites." The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) was successful in penetrating China and serving at the Imperial court.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Chinese-Rites-controversy (708 words)

	Chinese terms for God - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Chinese terms for God have, since the introduction of Christianity to China, proved a point of contention for Chinese Christians and non-Chinese Christians in China, especially missionaries.
		The modern Chinese language typically divides Christians into two groups, believers of Jidu jiao (基督教), Protestantism, and Tianzhu jiao (天主教), Catholicism.
		The issue has remained controversial for over a century and Protestant organizations often publish two versions of the Bible, using the two different words.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Chinese_terms_for_God (285 words)

	PAUL'S PURPOSE IN WRITING ROMANS
		Chinese Christianity has long been labeled as a foreign religion and has been criticized that to be a Christian is not to be a Chinese.
		Ex quo singulari, condemned the Chinese rites and imposed an oath on all Catholic missionaries in China to oppose the rites.
		It is because the stance of absolute opposition to Chinese Christian involvement in the rite and also the requirement to destroy the ancestor tablets in family as a pre-requisite for baptism had attracted attention and strong reaction from the Chinese society.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /AnS/religious_studies/SBL2002/ChineseCh.htm (7272 words)

	Modern History Sourcebook: The Chinese Rites Controversy
		The Jesuits claim Chinese terms could be used to designate the Christian God and that the Confucian ceremonies were merely civil rites that Christians could attend and that Chinese ancestor worship was compatible with Christianity was condemned by Pope Clement XI in 1715.
		Chinese officials and successful candidates in the metropolitan, provincial, or prefectural examinations, if they have been converted to Roman Catholicism, are not allowed to worship in Confucian temples on the first and fifteenth days of each month.
		The same prohibition is applicable to all the Chinese Catholics who, as officials, have recently arrived at their posts or who, as students, have recently passed the metropolitan, provincial, or prefectural examinations.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/mod/1715chineserites.html (1029 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Girolamo Casanata
		Consultor of the Congregation of Rites and of Propaganda, and governor of the conclave that chose the successor of Alexander VII; under Clement IX he was made
		In the conduct of these offices it was necessary that he study profoundly the numerous and grave doctrinal, disciplinary, and political questions brought before the Holy See in the latter half of the seventeenth century.
		Rites controversy between the Jesuits and the Dominicans and other orders, not to speak of various doctrinal errors of the
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/03396d.htm (930 words)

	mission
		In an attempt to dampen the controversy, a meeting was convened in 1628 in the Chinese city of Jiading by the then-Jesuit inspector-general in China, Andreas Palmieiro.
		It was therefore inevitable that the controversy involving the translation of terms became expanded to include issues of rites and theology, whose importance eventually caused the papacy to be embroiled.
		The final chapter of the Rites Controversy was not written, however, until 1939, when Pope Pius XII, through the Sacred Congregation of the Propagaion of the Faith, revoked the ban on the veneration of ancestors and of Confucius.
	www.cs.ust.hk /faculty/dimitris/metro/mission.html (4027 words)

	CULTURE AND LITURGY
		From the ecclesiastical point of view, during the Chinese Rites Controversy the relationship between Rome and the Churches in China was often put to the test, or to put it in terms of contemporary ecclesiology, the nature of the Church as communio ecclesiarum hang in the balance.
		During the marriage rites, the bride and groom are permitted to perform the “ceremony of veneration toward the ancestors” in front of the ancestral altar or the repository of the ancestors.
		An international symposium was organized in San Francisco in October 1992 by the Ricci Institute on the significance of the Chinese Rites Controversy in the context of the history of the relationship between China and the West.
	members.cox.net /vientrietdao/bao/ancestor.html (8944 words)

	Christianity in China Summary
		James Legge, one of the first to undertake translations of the Chinese classics into English, justified his work on the ground that it was only by understanding the Chinese that missionaries could convert them; he and his compatriots also laid the foundations for the study of China in the West.
		Today, the population of Chinese Christians constitutes at least 3% of the general population, but Christian demographers in the West estimate the Christian population numbers 80 million to 100 million because they claim that there are many "underground houses" of worship.
		After the end of the war, the Chinese Civil War began in earnest, which had an effect on the rebuilding and development of the churches after the close of Japanese occupation.
	www.bookrags.com /Christianity_in_China (4132 words)

	China Judaic Studies Association - Articles - Kaifeng
		Problems had arisen between the Missionaries and the Chinese government which caused the Missionaries to be banned from the interior of China in 1724.
		The Church was racked by the "Chinese Rites Controversy" which dealt with what aspects the Catholic church would or would not accept of Confucianism.
		As Xu Xin had just completed editing the one-volume Chinese edition of the Encyclopedia Judaica, we were able to help by donating a copy to each of the seven family clans (based on the seven groups of names originally allotted to the Jews).
	servercc.oakton.edu /~friend/art_kaif3.html (3074 words)

	Chinese Beliefs - Basic beliefs and assumptions, Conceptions of souls and ancestral existence, Rites for the dead
		At the same time, however, multiple soul theories helped Chinese to manage contrasting perceptions of ancestral souls (as benevolent or malevolent, for example) and to provide an explanatory framework for the differing rituals of the domestic, gravesite, and clan hall cults for ancestors.
		While the intent of all these rites was clear—to comfort ancestors rather than to suffer their wrath—the nature of ancestral existence was relatively undefined.
		Chinese beliefs and practices related to death were closely tied to family life and, therefore, shaped by its collectivist mentality.
	www.deathreference.com /Ce-Da/Chinese-Beliefs.html (2558 words)

	CalendarHome.com - Pope Clement XI - Calendar Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In this famous document one hundred and one propositions from the works of Quesnel were condemned as heretical, and as identical with propositions already condemned in the writings of Jansen.
		Because the local governments did not officially receive the bull, it was not, technically, in force in those areas – an example of the interference of states in religious affairs common before the 20th century.
		Clement XI's family library was sold between 1864 and 1928, and part of it was purchased by The Catholic University of America.
	encyclopedia.calendarhome.com /cgi-bin/encyclopedia.pl?p=Pope_Clement_XI (413 words)

	Religion in China - Wikinfo
		Secondly, unlike Abrahamic religion, Chinese belief systems allow for syncretism and it is common to profess a belief in multiple belief systems.
		Estimates of Christians in China are hard to obtain because of the numbers of Christians who keep their faith hidden, the hostility of the national government towards some Christian sects, and difficulties in obtaining accurate statistics on house churches.
		The People's Republic of China was established in 1949 and for much of its early history maintained a hostile attitude toward religion which was seen as emblematic of feudalism and foreign colonialism.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Religion_in_China (3583 words)

	ancestor worship in VN
		The so-called Chinese Rites Controversy (1603-1742) which spanned nearly one and a century and a half has influenced the mentality of the Vietnamese Catholic Church.
		Many Vietnamese, especially the eldest sons of families—because they are the ones held responsible to officially perform ancestral rites to their dead parents on behalf of the entire family—have refused to convert to Catholicism.
		The reopening of the rites controversy was due to several incidents, both in Japan and Manchukuo (a Japanese-controlled state), when the Japanese army (during W.W. II) required all subjects to bow before the Shinto shrine or Confucian temple.
	www.fortunecity.com /meltingpot/jellyfish/912/writings/ancestor.html (3083 words)

	The Chinese rites controversy (from history of Roman Catholicism) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation > Controversies involving the Jesuits > The Chinese rites controversy
		An analogous judgment would have to be voiced concerning the Chinese rites controversy centring on Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit missionary in China.
		Many of the most important and common rites are connected with the biological stages of life—birth, maturity, reproduction, and death; other rites celebrate changes that are wholly cultural, such as...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-43755 (925 words)

	Science and Belief
		From both Chinese and European sources, it is clear that Jiao was a devoted Catholic and played an active role in the Chinese Rites Controversy.
		Chinese literati were so arrogant that they not only looked down upon Western learning and morality, but even regarded locals with little knowledge of Chinese literature and arts as ignorant country bumpkins.
		They actively supported the Jesuits on the rites issues and sent their testimonials and public letters to the Vatican, clearly articulating their concerns about the Rites Controversy and their worry about the potentially grave consequences of prohibiting the worship of ancestors and Confucius.
	www.cityu.edu.hk /ccs/Newsletter/newsletter8/scienceAnd.html (3070 words)

	China can learn from Christianity
		First, the Chinese rites controversy within the Church at the beginning of the 18th century concerned the legitimacy of the ceremonies held for Confucius and the ancestors.
		The Chinese government has not come with a definite judgment on this period yet, and could be ready to give it a positive significance, thus endorsing a similarly positive interpretation of the role of Christianity in China.
		Today, Chinese authorities are less concerned with religion than with public security, and could certainly tolerate a more active religious presence from abroad as long as the commitment to work within a given legal framework (whatever judgment one can make on that framework) is seen as serious.
	www.riccibase.com /docfile_gb/cw07-g.htm (1187 words)

	[No title]
		Nevertheless, the growing hostility between Rome and Beijing and the bitter disagreements over Chinese rites and missionary policy in the Qing state were simply too divisive, culminating in the failed apostolic delegations and the 1721 proscription.
		Much of scholarship on the Rites Controversy and the 1721 proscription focuses on the narrow stream of information regarding interactions and communications that occurred among individuals in the Qing imperial court and the various papal delegations.
		Finally, the disposition of Chen Mao’s memorial demonstrates that the controversy over Chinese rites and the eventual expulsion of Catholic missionaries cannot be viewed exclusively as the culmination of an ideological or theological contest between Rome and Beijing.
	sluma.slu.edu /files/kangxi.doc (6937 words)

	[No title]
		One of these, Mandarin Chinese, was and is the language of the royal courts, the government, the educated classes.
		But the Dominican in question had not described the rites as they were practiced; in fact, the Jesuits said, the rites as described to the Holy See were entirely imaginary and did not exist.
		Following the now-Bishop Maigrot descriptions of the rites, in 1704 Pope Clement XI sent a personal envoy, whom he consecrated bishop, to China with the command to suppress the Chinese rites.
	www.worldofradio.com /dxld3097.txt (12317 words)

	Philadelphia Rare Books and Manuscripts: Catholica A-C (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		in the pamphlet war known as the Chinese Rites Controversy; the Jesuits were on one side of the dispute and the Franciscans and Dominicans on the other, though not always in complete agreement.
		The Jesuits tried to argue, in Rome, that these ‘Chinese Rites’ were social, not religious, ceremonies, and that converts should be allowed to continue to participate” (www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1715chineserites.html).
		The controversy was at its peak in 1710.
	www.prbm.com /interest/jesuitana-h-m.shtml (1994 words)

	INTR 532 Terms
		Technically, in Roman Catholic circles, it refers to the early Jesuit work in China (especially Ricci from 1583 on) and India (deNobili from 1605 on) built on the idea of allowing local cultural elements that are neutral in regard to the Gospel to be brought into the Christian faith.
		This was applied by Jesuits to rites involving ancestors in China, which they held to be mere social events.
		Dominican missionaries disagreed, and by the early 1700s this erupted in the so-called Chinese Rites Controversy.
	www.wheaton.edu /intr/Moreau/courses/532/terms.htm (882 words)

	Chinese Rites Controversy -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Among the repercussions of the controversy over Chinese rites was an intensification of the resentment directed against the Society of Jesus, to which some of the other movements mentioned above also contributed.
		The British officer known as Chinese Gordon was famous for his romantic adventures in Asian countries and for his dramatic death at the siege of Khartoum.
		It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western languages, that is most important in the Chinese language.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9082150 (753 words)

	Pope_Benedict_XIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Perhaps the most important act of his pontificate was the promulgation of his famous laws about missions in the two bulls, ''Ex quo singulari'' and ''Omnium solicitudinum''.
		In these bulls he denounced the custom of accommodating Christian words and usages to express non-Christian ideas and practices of the native cultures, which had been extensively done by the Jesuits in their Indian and Chinese missions.
		The choice of a Chinese translation for the name of God had also been debated since the early 1600s.
	copernicus.subdomain.de /Pope_Benedict_XIV (273 words)

	USF Center for the Pacific Rim :: Pacific Rim Report No.32
		Much of the tragedy of the Chinese Rites lies in the inability of old China hands to verbalize and defend their intuitions and perceptions.
		Part, at least, of the obstinacy with which various proponents of positions on the Chinese Rites propounded their views, is now seen as arising from their very different local experiences.
		One of the major problems in discussing the Rites Controversy is the enormous bulk of the documentation.
	www.pacificrim.usfca.edu /research/pacrimreport/pacrimreport32.html (2991 words)

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