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Topic: Convict settlement

	Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Timeline
		Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812-1853 and over the 50 years from 1803-1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania.
		Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6, 7, 10, 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75% as opposed to 50% for those sent to NSW and Tasmania.
		Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824-1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337.
	members.iinet.net.au /~perthdps/convicts/res-03.html (1120 words)

	Norfolk Island - Facts, Information, and Encyclopedia Reference article
		Before the First Fleet sailed to found a convict settlement in New South Wales, Governor Arthur Phillip's final instructions, received less than three weeks before sailing, included the requirement to colonize Norfolk Island to prevent it falling into the hands of France, whose naval leaders were also showing interest in the Pacific.
		More convicts were sent, and the island was seen as a farm, supplying Sydney with grain and vegetables during its early years of near-starvation.
		Many convicts chose to remain as settlers on the expiry of their sentence, and the population grew to over 1000 by 1792.
	www.startsurfing.com /encyclopedia/n/o/r/Norfolk_Island_312a.html (3842 words)

	Wellington, New South Wales - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Wellington was originally established in the 1823 by Lieutenant Percy Simpson in early 1823 as a convict settlement.
		The convict settlement ceased in 1831 but a village called Montefiores was established on the north side of the Macquarie River crossing.
		The village of Wellington was gazetted in 1846 and was declared a town in 1879.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Wellington,_New_South_Wales (453 words)

	Convicts and the British colonies in Australia - Australia's Culture Portal
		Women convicts were assumed to be most useful as wives and mothers, and marriage effectively freed a woman convict from her servitude.
		Convict labour was used to develop the public facilities of the colonies - roads, causeways, bridges, courthouses and hospitals.
		Also telling of convicts' experiences were convict love tokens, mainly produced in the 1820s and 1830s by transported convicts as a farewell to their loved ones.
	www.cultureandrecreation.gov.au /articles/convicts (2004 words)

	Convicts To Australia ... Research Guide - Timeline
		Convict ships were sent from England directly to the colony from 1812-1853 and over the 50 years from 1803-1853 around 67,000 convicts were transported to Tasmania.
		Convicts sent to Western Australia were sentenced to terms of 6, 7, 10, 14 and 15 years and some reports suggest that their literacy rate was around 75% as opposed to 50% for those sent to NSW and Tasmania.
		Around 2,280 convicts were sent to the settlement between 1824-1839 and at the end of 1836 the convict population numbered 337.
	members.iinet.com.au /~perthdps/convicts/res-03.html (1120 words)

	HMS Guardian (1784) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		She was built in 1784 as a 44-gun frigate but, with her lower tier of guns removed, she was converted to a storeship.
		On 12 September 1789 she sailed from Spithead, under the command of Lieutenant Edward Riou, with 1,003 short tons (910 tonnes) of provisions for the convict settlement at Port Jackson in New South Wales, Australia.
		Of the twenty-one convicts rescued, one died at the Cape.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/HMS_Guardian_(1784) (511 words)

	Ancestry.com - Convicts in Western Australia
		Convicts with this certificate were free to travel anywhere in Australia and to return to Britain.
		In New South Wales and Tasmania the convict period was 1794 to 1853.
		Convicts had to carry their tickets with them, report in two times per year (January and June), and obtain permission to relocate to another district.
	www.ancestry.com /rd/prodredir.asp?sourceid=831&key=A909601 (844 words)

	Convicts Conditions
		The convicts under colonial sentence shall be steadily and constantly employed at hard labour from sunrise till sunset, one hour being allowed for breakfast, and one hour for dinner during the winter six months; but two hours will be allotted for dinner during the summer.
		The wife of a convict shall in no case be allowed to join her husband, until he shall have been placed in the first class, and the commandant shall have recommended him for this indulgence.
		Convict women were given a little milk and the livers of the animals killed as a reward for good conduct.
	www.home.gil.com.au /~tmacey/history/conditions.html (1229 words)

	Prehistory
		Convicts who had committed a second offence after arriving in the colony were sent here, as were the less obedient convicts.
		These were called ticket-of-leave convicts, and, although they were not allowed to leave Australia, they were free to run their own farms and shops.
		Convicts who served out their full sentences were called expires.
	www.petra.ac.id /asc/history/convicts.htm (886 words)

	News in Science - Island reveals mysteries of the dead - 19/08/2004
		Convicts and military officers, their families, and members of the clergy were buried on the island, known as Isle of the Dead.
		She also found that the graves were different on the upper and lower parts of the island, with mass graves or multiple burial sites where the convicts were buried and individual graves where the higher class members of society were buried.
		When you consider that the convict story is part of the story of the settlement of Australian in the 18th to 19th centuries, that's a pretty important population in terms of genetic research, studies on biological acclimatisation."
	www.abc.net.au /science/news/stories/2004/1178596.htm (626 words)

	Port Arthur Historic Site
		The convicts who managed to survive the voyage found conditions to be just as bad at the new settlement.
		Although in the early years of settlement, convicts were treated like work animals under the 'Assignment System' of convict management, it was considered that labor was critical to rehabilitation and moral improvement.
		With the closure of Port Arthur as a convict settlement in 1877, the site was almost immediately renamed Carnarvon in an attempt to erase the memory of its ugly convict past.
	www.environment.gov.au /heritage/national/sites/port-arthur.html (1427 words)

	Convicts and the British colonies in Australia - Australia's Culture and Recreation Portal
		From 1788 to 1823, the Colony of New South Wales was officially a penal colony comprised mainly of convicts, marines and the wives of the marines.
		Convicts formed the majority of the colony's population for the first few decades, and by 1821 there was a growing number of freed convicts who were appointed to positions of trust and responsibility as well as being granted land.
		Also telling of convicts' experiences were convict love tokens, mainly produced in the 1820s and 1830s by transported convicts as a farewell to their loved ones.
	www.culture.gov.au /articles/convicts (1880 words)

	Descriptions of Convict Life
		Soon the sailors and convicts were in and around the women's tents, some queuing for sex, others making love with women they had forged attachments on the voyage.
		Despite the past disgraces of convict ships, and the regulations and warnings designed to improve their condition, two more vessels have arrived at Sydney in deplorable state, and with awful death rates.
		The Hercules arrived on June 26 with the news that 30 convicts had died on the voyage and another 11 had been killed during a mutiny, with two dying later of their wounds and a third being summary executed by the captain.
	www.convictcreations.com /history/description.htm (2074 words)

	Australia’s Convict Women
		These first years of the convict settlement were vital to the success of the Colony and the contribution the convicts made to that success cannot be overlooked.
		L.L. Robson’s Convict Settlers indirectly unleashed a new militant feminist movement in the convict scholarship of the 1970s that was passionate and subsequently subjective, but the movement would prove a catalyst for the scholarship of the 1980s and 1990s.
		Three decades of research later, it appears that in Australia convicts were successful in establishing a socio-economic system which quickly replicated aspects of the Anglo-Celtic culture that spawned the settlement, moving rapidly to the status of a ‘free society’ in which female convicts laboured as workers, wives, lovers and mothers.
	www.it.scps.nyu.edu /~stantona/webver.htm (11864 words)

	Convict Trail Project - About
		As the settlement grew, convicts were sent to build infrastructure such as roads and bridges and to open new industries.
		The Convict Trail is a monument to these former felons, and a tribute to their work.
		Extending north from Sydney to the Hunter Valley, the Convict Trail follows the route of the 240 km Great North Road, built between 1826 and 1836.
	www.convicttrail.org /about.php (257 words)

	Convict
		Banished from their homeland in 1787, more than 750 of Britain's convicts were launched on a perilous sea voyage to the other side of the world.
		The story of the Fleet Fleet convict Mary Bryant and her escape from Sydney with her husband, two young children and seven convicts and subsequent voyage in open to Timor.
		Commentary on the media frenzy surrounding the recent marriage of a convicted child rapist to her victim.
	www.suite101.com /reference/convict (1321 words)

	Port Arthur Historic Site: Factsheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The convicts who managed to survive the voyage found conditions to be just as bad at the new settlement.
		Although in the early years of settlement, convicts were treated like work animals under the 'Assignment System' of convict management, it was considered that labor was critical to rehabilitation and moral improvement.
		It was a staged system that required convicts to spend an initial period of their sentence at a place like Port Arthur before being put into a probation gang with a specific public work focus such as building a road or bridge, before obtaining a pass and ultimately their freedom.
	www.deh.gov.au /heritage/national/sites/arthur-factsheet.html (1404 words)

	Pine Rivers Shire Council \| Queensland Australia - The Moreton Bay Convict Settlement
		Settlement officially commenced in Queensland on 14 September 1824 when Lieutenant Miller's party of convicts and guards were set down at Redcliffe.
		During the next few months, because of a shortage of softwoods near the settlement, parties were sometimes sent to the Pine Rivers area to cut Hoop Pine and Silky Oak for use in cabinet-making and interior fittings for the prefabricated buildings.
		As the population of convicts, soldiers and civil servants grew, substantial buildings of stone or brick were erected to replace the first timber buildings.
	www.prsc.qld.gov.au /c/prsc?a=sp&pid=1095920859 (473 words)

	Arthur Phillip Summary
		Convicts, mostly lower-class criminals from Britain's burgeoning towns, were granted small farms on the expiry of their sentences, but this did not transform them into an industrious peasantry.
		Although convict labor was employed on government farms, the lack of draft animals and implements, and the problems associated with a new environment, impeded agricultural progress.
		This was the beginning of the process of convict emancipation which was to culminate in the reforms of Lachlan Macquarie after 1811.
	www.bookrags.com /Arthur_Phillip (2204 words)

	Port Arthur Historic Site - National Heritage values
		Point Puer is one of a limited set of convict settlements in the Australian colonies to receive a single category of prisoners and is rare as a reformist institution for convict boys.
		Australia's convict sites share patterns of environmental and social colonial history including classification and segregation; dominance by authority and religion; the provision of accommodation for the convict, military and civil population; amenities for governance, punishment and healing, and the elements of place building, agriculture and industry.
		The Port Arthur penal settlement is one of a small set of places of secondary punishment (together with Norfolk Island, Sarah Island and Maria Island) which relied on an 'alien', often water-bounded landscape to form the bars of the prison.
	www.deh.gov.au /heritage/national/sites/arthur.html (2613 words)

	TAS Orford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A penal settlement was established there in 1825 when Governor Arthur needed somewhere to relieve the numbers at Macquarie Harbour.
		The settlement had two periods of use, from 1825 to 1832 and again from 1842 to 1851.
		Convict ruins and historic buildings can be inspected and many species of birds and animals may be seen in their natural habitat including Bennett's and Rufous wallabies and the Forester kangaroo.
	www.allsydney.com /tas/Orford.htm (358 words)

	HotBot Web Search for convict
		Police: Escaped Convict Is Suspect in Ambush Shooting of 2 New York State Troopers...
		for Convict Studies (ICCS) is a trans-national and multi-disciplinary consortium of scholars engaged in research on penal transportation...
		A non-profit lineage society for the descendants of those convicts who arrived in Australia from Great Britain in 1788 aboard one of the ships...
	www.hotbot.com /inderelated2index.php?query=convict (280 words)

	A Short History of Australia - Part 2
		Convicts were conveyed from England to New South Wales in hired transports, the owners of which as well as the captains and officers entered into bonds for the safe custody of those placed on board.
		Convicts were allowed to marry, and were in some instances assigned as servants to their own wives.
		In one notorious instance a convict transported for forgery was followed out from England by his own wife, who brought with her a considerable sum of money which the authorities had reason to believe represented the proceeds of robberies.
	www.janesoceania.com /australia_history/index1.htm (10683 words)

	Forgotten Sydney, NSW, Australia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Known as the Toongabbie Convict Farm, it used convict labour to grow crops of barley, maize and wheat.
		There were 2 main areas of settlement, one at Johnston's Creek, the other 3 km further north along Old Windsor Rd. The Johnston's Creek settlement comprised of 13 wattle and daub convict huts, stockyards and other outbuildings.
		The convicts were worked so hard, it developed a reputation as a place to be avoided at all costs.
	www.allthingsaus.com /forgottensydney/places.htm (6680 words)

	convicts
		Convict transportation to the American colonies was effectively ended by the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 which forced England to use the newly "discovered" land of Australia as a dumping ground for convicts.
		The transportation of convicts, so inhumane on the surface, was ironically an attempt to mitigate the severity of the British Criminal Code, popularly called the Bloody Code, which listed 167 capital crimes, offenses for which a convicted felon could be hanged.
		Australians, however, desperately wanted to forget the fact that their country was founded as a convict settlement and so it was only in recent decades that serious studies of the historical role of Australia's 160,000 convicts have appeared.
	www.magner.org /convicts.htm (4097 words)

	Convict - History and Culture - Norfolk Island
		However, the settlement failed to become self-supporting and proved to be both difficult and expensive to maintain.
		In 1814 the settlement was abandoned, following destruction of all buildings to discourage unauthorised occupation of the Island.
		During the Second Settlement the convict population of the Island reached a maximum of about 2,000.
	www.norfolkisland.com.au /history_and_culture/convict.cfm (741 words)

	A SHORT HISTORY OF AUSTRALIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Settlement at Moreton Bay--Its abandonment--The Gladstone Colony at Port Curtis--Separation of Queensland from New South Wales--The new colony proclaimed--Its boundaries--Bowen's governorship.
		But he reported his conviction that New Holland was not divided at that point, and Cook, believing him, was deprived of the honour of discovering the southern coasts of Australia, as he would undoubtedly have done had he acted on his own impulse.
		Convicts were conveyed from England to New South Wales in hired transports, the owners of which as well as the captains and officers entered into bonds for the safe custody of those placed on board.
	gutenberg.net.au /ebooks02/0200471h.html (16126 words)

	Section 3
		Permanent camps with timber or bark huts were built where the men were likely to be stationed in the one area for a long while, but in other places men lived in tents which could be moved as the road progressed.
		Some convicts absconded, but most didn’t stay at liberty for long as the bush was wild and forbidding to those unaccustomed to it.
		This section of the Road is closed to vehicular access to protect the remaining convict road works and allow for their conservation.
	pandora.nla.gov.au /pan/24885/20021018/www.convicttrail.org/project.htm (1409 words)

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