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Topic: Convective Available Potential Energy

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	[No title]
		CAPE assumes Parcel Theory, in that 1) a rising parcel exhibits no environmental entrainment, 2) the parcel rises (moist) adiabatically, 3) all precipitation falls out of the parcel (no water loading), and 4) the parcel pressure is equal to the environmental pressure at each level.
		CAPE represents the amount of buoyant energy available to accelerate a parcel vertically, or the amount of work a parcel does on the environment.
		CAPE is the positive area on a sounding between the parcel's assumed ascent along a moist adiabat and the environmental temperature curve from the level of free convection (LFC) to the equilibrium level (EL).
	meteo.paraplan.net /help/glossary.html (994 words)

	Convective available potential energy - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		In meteorology, convective available potential energy (CAPE) is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere.
		CAPE is measured in joules per kilogram of air (J/kg).
		CAPE for a given area can be measured in a thermodynamic or sounding diagram e.g.
	www.arikah.com /encyclopedia/Convective_available_potential_energy (273 words)

	NWS Louisville: Convective Parameters and Indices
		The K index is a measure of thunderstorm potential based on the vertical temperature lapse rate, and the amount and vertical extent of low-level moisture in the atmosphere.
		That energy must be released to become "kinetic" energy to produce thunderstorms.
		CAPE represents the amount of buoyant energy available, while S-R helicity incorporates the effects of environmental vertical wind shear and storm motion on thunderstorm type and evolution.
	www.crh.noaa.gov /lmk/soo/docu/indices.php (4500 words)

	airmass
		CAPE (measured in J/kg) is a value that defines the integration of the difference between the lifting temperature and ambient temperature from the level of free convection (LFC) to the equilibrium level (EL).
		CAPE is important for determining the potential instability of the environment.
		CAPE that is concentrated in the lower and mid-levels produces stronger updrafts (storms) because acceleration of the parcel is maximized, entrainment of stable air is minimized, and the affects of precipitation loading are minimized (Kreighton et al.
	www.hprcc.unl.edu /nebraska/airmass.html (1022 words)

	Convective available potential energy at AllExperts
		In meteorology, convective available potential energy (CAPE) is the amount of energy a parcel of air would have if lifted a certain distance vertically through the atmosphere.
		CAPE is measured in joules per kilogram of air (J/kg).
		Two hours before the Oklahoma Tornado Outbreak occurred on May 3, 1999, the CAPE value sounding at Oklahoma City was at 5,885 J/kg.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/co/convective_available_potential_energy.htm (282 words)

	weather terms glossary
		CAPE is represented on a sounding by the area enclosed between the environmental temperature profile and the path of a rising air parcel, over the layer within which the latter is warmer than the former.
		Convection which occurs without cloud formation is called dry convection, while the visible convection processes referred to above are forms of moist convection.
		Convective Temperature - The approximate temperature that the air near the ground must warm to in order for surface-based convection to develop, based on analysis of a sounding.
	www.pilotfriend.com /av_weather/met/c.htm (1643 words)

	Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) - Help Page
		CAPE is especially important when air parcels are able to reach the Layer of Free Convection (LFC).
		To find CAPE from a skew-T thermodynamic diagram, simply locate the area on the diagram where the parcel sounding (light green line) is warmer or farther to the right than the atmosphere sounding (red line).
		This area of this region is CAPE in Joules/kg.
	twister.sbs.ohio-state.edu /helpdocs/cape.html (209 words)

	Convective Available Potential Energy
		The convective available potential energy or CAPE, is used by weather officials and storm chasers to understand what the potential might be for severe weather, and how powerful those storms might become if they do materialize.
		The potential energy available for convection is expressed mathematically using a standard measurement of energy represented as Joules Per Kilogram.
		High CAPE values cannot be used as a predictor about whether or not severe weather is going to take place at a given time or that severe weather is looming.
	www.tornadochaser.net /cape.html (663 words)

	Stability Parameters
		Convective Available Potential Energy (aka, Positive Area) is the amount of energy available to a parcel as it freely rises between the Level of Free Convection (LFC) and the Equilibrium Level (EL).
		Convective Inhibition (aka, Negative Area) is the amount of energy that must be supplied to a parcel for it to rise to the Level of Free Convection (LFC).
		The Convective Temperature is the temperature to which a surface parcel must be heated to allow it to freely convect.
	www.ssec.wisc.edu /mcidas/doc/users_guide/2004/McHTML-325.HTML (825 words)

	CLIMATE: Uncertainty in Hurricanes and Global Warming -- Trenberth 308 (5729): 1753 -- Science
		However, the convective available potential energy (15) is also affected by large-scale subsiding air that increases the stability and dryness of the atmosphere, and is often associated with wind shear throughout the troposphere (16).
		The convective available potential energy appears to have increased in the tropics from 1958 to 1997 (17, 18), which should increase the potential for enhanced moist convection, and thus--conceivably--for more hurricanes.
		The convective available potential energy (CAPE) depends on the vertical profile of moist static energy (the combination of sensible heat, which is related to temperature, and potential and latent energy) and thus on moisture and temperature profiles.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/full/308/5729/1753?ijkey=c1f440f040c315e429a8c09062a5c8d137dd6edd (1651 words)

	Overview
		As horizontal resolution increases, parts of convective cloud systems may become better resolved (for example the stratiform regions) and be represented through an interaction between the dynamics and cloud scheme of the model.
		The assumption (5.22) ensures that the vertical distribution of the convective mass flux follows that of the large-scale ascent which is partly supported by diagnostic studies for tropical convection (e.g.
		Often a low-level temperature inversion exists that inhibits convection from starting freely from the surface; therefore convection seems to be initiated by lifting low-level air dynamically to the level of free convection.
	www.ecmwf.int /research/ifsdocs/PHYSICS/Chap5_Convection6.html (1375 words)

	DYNAMIC PRECIP vs. CONVECTIVE PRECIP
		Instability is commonly assessed by examining the Lifted Index (LI) and CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy).
		Think of convective precipitation as falling from thunderstorms with strong updrafts while dynamic precipitation falls from a deck of stratus clouds.
		Convective precipitation tends to have lighting, thunder and heavy rain while dynamic precipitation is more of a gentle long lasting rain with no lightning and thunder.
	www.theweatherprediction.com /habyhints/336 (543 words)

	CAPE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The activity of a thunderstorm is caused and supported by atmospheric energy, so it seems to make sense to look at the energy available in the atmoshphere when considering the potential for severe weather.
		One of the indicators that may be used is CAPE, which is an estimation of the energy available for convective activity, in Joules/Kg of air, and relates to instability.
		CAPE, however, is not the only influence on vertical motion within a convective storm.
	www.qsl.net /kb0qag/cape.html (179 words)

	NUMERICAL PARAMETERS FOR SMALL SCALE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMS - Cape
		The indicator for this energy is CAPE - the Convective Available Potential Energy:
		In that case, an external source of energy must be supplied to the air mass to convert its potential instability into actual instability and lift the parcel through its condensation level to its Level of Free Convection (LFC) - that means, for instance, the change from potential instability to conditional instability.
		The unit of CAPE is J/kg and it describes the maximum amount of potential energy which the air parcel has available for convection.
	www.zamg.ac.at /docu/Manual/SatManu/Basic/Convection/Cape.htm (770 words)

	WMSI - A New Index For Forecasting Wet Microburst Severity
		Since convective storms derive most of their energy from CAPE, the analysis of CAPE is important in the determination of the probability of the development of deep convective storms that could generate wet microbursts.
		A peak convective wind gust of 72 knots was observed at Fort-Worth/Alliance (KAFW) Airport at 0116 UTC 13 August 2003.
		The air mass in which the convective activity was developing was marginally unstable as indicated in Figure 4a, by the 2245 UTC GOES WMSI values ranging from 17 to 28 over south-central Oklahoma.
	www.orbit.nesdis.noaa.gov /smcd/opdb/aviation/opdb_pubs/wmsipaper/wmsi.html (4079 words)

	CAPE:
		This energy is call CAPE (Convective Available Potential Energy) and comes from the energy released when water condenses.
		There are two aspects of CAPE that meteorologists look at when diagnosing severe storm potential -- the size and the distribution of the orange area.
		This is because the same CAPE (orange area) could come from an environment with a large temperature difference over a shallow level or from a smaller temperature difference over a deeper level.
	ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu /(Gl)/guides/mtr/svr/modl/fcst/params/cape.rxml (317 words)

	Severe Weather Indices
		Convective available potential energy (CAPE), also known as buoyant energy, is the area on a thermodynamic diagram enclosed by the environmental temperature profile and the moist adiabat connecting the level of free convection (LFC) to the equilibrium level (EL), (Bluestein, 1993).
		The CAPE is measured in units of work per unit mass and represents the potential energy per kilogram the air parcel contains, or the energy that would be expended if the parcel were raised past it?s LFC.
		where CIN is convective inhibition (J/kg), pLFC is the pressure at the lifted condensation level, pNSFC is the average pressure (of which the average temperature is a function of) in the lowest 500 or 1000 m, T is the temperature of the lifted parcel, Ta is the ambient temperature, and p is pressure.
	www.geocities.com /weatherguyry/swx2.html (2341 words)

	AMS Glossary
		—(Abbreviated CAPE.) The maximum energy available to an ascending parcel, according to parcel theory.
		On a thermodynamic diagram this is called positive area, and can be seen as the region between the lifted parcel process curve and the environmental sounding, from the parcel's level of free convection to its level of neutral buoyancy.
		is the specific volume of a parcel moving upward moist-adiabatically from the level of free convection, p
	amsglossary.allenpress.com /glossary/search?id=convective-available-potential-1 (142 words)

	NOAA - National Weather Service -
		CAPE is represented on an upper air sounding by the area enclosed between the environmental temperature profile and the path of a rising air parcel, over the layer within which the latter is warmer than the former.
		Convection in the form of a single updraft, downdraft, or updraft/downdraft couplet, typically seen as a vertical dome or tower as in a towering cumulus cloud.
		Since CIN is proportional to the amount of kinetic energy that a parcel loses to buoyancy while it is colder than the surrounding environment, it contributes to the downward momentum.
	www.weather.gov /glossary/index.php?letter=c (6943 words)

	ds335.0 Documentation
		RUC2 model data is available at an hourly interval, with forecasts occuring at 00Z, 03Z, 06Z, 09Z, 12Z, 15Z, 18Z, and 21Z.
		Forecast variables are available at 3 hour intervals from 3 to 12 hours after model initialization.
		NAM model data is available at 00Z, 06Z, 12Z, and 18Z, with analysis and 84 hour forecasts included in each file.
	dss.ucar.edu /datasets/ds335.0/docs (576 words)

	[No title]
		The primary reason for the success of CAPE is because it is an integrated measure of a parcels buoyant energy in units of joules per kilogram (Jkg-1).
		The available sounding that was closest to the convective activity was chosen to analyze.
		It is notable in Figure 1 that a north flow is evident by the north to south orientation of the clouds.
	www.wrh.noaa.gov /wrh/01TAs/0107 (3542 words)

	J. Meteor. Soc. Japan, Vol. 74, No. 2
		The variation of CAPE with SST has been found to be similar to the variation of the frequency of deep convection at one station each in the tropical Atlantic and W.
		Energy and momentum of these vertically propagating waves are of comparable orders to those of the real atmosphere if the heating has an appropriate spectrum with a realistic amount comparable to the total latent heat release in the tropics; and so does the energy of global normal modes.
		Wave energy propagation into the middle atmosphere has to be taken into account even for the calculation of the transient response in the troposphere if the dominant frequency is larger than the damping rate.
	wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp /msj/JMSJ/abst96/9602.html (2305 words)

	Barcelona - Windstorms
		Convective windstorms are driven by downdrafts, the physics of which are relatively simple and correspondingly well understood.
		Convective wind is the result of convective downdrafts, so to understand convective windstorms, one must understand the nature of downdrafts.
		As the convection evolves from the initial cells, new convective cells are initiated along the leading edge of the outflow from preceding cells and the system as a whole can maintain itself as long as sufficient moisture and lapse rates are present in the inflow.
	www.cimms.ou.edu /~doswell/barcelona/Barcelona_Wind.html (4124 words)

	physics - Convective Available Potential Energy
		Convective Available Potential Energy, or CAPE for short, is a value that represents how much buoyant energy it takes to lift an air parcel vertically.
		CAPE is measured in joules per kilogram (J/kg).
		CAPE values over 2,000 joules per kilogram is sufficient enough for severe weather to occur.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Convective_Available_Potential_Energy (254 words)

	Schultz, Schumacher, and Doswell (2000): The Intracacies of Instabilities
		It is argued that the release of potential (or convective) instability through layer lifting may occur in association with fronts, rather than with isolated convection, the terminology ``convective'' being an unfortunate modifier.
		Although the layer-lifting mechanism originally perceived to release potential instability is generally not believed to occur in isolated convective storms, certain situations, discussed in section 3b, may be found where layer lifting of parcels produces deep moist convection.
		Potential instability is often diagnosed to be present in situations where deep, moist convection is likely, even if the process of convective initiation is not at all related to the layer-lifting process envisioned by Rossby (1932).
	www.nssl.noaa.gov /~schultz/csi/reply.html (4148 words)

	informationsphere.com: Convective Available Potential Energy
		A measure of the amount of energy available for convection.
		CAPE is directly related to the maximum potential vertical speed within an updraft; thus, higher values indicate greater potential for severe weather.
		CAPE is represented on a sounding by the area enclosed between the environmental temperature profile and the path of a rising air parcel, over the layer within which the latter is warmer than the former.
	www.informationsphere.com /html/1487.htm (119 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Anthropogenic climate change
		Anthropogenic climate change is climate change caused by human action, either direct or indirect.
		This is not restricted to global warming, but also to regional changes in rainfall patterns, in the energetic level of the atmosphere (CAPE), and in atmospheric albedo due to particulate matter.
		Layers of Atmosphere (NOAA) Earths atmosphere is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth and retained by the Earths gravity.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Anthropogenic-climate-change (610 words)

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