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Topic: Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals

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	CONVENTION FOR THE CONSERVATION OF ANTARCTIC SEALS
		Summary of the "Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals" is available from the UNEP Register of International Treaties and Other Agreements in the Field of the Environment.
		Article 10 SIGNATURE This Convention shall be open for signature at London from 1 June to 31 December 1972 by States participating in the Conference on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals held at London from 3 to 11 February 1972.
		Sealing Zones Each of the sealing zones listed in this paragraph shall be closed in numerical sequence to all sealing operations for the seal species listed in paragraph 1 of this Annex for the period 1 September to the last day of February inclusive.
	sedac.ciesin.org /entri/texts/antarctic.seals.1972.html (2368 words)

	[No title]
		Antarctic marine living resources means the populations of fin fish, molluscs, crustaceans and all other species of living organisms, including birds, found south of the Antarctic Convergence.
		This Convention shall be open for signature at Canberra from 1 August to 31 December 1980 by the States participating in the Conference on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources held at Canberra from 7 to 20 May 1980.
		This Convention shall be open for accession by regional economic integration organizations constituted by sovereign States which include among their members one or more States Members of the Commission and to which the States members of the organization have transferred, in whole or in part, competences with regard to the matters covered by this Convention.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/BH779.txt (3245 words)

	Seals - Wildlife of Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Antarctic seals are truly fascinating marine animals and a signature species of the Southern Ocean.
		Of the six types of seals which are found south of the Antarctic Convergence, four of them are considered true Antarctic species: the Weddell, the Ross, the Crabeater and the Leopard.
		Today, seals in the Antarctic are protected by the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, which nonetheless allows for a small quota of specific species to be taken for science.
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/wildlife/seals/index.shtml (517 words)

	Fact Sheet: Seals
		The sole Antarctic representative of the Otariids is the Antarctic fur seal.
		Sealing is inexorably tied to the human history of Antarctica; in fact, it was a sealer (the Russian, Thaddeus von Bellingshausen) who first discovered Antarctica in 1820.
		Antarctic sealing began at the end of the eighteenth century, and there have been times when it threatened the survival of these creatures -- especially the fur seal.
	www.asoc.org /general/seals.htm (1214 words)

	SCS: Antarctic Fur Seal (Arctocephalus gazella) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Antarctic fur seals were almost made extinct by commercial sealing for their fur in the 18th and 19th centuries, perhaps only a few hundred of the seals remaining, and small scale hunting continued until 1907.
		Some scientists, claiming that the growing population of Antarctic fur seals is now causing environmental problems by polluting lakes and destroying plants in Antarctica, have been pushing for the downgrading of the fur seals' conservation status.
		Antarctic fur seals usually dive to a depth of 30-40m for an average of about 2 minutes, diving to a shallower depth at night, when they do most of their feeding, than during the day.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/antfursl.htm (1033 words)

	[No title]
		This Convention applies to the seas south of 60o South Latitude, in respect of which the Contracting Parties affirm the provisions of Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty.
		The Contracting Parties agree that the species of seals enumerated in Article 1 shall not be killed or captured within the Convention area by their nationals or vessels under their respective flags except in accordance with the provisions of this Convention.
		Seal reserves It is forbidden to kill or capture seals in the following reserves, which are seal breeding areas or the site of long-term scientific research: a) The area around the South Orkney Islands between 60o20' and 60o56' South Latitude and 44o05' and 46o25' West Longitude.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~iea/TreatyTexts/1972-AntarcticSeals.EN.txt (2116 words)

	SCS: Weddell Seal (Leptonychotes weddellii) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In January 1998 the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty was ratified, implementing environmental measures such as the banning of mining and oil drilling in Antarctica for at least 50 years, along with the banning of refuse disposal and the use of pesticides in the region.
		Weddell seals are highly vocal and their underwater calls are normally quite audible to a listener on the surface of the ice.
		Recent research using video cameras attached to Weddell seals showed that the seals are stealth hunters, approaching within centimetres of cod without startling the fish, and that they do not appear to use sound to hunt, relying instead on their acute underwater vision and often using the under-ice surface for backlighting.
	www.pinnipeds.org /species/weddell.htm (898 words)

	Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (1972) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This Convention shall be open for signature at London from 1 June to 31 December 1972 by States participating in the Conference on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals held at London from 3 to 11 February 1972.
		This Convention shall be open for accession by any State which may be invited to accede to this Convention with the consent of the Contracting Parties.
		It is forbidden to kill or capture Ross seals Ommatophoca rossi, Southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina, or fur seals of the genus Arctocephalus.
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /About_Antarctica/Treaty/Seals.html (2770 words)

	1.9.4, 1.9.5
		A meeting to review the operation of the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, convened in accordance with Article 7 of the Convention, was held in London from 12 to 16 September 1988.
		There was therefore a possibility that sealing could have a negative impact on local seal stocks of one or other species or on the local ecosystem, even when the catches for the Antarctic as a whole are well within the limits set in Section 1 of the Annex to the Convention.
		However, if the Convention is to operate in a predictive rather than a reactive manner, it would be essential to receive reports, not only when such effects had been clearly demonstrated to be occurring, but when there was a significant probability that they might be occurring, or could occur in the near future.
	www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz /resources/handbook/1-9c.html (2969 words)

	Northern Elephant Seal Links
		Reviews the conservation status of the southern elephant seal (and other seals), summarises the current knowledge on their biology, abundance and distribution, identifies the threats and recommends research and management actions required for their conservation.
		Antarctic seals, whales and dolphins of the early twentieth century: Marine mammals of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition 1911-14, and the British, Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition 1929-31
		A short piece about all antarctic seal feeding and diving behaviour, postulating reasons why it is thought that elephant seals dive and feed at great depths.
	essp.csumb.edu /eseal/soESlinks.html (881 words)

	Antarctic Protected Areas Information Archive - CCAMLR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		South latitude and to the Antarctic marine living resources of the area between that latitude and the Antarctic Convergence which form part of the Antarctic marine ecosystem.
		The objective of this Convention is the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources.
		Conservation measures adopted by the Commission in accordance with this Convention shall be implemented by Members of the Commission in the following manner; a.
	www-aadc.antdiv.gov.au /apa/legal_docs/ccamlr.html (4395 words)

	IAgreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
		IAgreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
		Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals 1 June 1972
		These Agreed Measures shall apply to the same area to which the Antarctic Treaty is applicable (hereinafter referred to as the Treaty Area) namely the Area south of 60 degrees South Latitude, including all ice shelves.
	sedac.ciesin.org /entri/texts/acrc/aff64.txt.html (1553 words)

	SCAR » Bulletin 135
		The returns of Antarctic seals killed or captured by nations, as required under the Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) and the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora were reviewed.
		Whereas the number of fur seals inhabiting the coastlines of the mainland of South Georgia continues to increase numerically and expand geographically, the number of fur seals at Bird Island seems to have stabilized or perhaps even declined slightly (presumably due to space limitations).
		Populations of sub-Antarctic fur seal (A. tropicalis) are increasing rapidly, and a small population appears to have established itself at Macquarie Island together with Antarctic fur seals and New Zealand fur seals (A. forsteri).
	www.scar.org /publications/bulletins/135/xxvchile.html (3864 words)

	[No title]
		This Convention applies to the seas south of 60ø South Latitude, in respect of which the Contracting Parties affirm the provisions of Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty.
		a) in the case of Crabeater seals Lobodon carcinophagus, 175,000 b) in the case of Leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx, 12,000 c) in the case of Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddelli, 5,000 2.
		Seal Reserves It is forbidden to kill or capture seals in the following reserves, which are seal breeding areas or the site of long-term scientific research: a) The area around the South Orkney Islands between 60ø 20' and 60ø 56' South Latitude and 44ø 05' and 46ø 25' West Longitude.
	fletcher.tufts.edu /multi/texts/BH592.txt (2138 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Antarctic Seals Conservation Regulations 1986
		The Seals Regulations that apply to the area of seas south of 60ºS are administered on behalf of the Minister for the Environment and Heritage by the Australian Antarctic Division in support of the Antarctic Treaty (Environment Protection) Act 1980.
		It should be noted that while the Madrid Protocol allows for the killing or the capture and removal of seals from the Antarctic for scientific purposes in accordance with a permit, Australia does not usually issue permits for these purposes.
		All species of fur seal and the Ross seal are currently listed as specially protected species and special conditions and restrictions apply to the granting of permits.
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=1614 (840 words)

	Australian Antarctic Division - Antarctic international law
		There are sections on how the Treaty deals with Antarctic territorial claims, including claims by Australia, other international agreements such as the Law of the Sea, and the annual round of Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings (ATCM).
		In recognition of Antarctica as the last great wilderness on earth the Madrid Protocol was created under the Antarctic Treaty System in 1991 to make certain mutually agreed resolutions on the environment legally binding upon member nations.
		Antarctic environmental laws and guidelines - Designed to provide ready reference to the policy initiatives concerning the protection of the Antarctic Environment.
	www.aad.gov.au /default.asp?casid=76 (305 words)

	General Introduction
		The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources came into force in 1982, as part of the Antarctic Treaty System, in pursuance of the provisions of Article IX of the Treaty.
		The Convention establishes a Commission to manage the marine living resources of the area for which it is responsible.
		The resources specifically exclude whales and seals, which are the subject of other conventions – namely, the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals.
	www.ccamlr.org /pu/e/gen-intro.htm (463 words)

	Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (1980)
		BEARING in mind the concern regarding the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources expressed by the Consultative Parties at the Ninth Consultative Meeting of the Antarctic Treaty and the importance of the provisions of Recommendation IX-2 which led to the establishment of the present Convention;
		ARTICLE II The objective of this Convention is the conservation of Antarctic marine living resources.
		of the Antarctic Treaty or by existing fisheries commissions responsible for species which may enter the area to which this Convention applies, in order that there shall be no inconsistency between the rights and obligations of a Contracting Party under such regulations or measures and conservation measures which may be adopted by the Commission.
	www.internationalwildlifelaw.org /antarctic1980.html (4811 words)

	Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
		The Convention was set up to protect all six species of seal found in the Antarctic following concerns about a possible resumption of commercial sealing in the region in the mid-1960s.
		However, commercial sealing has not been resumed in the Antarctic and the provisions of the Convention have never been put to use, although it remains in force.
		Antarctic seals: Ross, southern elephant, southern fur, crabeater, leopard and Weddell seals
	www.oceanlaw.net /texts/summaries/seals.htm (149 words)

	Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition
		American Bird Conservancy (ABC) is dedicated to the conservation of wild birds and their habitats in the Americas.
		The fundamental role of ABC is to build coalitions of conservation groups, scientists, and members of the public, to tackle key bird priorities using the best resources available.
		In 1994 IUCN established the Antarctic Advisory Committee (AAC) as a means of focusing IUCN's involvement with Antarctic conservation issues.
	www.asoc.org /links.htm (976 words)

	REC: Beyond Boundaries: Appendix III
		Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, London, 1972
		Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals, Washington, 1957 (as amended in 1976)
		Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean, Reykjavik, 1982
	www.rec.org /REC/Publications/BndBound/app3.html (3457 words)

	GEO-1: Chapter 3: Policy Responses and Directions: Polar Regions: Antarctic: International Agreements
		Under the Antarctic Treaty, a recommendation was made in 1964 on Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora.
		CCAMLR entered into force in 1982, and stringent conservation measures to halt the further decline of fish stocks were implemented by 1989 (Kock, 1994).
		Protection of the Antarctic environment is further strengthened by the Protocol to the Antarctic Treaty on Environmental Protection (the Madrid Protocol), adopted in 1991 by States Parties to the Antarctic Treaty.
	www.grida.no /geo1/ch/ch3_33.htm (535 words)

	Law of the Sea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Convention on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone, 1958
		Convention on the Conservation of the Living Resources of the South-East Atlantic, 1969
		Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982, 1994
	home.earthlink.net /~apronto/treaties/sea.htm (916 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This report covers events regarding the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals (CCAS) from November 1992 to the present.
		A list of countries which were original signatories of the Convention, and of countries which have subsequently acceded, is attached (Annex A to this Report).
		States which are signatories to CCAS or which have acceded to the Convention, or which have been invited to accede, have been kept informed of developments involving the Convention by receiving copies of the relevant diplomatic correspondence.
	www.anta.canterbury.ac.nz /resources/treaty/meetings/PART-III-B-ANNEX-B-II.html (495 words)

	Protected Areas in Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Activities in the Antarctic are regulated by the Antarctic Treaty, 1961, which applies to the area south of 60° south latitude, including all islands and ice shelves.
		Under the Antarctic Treaty System, the concept of setting aside areas for special protection was first introduced by the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, 1964 which Antarctica was designated as a 'Special Conservation Area'.
		As at the XXII Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting (ATCM) (Tromsö, 1998), the complete redesignation of protected areas as ASPAs and ASMAs had not taken place, although the Management Plan for one ASMA was voluntarily adopted at the ATCM XX (Utrecht, 1996).
	www.add.scar.org /protected-area/about.html (309 words)

	Agreements (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Convention for the Conservation of Salmon in the North Atlantic Ocean
		Convention for the Conservation of Anadromous Stocks in the North Pacific Ocean
		Convention for the Conservation of Southern Bluefin Tuna
	www.nero.noaa.gov /ro/doc/agree.htm (175 words)

	Flora and Fauna--Biodiversity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (3 Mar 73); as amended 1979, 1983; with Appendices I & II (16 Apr 1993), and Appendix III (11 Jun 92).
		Convention on the Conservation of Nature in the South Pacific (12 Jun 76) via ERIN
		Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (19 Sept 79)
	darwin.bio.uci.edu /~pjbryant/global/biodiver.htm (281 words)

	Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals
		RECALLING the Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, adopted under the Antarctic Treaty signed at Washington on 1 December 1959;
		This Convention applies to the seas south of 60 degrees South Latitude, in respect of which the Contracting Parties affirm the provisions of Article IV of the Antarctic Treaty.
		b) to report on the basis of the statistical, biological and other evidence available when the harvest of any species of seal in the Convention area is having a significantly harmful effect on the total stocks of such species or on the ecological system in any particular locality.
	www.oceanlaw.net /texts/seals.htm (2809 words)

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