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Topic: Contubernium

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	The Roman Army
		Each Contubernium is usually assigned a pack mule to carry the tent and other heavy gear, at least from the time of Marius on.
		Since each Contubernium has a mule to carry the tent, space for the mules has to be provided as well.
		If the models of the tents of the Contubernium and the centurion are accurate, then there would appear to be several difficulties with the standard descriptions of the Roman camps.
	garyb.0catch.com /camp1/camp1.html (3328 words)

	march-legion
		Throughout the centuries it seems that the basic unit of the Roman army was the contubernium, the tentmates.
		The elements of the contubernium are: 10 soldiers, 1 10' by 10' tent, 1 mule and 1 servant.
		The pack mule for the contubernium is shown in the detail to the left.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Oracle/6622/march-legion.html (2925 words)

	Rome Slave Mating-- Contubernium
		So their cohabitation with a each other is CONTUBERNIUM or a non-legal state of mutual concubinage; and no legal relationship between them and their children, if any result from the union, is recognized.
		This is a form of marriage reckoned to be MATRIMONIA INIUSTA or outside of the requirements needed to be recognized as a legitimate union of matrimony.
		The CONTUBERNIUM shall also continue until the Owner(s) of the slaves involved chooses to end it or until one or both of the couple are freed.
	www.rome.150m.com /sp/slavemates.html (1180 words)

	Concangis: The Report (Phase 2)
		At a number of places around the inner face of the main external wall, and also around the partition walls, fairly small flat slabs (usually less than 200mm square) were noted resting vertically against the wall face, embedded within flooring material.
		The contubernium area of the first barracks was not fully excavated for similar reasons, but it was clearly of posthole construction and separated from the officer's quarters by a narrow alleyway floored with a single line of stone slabs (259).
		At least four postholes (264, 268-70) that belonged to the north wall of the contubernium area were identified.
	www.armatura.connectfree.co.uk /concangis/acrep/rep01c.htm (1583 words)

	The Roman Army
		Contubernium, 10 men are assigned to one tent, eight sleeping, two on watch.
		Contubernium: 8 men with a servant and mule.
		Servants: He seems to imply that general animal handlers may have handled two mules each but he assigns one servant to each of the contubernium mules to care for the mule and serve the needs of the soldiers.
	garyb.0catch.com /march8_suppl/march_suppl.html (3520 words)

	Curriculum Visions-The Romans Book
		It would be tougher fighting the well armed soldiers but if you did get past them you would meet some very tough opponents who would be fresh to the fight while you were probably exhausted.
		If you were a soldier in the imperial army you would belong to a group of eight men called a contubernium.
		Your contubernium joined with nine others to form a group called a century even though it only had eighty men.
	www.curriculumvisions.com /USA/romans/romansp12/romansp12.html (688 words)

	ROMAN MILITARY GLOSSARY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		I am inclined towards a figure of 40 men per milliary troop, based on the premise that an extra contubernium of eight men were simply added to the four already thought to exist in a quingenary unit, which would increase the troop strength from 32 to 40.
		Each tent would house a contubernium of eight men, the remaining sixteen men from each century which were currently posted on guard duty would not require accomodation; the tents in a Hyginian camp were used, therefore, on a rota-basis.
		The eight tents allocated to each centuria were pitched close together in a straight line (hemistrigium) with the centurion's tent at the end of the line closest to the vallum.
	www.roman-britain.org /glossary_m.htm (7214 words)

	The Roman Army
		What does seem clear is that only 8 men could sleep in the standard 10' by 10' tent.
		I am not attempting to completely resolve the question here, but some assumptions have to be made to create a model.
		Some servants could have shared tent space with their masters; so, although I have no authority for this, it is noted as a possible option in various places.
	garyb.0catch.com /march3_components/march_components.html (2958 words)

	LEG II AVG - Roman Living History Society. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		During the 1st and 2nd Centuries AD a contubernium, in military terms, was the name of a unit of eight men who shared a tent in the Roman Army.
		Eight men living together in the contubernium unit seems to be the smallest known, standard, unit of men in the Roman Army at this time.
		The contubernium and the equipment which the eight men carried forms a central part of our military static display and has been involved in marches across the UK, most recently our ten mile march in Storrington to commemorate the opening of their museum.
	www.legiiavg.org.uk /military/contubernium_index.html (186 words)

	Jesus’ Teaching on Divorce – Part 5 -- John MacArthur
		Contubernium basically has to do with tent companionship.
		The slave owner looked over the slaves and mated them off, to have them produce whatever kind of slaves he wanted as best he could ascertain strengths and so forth.
		Now let’s assume that this slave has had different masters and he’s had different contubernium relationships and all of a sudden he comes to Christ and now he’s a Christian.
	www.biblebb.com /files/MAC/2340.htm (7723 words)

	The 'Varus' Film Project
		The camera moves over the faces of a contubernium fimi, the smallest unit of the 18th Legion.
		Some new recruits come with him, one of them is going to complete their contubernium.
		The contubernium burry Belletor, their dead comrade, and talk about the situation, but none of them can imagine what is going to happen in a few days as the sheer number of well trained and heavy armoured legionaries gives them a comfortable feeling.
	www.network54.com /Forum/thread?forumid=76281&messageid=1084636914&lp=1088642324 (3200 words)

	main file.gif
		Our large marquee had been blown flat, fortunately with very little damage to the contents or structure and other participants’ occupied tents had also collapsed, forcing them to seek shelter in the gatehouse during the night.
		It was note-worthy that our leather contubernium tents were the only structures to have withstood the gales.
		Experience has shown that this makes them impractical to transport, particularly if they were to be lashed to the contubernium mule.
	www.esg.ndirect.co.uk /centurion.htm (2013 words)

	Legion XXIV - Roman Seige Ballista Catapulta
		One Contubernium (squad of eight men) of each Century would be assigned responsibility for the emplacement and maintenance of the catapulta engine.
		One of these weapons was assigned to a Contubernium "squad" in each Century of a Legion.
		Both the Ballista and Onager were rather high-maintenance devices and were vulnerable to having their leather or sinew or hemp skeins get wet or even damp, which would cause them to slacken and lose tension, rendering the engine useless.
	www.legionxxiv.org /catapulta (2578 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2002.06.33
		He then argues that although tavern workers could not have conubium, that is, the right to engage in legal marriage, he theorizes that they could have been married in the relationship of concubinatus, a union, sometime long-term, that could not produce legitimate children.
		In a somewhat circular fashion, the author concludes that "there was the potential of at least some forms of non-legal and legal marriage or concubinage in the lives of a copa or popinaria" (68).
		She would have to be manumitted and have a child who survived one year; if she continued working in the inn, she would be manager (institor) and not have the direct contact with the customers that gave her the status of infamia.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2002/2002-06-33.html (2881 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Another privilege a slave might be awarded by his master, apart from the the peculium, was the right to choose a mate from among the female slaves and live with her in a form of marriage, the so-called contubernium.
		In imperial days the contubernium became legally recognized, forbidding any master to sell partners of the contubernium separately.
		They were subject to the will of their masters, against which they enjoyed no protection.
	desperatepreacher.com /sermonbuilder/dps_form_results/roma6_12.htm (1849 words)

	MORE
		Seventy years later, the Tetrarchs had to inform another petitioner that the master of a slavewoman living in contubernium with a free man did not have the right of succession to the free partner's property.
		(12)A woman who mistakenly thought she was a slave and therefore entered into a contubernium with someone else's slave, if she should continue in the same relationship after learning that she is free, does become a slave.
		If any free women, having suffered violence either at the hands of slaves or anyone else, have been joined against their will to men of servile status, they should obtain vengeance by the corresponding severity of the laws.
	members.aol.com /pilgrimjon/private/LEX/PART2.html (2550 words)

	LEGIONSLAGER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		60 cm hohen Erdwalls wurden die pila muralia, die jede Gruppe (contubernium) mitführte, befestigt und mit Seilen verbunden, so dass eine ca.
		In den Kasernen wurde die organisatorische Gliederung der Legion beibehalten.
		Jede Gruppe (contubernium, Zeltgemeinschaft) hat einen Schlafraum, der über eine Feuerstelle verfügt und einen Vorraum für die Ausrüstung und evtl.
	www.toonorama.com /encyclopedia/L/Legionslager (873 words)

	Ancient Roman Marriage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Like Greek concubinage, concubinatus was an acceptable alternative unless the paterfamilias gave the woman as a concubine because he could not afford a dowry for her (in which case it was an embarrassment).
		While not an actual marriage, contubernium was a marital-like union often practiced by slaves.
		Concubinatus and contubernium are two examples of marital options for people without ius coniubium.
	www.pogodesigns.com /JP/weddings/romanwed.html (4858 words)

	Welcome to Adobe GoLive 5
		Each legion was a self-contained formation with a fighting strength of over 5000 men.
		Its smallest unit was the contubernium of eight men.
		Ten contubernium formed a centuria which was in turn commanded by a centurion.
	chessworld.50megs.com /romwar.html (3716 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 1999.11.01
		argues for a daily grain ration of 2 sextarii, so that an eight man contubernium received 1 modius, a reconstruction which is made all the more plausible because it results in the allowance of every unit being a whole number, for instance 60 modii for a cohort and 600 for a legion.
		Precise allowances for the other parts of the ration are harder to judge, but R. argues that most modern scholars have overestimated the amount of meat issued, basing it on nineteenth and twentieth century ration scales for western armies all produced by cultures who have had an untypically high proportion of meat in their diet.
		Firewood was another vital requirement for any Roman army, but one which it is easy to overlook from a modern perspective, since the ration food was prepared and cooked at the level of the 8-man contubernium and not issued ready to eat.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1999/1999-11-01.html (2032 words)

	characters
		Gnaeus Granius Belletor -Legionary of the First Century, Eighteenth Legion, Contubernium Fimi.
		Marcus Aius - New recruit to the Contubernium Fimi.
		Loosely based on a legionary whose existance is indicated from evidence of the Varus disaster found in excavations at Kalkriese.
	www.geocities.com /Paris/Salon/2385/characters.html (450 words)

	The Operating Room (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		"Only last week a soldier from the contubernium of Bassus came here with an arm wound that he got on the practice ground.
		The only thing I would ever treat him for would be drunkeness.
		The soldier with the arm wound was in the same contubernium as him.
	www.btinternet.com /~james.fanning/murder/page52.html (152 words)

	Junior Exonian Online: Visit from Claudius Maximus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In a contubernium there are two ranks, the front rank and the back rank.
		The Roman Soldier said that the contubernium that marched the most properly got to be the Romans and all the other people were the Celts.
		It was my contubernium that got to be the Romans and it felt great because I was one of the tallest people in my contubernium and I was crouching down feeling glad and scared at the same time.
	www.exeterschool.devon.sch.uk /exonian/j_claudius.htm (910 words)

	Early Period Tents
		It was spacious enough to hold eight men and their equipment (quite a kit indeed).
		In the Roman system of martial organizations such as squad is called a "contubernium".
		The tents were made of leather square stitched together to form the canopy.
	www.housebarra.com /EP/ep05/11tents.html (693 words)

	slave "marriage": contubernium (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Slave owners could, if they wanted good offspring from healthy and strong slaves in their household, create a kind of "living together situation" for their slaves, a so called "contubernium".
		Especially on the large "latifundia" (big farms with wide spread farm lands and lots of animal stock) many strong slaves were needed and lots of them were got from living- together- arrangements of slaves who were already working there.
		The contubernium wasn't necessarily a bond for a lifetime between slaves, but was initiated and finished by their masters, as soon as the necessity ran out.
	www.ancientsites.com /aw/Post/68294 (221 words)

	LEG II AVG - Roman Living History Society.
		Legionaries formed the core of the Roman army, primarily made into groups of 80 soldiers under the command of a Centurion (pr.
		They would live together in 8 man tents, in a unit called a contubernium.
		Here is a rough diagram demonstrating how the Roman Army might have been constructed during the 1st & 2nd Centuries AD.
	www.legiiavg.org.uk /military/legionary_index.html (388 words)

	The 'Varus' Film Project
		Other members of the Third Contubernium, First Century, First Cohort of Legio XVIII are also introduced, including the squad's veteran and long suffering caput Quintus Veranius Fimus.
		An inscription once thought to refer to a section of a certain squad leader is now reqad as referring to a cohors instead of a contubernium.
		Taking the usual caveats into account (most texts date from later than the period etc) it seems that referring to the contubernium Fimi would be appropriate.
	www.network54.com /Forum/thread?forumid=76281&messageid=995700315 (4847 words)

	Gladiator Insights: April 4, 1998 Script Draft
		Less numerous, and above the Contubernium, are the CENTURIONS, and at the front line of the mass of cohorts are four TRIBUNES.
		A CONTUBERNIUM walks beside Narcissus tugged on by the leashed WOLF MASCOT as painted GERMAN WARRIORS dart out of the woods hurling spears.
		Narcissus turns, yelling to a contubernium behind him.
	www.patriotresource.com /gladiator/insights/980404/page1.html (2666 words)

	Legio IX Hispana Website (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		No portion in whole or in part may be copied or transmitted in any form without the express written consent of one or more of the Officers of Legio IX Hispana.
		If you find the CODEX HISPANA useful or beneficial, if the philosophy of Roman re-enactment expressed throughout these pages is one that you practice or fits within your concept of Roman re-enactment, then we ask that you consider joining Legio IX Hispana and forming a Contubernium (squad level chapter) in your area.
		Establishing a Contubernium in your area requires leadership and a level of long term committment.
	www.legio-ix-hispana.org /codex.html (220 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 03.03.12
		For example, a pervasive and animating theme of the book is the place of amicitia in Lipsius' life.
		Lipsius was fond of creating a magisterial household, or contubernium, where teacher and students lived on intimate terms of daily contact; we can reconstruct the daily round, monastic in its austerity but humanistic in its content (readings from the classics, exercises in Latin composition, etc.), of the typical Lipsius household.
		Now a contemporary reader, examining such a network of relationships, asks questions that our predecessors would not have asked.
	omega.cohums.ohio-state.edu /mailing_lists/BMCR-L/Mirror/1992/03.03.12.html (1243 words)

	SLAVE-MISTRESS RELATIONSHIPS
		Roman legal and social attitudes were also stricter in regard to monogamous relationships between a free woman outside the senatorial order and a man of servile birth.
		A free woman who lived in contubernium with someone else's slave fell under the provisions of the senatusconsultum Claudianum of 52 A.D., and became the slave of her partner's owner if the owner had not agreed to the union, or his freedwoman if he had agreed.
		Children of the union might also be slaves even when the mother remained free, although normally children of unions not recognized by Roman law took their mother's status.
	members.aol.com /pilgrimjon/private/LEX/SLAVEMIST.html (3220 words)

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