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Topic: Conventional Egyptian chronology

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	Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		There is evidence of ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty using the natural lake of the Fayyum as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry seasons.
		The conventional Egyptian chronology is the accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time.
		The Egyptian religions, emboddied in Egyptian mythology, were a the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt until the coming of Christianity and Islam.
	www.pineville.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Ancient_Egypt (1862 words)

	Encyclopedia: Conventional Egyptian chronology
		The New Kingdom period of Egyptian history is the period between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC, covering the Eighteenth, Nineteenth, and Twentieth dynasty of Egypt.
		Chronology The Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt was the last native dynasty to rule Egypt before the Persian conquest, and had its capital was Sais.
		Apries (Egyptian Haaibre) was a pharaoh of Egypt, (589 - 570 BC) of the Twenty-sixth dynasty of Egypt.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Conventional-Egyptian-chronology (3272 words)

	Conventional Egyptian chronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This conventional chronology of the rulers of ancient Egypt, taking into account well accepted developments during the 20th century but not including any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time.
		The dates of Dynasties 11 to 20 are from Kitchen, "The Basics of Egyptian Chronology in Relation to the Bronze Age", in Astrom (ed) High, Middle or Low (Gothengurg, 1987), taking his low chronology.
		This is a “Conventional Chronology” as discussed by David Rohl in A Test of Time (1995, Century).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Conventional_Egyptian_chronology (507 words)

	Chronology biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A chronology may be either relative -- that is, locating related events relative to each other -- or absolute -- locating these events to specific dates in a Chronological Era.
		During the 20th century, many previously accepted conclusions of historical chronology were questioned, both by the introduction of new techniques, by new discoveries, and by claims that not all was well even in the original analysis of existing material.
		Thus at the start of the 21st century, the chronologies of ancient civilisations in particular were in a state of some controversy.
	chronology.biography.ms (214 words)

	Pharaoh - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus, and in the Ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats Pharaoh like a proper name rather than like a title.
		It may have been the pharoahs Menes or Narmer (or they could be part of Egyptian mythology).
		It is clear that Cleopatra was a Greek not an Egyptian.
	www.eastcleveland.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pharaoh (797 words)

	"An Examination of Egyptian Chronology"
		Conventional chronology gives 61 years as covering the reigns of the first four kings of the XVIIIth Dynasty while the monuments indicate 91.
		The chronology of the XXIst Dynasty is of crucial importance in linking the New Kingdom to the universally accepted synchronism of the campaign against the Judahite king Rehoboam during his Year 5 by the Egyptian Pharaoh Shoshenq I (i.e.
		The object now is to re-examine the chronologies of Assyria and Babylonia to see if the apparent correlations between these regions and Egypt can be maintained which would mean, of course, that these chronologies too would have to be pushed back in historical time to keep in check with the revised Egyptian chronology.
	www.geocities.com /trevoraug/Chapter3.htm (4957 words)

	TV Program, Pharaohs and Kings
		The theme of the program was challenging "accepted" Egyptian archeology with "new evidence" which could overturn conventional ideas regarding Egyptian chronology.
		Egyptian chronology has never been considered to be known for certain.
		There is an enormous amount of detail involved in the study of 3000 years of ancient Egyptian history and all the artifacts associated with it.
	www.fsteiger.com /egypt.html (1160 words)

	Revisionism, Biblical Chronology in the Light of Stratigraphy at Tell Brak
		Egyptian dates are consistently 200 to 500 years higher than their Assyrian counterparts.
		The liberal date suffers from chronological problems and the fact that a 19th Dynasty Egyptian stele mentions the Israelites as an established people in Canaan, not leaving enough time for the Exodus, the wanderings in the Sinai and the Conquest under Joshua.
		The conservative date, accepting conventional Egyptian chronology, puts the Exodus in the middle of the 18th Dynasty.
	www.ldolphin.org /alanm/tellbrak.html (2085 words)

	Talk:Conventional Egyptian chronology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The dates in the article for the Middle Kingdom are the conventional dates, and hang from calculations made based on the Sothic Cycle.
		It is believed that the ancient Egyptian Calendar was not only 365 days long, but did not have any intercalary days added to keep it in alignment with the real year with was about 365.25 days long.
		He found six of them, on which the dates of much of the Conventional chronology is based, one of which is believed to date to the 7th year of Sesostris III.
	wikipedia.com /wiki/Talk:Conventional_Egyptian_chronology (664 words)

	Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Ancient Egypt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		There's an issue here that both John K and Captmondo overlook that needs to be emphasized: the experts in Egyptian chronology (well, with a few understandible exceptions) admit that there is an increasing margin of error for dates the earlier one goes in Egyptian history.
		The Chronology of Mesopotamia is more exact, but it too begins to lose precision around 1100 BC, with events being accurate within 10 years from 1100 BC back to where the problem of High, Middle and Low Chronology begins to raise its head.
		Captmondo, almost any contribution would be an improvement on what's currently at Egyptian chronology, which is little more than a rant that we can't be 100% certain about what mainstream Egyptologists have written, and therefore should seriously consider other theories.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Ancient_Egypt (4216 words)

	ipedia.com: Egyptian chronology Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Egyptian chronology is in a constant state of transition, with much of the terminology and dating in dispute.
		Professor E.J. Bickerman, Chronology of the ancient world (1980: 83-84 and 106), has properly called it "the rather fluid chronology of the Pharaohs and the Hittites," adding that Ramses II's accession is dated by various Egyptologistss to 1304, 1290-92, or 1279 BCE.
		It is a "rubber chronology" that you can stretch or shrink anywhere, by arbitrarily established lengths of co-regencies between rulers and even overlapping dynasties.
	www.ipedia.com /egyptian_chronology.html (1277 words)

	Associates for Biblical Research: Biblical Archaeology
		Rohl attempts to lower Egyptian chronology by several hundred years for the period before 664 B.C. The sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal in 664 B.C. is accepted as a fixed date by Rohl and becomes the starting point for his revised chronology (119).
		A revised Egyptian chronology would directly affect the dating of the Bronze and Early Iron Ages in Palestine since the dating of those periods is dependent upon synchronisms with Egyptian history.
		Biblical chronology, on the other hand, remains unchanged since it is derived from synchronisms with Assyria in the Divided Kingdom period and then calculated backwards using the internal chronological data of the Bible.
	abr.christiananswers.net /rohl.html (2926 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Egypt: Biological Chronology
		Egyptian Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Interior Mamduh Salim states that Egypt's enemies would never use BW because they are aware that Egypt has "adequate means of retaliating without delay."
		In talks with Egyptian Defense Minister Mohammed Hussein Tantawi, U.S. Secretary of Defense William Cohen states that the Pentagon would like to see friendly states such as Egypt refurbish passive defenses including gas masks and decontamination units and plan for the consequences of a biological weapons attack.
		This material is produced independently for NTI by the Center for Nonproliferation Studies at the Monterey Institute of International Studies and does not necessarily reflect the opinions of and has not been independently verified by NTI or its directors, officers, employees, agents.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Egypt/3456.html (1277 words)

	Fifteen Frequently Asked Questions
		Nastily for the conventional chronology, at Tille Höyük they are associated with the remains of an Empire which was supposed to have fallen at least a century earlier.
		It is clear from the Egyptian text that the main objectives of the expedition were not the towns of Judah and Jerusalem, but rather the kingdom of Israel on the one hand and the Negeb of Judah on the other.
		For example, the conventional chronology has a convenient match in the 14th century BC between the Assuruballit I of the Assyrian King List and a like-named ruler who wrote two letters to Pharaoh Akhnaton.
	www.centuries.co.uk /faq.htm (8562 words)

	wikien.info: Main_Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		His published works A Test of Time and Legend set forth Rohl's theories for dating Egyptian kings of the 19th through 25th Dynasties, which would require a major revision of the conventional chronology of ancient Egypt, and less radical revisions of the chronologies of Israel and Mesopotamia.
		Rohl notes a gap in the stelae associated with the Apis vaults at Saqqara for the 21st and 22nd dynasties of Egypt, which combined with the placement of coffins at the Royal Cache (TT 320) of coffins, shows these two dynasties were contemporary.
		Building upon the ideas of Immanuel Velikovsky, the Revised Chronology puts the dates on the Traditional Chronologies Based upon Egypt out by up to 300 years at points prior to the universally accepted fixed date of 664 BC for the sacking of Thebes by Ashurbanipal.
	www.hostingciamca.com /index.php?title=David_Rohl (825 words)

	Articles - Ancient Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The conventional Egyptian chronology is the accepted developments during the 20th century, but do not include any of the major revision proposals that have also been made in that time.
		The Egyptian religions, embodied in Egyptian mythology, were the succession of beliefs held by the people of Egypt, until the coming of Christianity and Islam.
		The ancient Egyptians are also credited with devising the world's earliest known alphabet, decimal system [10] and complex mathematical formularizations, in the form of the Moscow and Rhind Mathematical Papyri.
	gaple.com /articles/Ancient_Egypt?mySession=81cacc99ac1803b82e28ae5a... (2404 words)

	The Merneptah Stela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		"The period of Egyptian oppression that drove the Israelites to revolt and escape probably occurred during the reign of Ramses II (1304-1237 B.C.).
		The Egyptians probably had no stations in these wild mountains, where their chariots could not pass.
		The inhabitants of Hebron were never apparently disturbed by the chariots, and appear in the Tel Amarna tablets as marauders of the Egyptian stations.
	www.mystae.com /restricted/streams/thera/stela.html (894 words)

	Temporal Fugues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The surviving fragments of the Egyptian historian Manetho supplied a kinglist, comprised of 30 dynasties, which was supplemented and corrected from several similar ancient Egyptian lists, such as the Royal Turin Papyrus, and the kinglists of Abydos and Saqqara.
		The point is that there exist "conventional" explanations which are reasonable and economical with their assumptions, while remaining consistent with the current chronology.
		Essentially, he has taken 19 dynastic groups whose relative chronologies are held to be reasonably secure, totted up the total amount of time and the total number of kings, and divided one by the other to arrive at an average reign length of 16.75 years.
	members.aol.com /IanWade/Waste/Bennett1.html (4924 words)

	The New Egyptian Chronology
		Rohl has launched an all-out assault on the authenticity of accepted Egyptian chronologies, and a vitally important by-product of that as sault has been the discovery of new archeological evidence that substantiates the Old Testament narratives about the birth of Israel.
		The second adjustment Rohl makes in the biblical chronology is to lengthen the time of the wilderness wanderings, the conquest of Canaan, and the period of the Judges from 220 years to 417 years.
		So there you have it the New Chronology producing evidence all over the landscape that substanti ates the biblical records concerning the origins of the Jews, their formation as a nation in Egypt, their exodus and wanderings, and their conquest of Canaan.
	www.lamblion.com /articles/other/religious/RI-19.php (3082 words)

	A Biblical Interpretation of World History, Appendix 1
		This gives the impression that either Egypt's chronology is a mighty tree, too strong to be uprooted or shaken, or the Egyptians had excellent press agents.
		His view is that the accepted Egyptian chronology may be correct up to the end of the XII dynasty, but only by coincidence.
		Bietak is a cautious follower of the conventional chronology, and won't make any sensational claims concerning his excavations in the ancient land of Goshen.
	xenohistorian.faithweb.com /worldhis/Histapp1.html (5167 words)

	Is there evidence that the Israelites once lived in Egypt as the Bible says? And has Joseph's original tomb been found? ...
		The Egyptian word Hyksos means "foreign rulers." In common usage, however, the term is used to refer in general to the Asiatics who settled in the eastern Delta of Egypt in the Second Intermediate Period.
		According to Scripture, the Pharaoh of the Exodus perished in the Yam Suph (Exodus 14:5-9,18,28; 15:4,7; Psalm 106:9-11; 136:15), therefore, we correlate the date of the Exodus with the death date of the Pharaoh of the Exodus.
		As a result of his nontraditional chronology of ancient Egypt, however, British historian David Rohl dates Tomb 1 to the late 17th century BC (1995: 339), rather than the mid-nineteenth century as determined by the excavators.
	www.christiananswers.net /q-abr/abr-a027.html (2968 words)

	Pharaoh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term derives ultimately from the Egyptian words pr-o, meaning "Great House".
		It was not commonly used by the Egyptians themselves to refer to their monarchs, but is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the Bible, especially the Book of Exodus.
		Dating systems for Egyptian studies are quite various, depending on how they are constructed and what assumptions are used.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/p/ph/pharaoh.html (589 words)

	C.A.R.E. Ministries of Winnipeg - Frequently Asked Questions
		Conventional Egyptian chronology, however, has a continuous civilization existing straight through from 3100 BC, with no mention of the deluge.
		Immanuel Velikovsky and Donavan Courville both approached the problem of Egyptian chronology from different angles and came to the same conclusion: That several of Egypt's dynasties were actually contemporaneous, which shortens Egypt's history by roughly 600 years, bringing it in line with the Old Testament record.
		Third, note that the conventional view of Egyptian history actually does support the Bible narrative in numerous instances, at least from about 2000 BC on (see Murry D. Hiebert's "The Historical Conquest: Historical Events of the Amarna Age in Canaan and Their Preservation in the Biblical Narrative", 2004).
	www.carewinnipeg.com /faqs.html (1585 words)

	Chronology
		In the field of Egyptology, William Flinders Petrie pioneered sequence dating to penetrate pre-dynastic Neolithic times, using groups of contemporary artefacts deposited together at a single time in graves and working backwards methodically from the earliest historical phases of Egypt.
		The study of the means of placing pottery and other cultural artefacts into some kind of order proceeds in two phases, classification and typology: Classification creates categories for the purposes of description, and typology seeks to identify and analyse changes that allow artefacts to be placed into sequences [1] (http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/kevin.greene/wintro/chap4.htm).
		Though chronologies formulated before the 1960s are subject to serious skepticism today, more recent results are more robust than readily appears to journalists and enthusiastic amateurs.
	www.apawn.com /search.php?title=Chronology (474 words)

	Manetho - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Manetho (circa 3rd century BC), alternatively known as Manethon of Sebennytos, was a Hellenistic Egyptian historian and priest of Serapis in Heliopolis during the reigns of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II.
		His magnum opus,, written in Greek to contest errors he claimed existed in Herodotus' Histories, was the most important source for the history of Ancient Egypt before the successful decipherment of the Egyptian language by Jean-François Champollion in 1820s.
		Even now, it remains a major primary source for its aid in compiling and systematizing ancient Egyptian Pharaonic dynasties into the order that still serves as the basis for Egyptian chronology.
	www.americancanyon.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Manetho (468 words)

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