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	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Convoy PQ-17
		There was some argument to postpone the convoy until the autumn or winter but political considerations over-ruled the caution and the convoy departed on June 27, 1942.
		The convoy was sighted and tracked by U-456 shortly after it entered the open sea, this was augmented by Luftwaffe BV 136s from July 1.
		On the night of the 4th the fateful order to scatter the convoy was issued and the majority of the escorts were ordered to return to Scapa Flow, leaving only the anti-aircraft auxiliary and a few armed trawlers.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/co/Convoy_PQ-17 (0 words)

	Convoy PQ-17: Definition and Links by Encyclopedian.com
		There was some argument to postpone the convoy until the autumn or winter but political considerations over-ruled the caution and the convoy departed on June 27, 1942.
		The convoy was sighted and tracked by U-456 shortly after it entered the open sea, this was augmented by Luftwaffe BV 136s from July 1.
		On the night of the 4th the fateful order to scatter the convoy was issued and the majority of the escorts were ordered to return to Scapa Flow, leaving only the anti-aircraft auxiliary and a few armed trawlers.
	www.encyclopedian.com /co/Convoy-PQ-17.html (619 words)

	uboat.net - U-boat Operations - Convoy Battles
		Convoys headed for Russia were known as PQ convoys and those heading back from Russia were designated as QP convoys (interestingly the officer in charge of planning these earliest Russia convoys was Commander P.Q. Edwards and they were soon nicknamed after his initials).
		The convoy consisted of 35 ships and was heavily loaded with 297 aircraft, 594 tanks, 4246 lorries and gun carriers and additional 156,000 tons of cargo.
		The convoy was heavily escorted (although not as strong as the numbers suggested) including 4 cruisers, 3 destroyers and two British submarines and two tankers which would fuel the ships when needed.
	uboat.net /ops/convoys/pq-17.htm (0 words)

	BBC - h2g2 -
		PQ 17 had a direct escort of 6 destroyers, and some 15 armed merchantmen (basically freighters which had been fitted with deck guns, mostly of WW1 vintage).
		When this convoy did sail, she was escorted by 53 warships, but even so, the Germans managed to sink 13 ships, and this in spite of the heavy escort.
		PQ convoys continued off and on until the end of the war, and the Russians, who owed an immeasurable debt of gratitude to the seamen who made this possible, were typically ungrateful.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A1161587 (2140 words)

	World War 2 Timelines 1939-1945 - Battle of the Atlantic 1942 - Worldwar-2.net
		The convoy is to be guarded by 21 close escorts, 7 warships from a cruiser covering force and a further 19 warships in a distant covering force.
		Convoy PQ-17, now reinforced with the 7 warships of the cruiser force which had come up during the night, comes under heavy attack from Luftwaffe dive-bombers and torpedo planes during the morning.
		The convoy is accompanied by 2 battleships (Nelson and Rodney), 3 aircraft carriers (Victorious, Indomitable, and Eagle), 14 destroyers, and 3 anti-aircraft cruisers.
	www.worldwar-2.net /timelines/war-at-sea/atlantic/battle-of-the-atlantic-index-1942.htm (2507 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The convoy prefix indicates the route of the convoy.
		The word, "convoy" is also associated with groups of road vehicles being driven, mostly by volunteers, to deliver humanitarian aid, supplies, and – a stated objective in some cases – "solidarity".
		The convoys are made possible partly by the relatively small geographic distances between the stable and affluent countries of Western Europe, and the areas of need in Eastern Europe and, in a few cases, North Africa and even Iraq.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=convoy (1535 words)

	Merchant Navy in WW2 - PQ17
		Convoys were designated PQ for the outward trip, and QP for the return.
		I was most impressed for the way she sped around the convoy worrying the circling aircraft and it was largely due to her July 4 enthusiasm that the attack completely failed.
		Scattering convoys meant that the risks to attack from air and submarine were less that from surface ships, although this threat had not risen and would not do so.
	www.mikekemble.com /ww2/convoypq17.html (0 words)

	Convoy information - Search.com
		Even if the privateer found a convoy and the wind was favourable for an attack, it could hope to capture only a handful of ships before the rest managed to escape, and a small escort of warships could easily thwart it.
		The power of a battleship in protecting a convoy was also dramatically illustrated when the German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau came upon an eastbound British convoy of 41 ships, HX 106 in the North Atlantic on February 8th, 1941.
		The convoy prefix indicates the route of the convoy.
	domainhelp.search.com /reference/Convoy (1324 words)

	Convoy PQ-17 - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		As further protection the convoy was to be tracked at about 200 miles by the Home Fleet battleships HMS Duke of York and USS Washington, two cruisers, eight destroyers, and the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious until it was past North Cape.
		The route took the convoy close to Svalbard, north of Bjørnøya, and skirted the edge of the ice pack before turning south and following the coast of Novaya Zemlya before turning south-west across the Barents Sea and entering the White Sea, turning almost due south.
		The convoy was sighted and tracked by U 456 shortly after it entered the open sea, this was augmented by Luftwaffe BV 138s from July 1.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Convoy_PQ-17 (725 words)

	Arctic Encounter by Robert Bailey
		Convoy PQ-17 was the Allies' worst Arctic defeat to the German naval and air forces.
		The arctic convoy battles of 1942 were among the most hazardous for the allies.
		In convoy PQ-17, their coordinated attack resulted in the sinking of a staggering 23 of the 34 convoy vessels.
	www.baileyprints.com /prints/arctic-encounter.html (702 words)

	Tirpitz - The History - Operation "Rosselsprung"
		Photo: Convoy PQ 17 is sighted and photographed on 1 July 1942.
		Convoy PQ-17 sailed from Reykjavik on 27 June and was reported by Luftwaffe reconnaissance on 1 July.
		The British was aware that the German squadron had put to sea, and as a result of a later much disputed assessment of the situation PQ-17 scattered and the escort was withdrawn, the merchantmen being left to attempt to reach their destination independently.
	www.bismarck-class.dk /tirpitz/history/tiroperrosselsprung.html (0 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Naval Battles \| World War II: Convoy PQ-17
		The pack ice soon began to retreat, and the convoys were able to pass north of Bear Island and farther away from the hostile coasts.
		After confirmation of the orders was received, the men of the convoy could only stare in disbelief as their protection turned at high speed to join the cruiser force some 40 miles away.
		For the Royal Navy, the massacre of PQ-17 and the abandonment of the convoy was one of the most shameful episodes of the war at sea.
	www.historynet.com /air_sea/naval_battles/3027451.html?showAll=y&c=y (0 words)

	Arctic Encounter
		In convoy PQ-17, their co-ordinated attack resulted in the sinking of a staggering 23 of the 34 convoy vessels.
		Rejoining the fleet at Scapa Flow in Scotland, Athabaskan sailed on convoy duty to Russia in December 1943 and was later re-assigned to the 10th Destroyer Flotilla.
		The convoys had to contend with the torpedo bombers of the Luftwaffe, U-boats, the mined entrance to the Kola Inlet, the threat of German warships, and the arctic weather.
	www.chesterfieldarmament.com /bailey/arcticencounter/arctic.htm (1308 words)

	Amazon.com: The destruction of Convoy PQ.17: Books: David John Cawdell Irving
		Convoy PQ 17 was a 34 ship train, with heavy naval protection, dispatched from Iceland in July of 1942 carrying hundreds of thousands of tons of American-manufactured war materials for the faltering Soviet Union.
		The slaughter was so severe the PQ convoy route (Iceland to Murmansk and Archangel) was suspended afterwards, the Soviets screamed bad faith, and the British Admiralty began a systematic attempt to muzzle the truth of what had happened (hence the banning of this book).
		But in the case of Convoy PQ 17, the Admiralty misread the facts, saw an enemy fleet where there was none (the Germans actually never committed their heavy battleships, fearing Allied aircraft carrier attack) and left a helpless convoy at the mercy of the Luftwaffe and wolf packs.
	www.amazon.com /destruction-Convoy-PQ-17-Cawdell-Irving/dp/0718304772 (0 words)

	1942
		A U-Boat engages stragglers from convoy PQ-17 in the Arctic Ocean.
		The British convoys Harpoon and Vigorous bound for Malta and Alexandria from Gibraltar are attacked by Axis aircraft which sink 6 merchant ships and 6 escort vessels.
		Allied convoy SC-94 is sighted by German U-boat in the Atlantic, when a group of 6 ships with 2 escorts get lost from the convoy due to the fog.
	www.wargamer.com /ww2timeline/1942seawar.asp (0 words)

	CHAPTER FOUR
		This was not to be, for we had a long wait until there were enough destroyer escorts to accompany the convoy of merchant ships which were arriving almost daily to drop their anchors and wait for the day of sailing.
		For a convoy of thirty five ships along with their escorts and accompanying tanker, and in this case three rescue ships, covers very many square miles of ocean, and what is going on at one side of such a huge and very complex conglomeration of ships, is not necessarily known at the other side.
		When we got to within a couple of miles of the convoy or what was left of it, we saw coming up over the horizon some six or eight aircraft, and we noticed with not a little apprehension that this time they were making for us and the Ocean Freedom.
	www.naval-history.net /WW2Memoir-RussianConvoyCoxswain04.htm (9491 words)

	uboat.net - Naval Warfare Movies - PQ-17: the Aftermath
		They worked with Broome and advisers to recreate the following months instead: the effect abandoning the convoy had on him and his crew, their shame and anger at whomever ordered them to scatter and leave the convoy, the criticism and accusations of other officers and the public alike.
		Therefore, archive footage of warships, convoys, of the aircraft carrier Eagle sinking astern of the Pedestal convoy, is visible but not dominating: it explains and illustrates.
		He was kept well away from the convoy, in the usual mode of relieving such men with a run covering heavy ships after merchant vessels.
	www.uboat.net /special/movies/item/280 (0 words)

	The Skylighters Fourth of July Page
		The convoy is now 240 miles from North Cape, 450 miles from the nearest Soviet landfall.
		Convoy is to scatter." The force is on its own.
		The four destroyers maimed are escorts to a convoy bringing in 1,200 new Japanese troops to Kiska and six midget submarines.
	www.skylighters.org /holidays/4thofjuly.html (932 words)

	Convoy PQ-17 - Definition, explanation
		As further protection the convoy was to be tracked at about 200 miles by the Home Fleet battleships HMS Duke of York and USS Washington, two cruisers, eight destroyers, and the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious until it was past North Cape.
		The route took the convoy close to Svalbard, north of Bjørnøya, and skirted the edge of the ice pack before turning south and following the coast of Novaya Zemlya before turning south-west across the Barents Sea and entering the White Sea, turning almost due south.
		The convoy was sighted and tracked by U 456 shortly after it entered the open sea, this was augmented by Luftwaffe BV 138s;s from July 1.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/co/convoy_pq_17.php (0 words)

	Naval Armed Guard: Russian Convoys
		Convoys battled their way to the approaches of Murmansk and then underwent constant attacks in the harbor as they patiently waited to unload their precious cargoes.
		The ferocity of German warfare reached a new high in the tragic destruction of [convoy number] PQ 17.
		From this point the history of the convoy becomes largely a series of separate attacks by German submarines and planes, most of which ended in sinking the merchant ships involved in the attack.
	www.history.navy.mil /faqs/faq104-2.htm (2252 words)

	Ahoy - Mac's Web Log - Memoir of R. Nanthan Lawrence, survivor of ill-fated Convoy PQ 17
		The convoy broke up and each ship that were left from the attack commenced on their own.
		The reason why the convoy broke up and each ship proceeded on their own was because the convoy Commodore received word that the German packet battleship Von Tripitz with her escorts were not too far off and were looking for the convoy.
		As a result, Convoy PQ 17 was left bereft of any escort, and at the mercy of the German U-Boats and Aircraft.
	www.ahoy.tk-jk.net /Letters/MemoirofR.NanthanLawrence.html (2331 words)

	Navy League of the United States - Citizens in Support of the Sea Services
		Through the North Atlantic and the Norwegian and Barents Seas, Allied convoys (labeled PQ on their eastbound voyages) delivered weapons and strategic materials to the Russian ports of Arkhangelsk and Murmansk.
		Between 13 and 17 July we were able to take aboard more than 100 seamen—survivors of the Alcoa Ranger, Washington, Hartlebury, and Paulus Potter—in addition to the 12 crewmen from the Olopana.
		He is also an active member of the St. Petersburg Arctic Convoy Association (eric@portpc.spb.ru)—which on Victory Day (9 May) commemorates the unsung heroes of the vital convoys to the USSR that contributed so much to the Allied victory over Nazi Germany in World War II.
	www.navyleague.org /sea_power/dec_00_03.php (1996 words)

	Articles - Warships of World War II
		North Russia-bound convoy PQ 17 is ordered to scatter as fears of German surface ship sortie from Norwegian waters prompts the detachment of major escort vessels to deal with the threat that does not materialize.
		Freighter Massmar fouls two mines and sinks; 17 of the ship's 36-man crew, and 5 of her 9-man Armed Guard, perish, as do 26 (22 merchant seamen and four Armed Guard sailors) of the 45 passengers she is carrying--survivors of the freighter Alamar (sunk in convoy PQ 16).
		Ordeal of dispersed USSR-bound convoy PQ 17 to German submarines and planes continues: U.S. freighter John Witherspoon, having emerged unscathed from the German aerial attacks the previous several days, is torpedoed and sunk by German submarine U-255 approximately 20 miles off Novaya Zemlya, 72°05'N, 48°30'E, and abandoned with the loss of one merchant seaman.
	warships.web4u.cz /givetbl.php?language=E&hist=USN_1942_7E (4697 words)

	Convoy PQ-17 at AllExperts
		The Germans were prompted by Allied success with PQ-16 to reinforce their efforts to break the convoy route to Archangelsk and Murmansk and Operation RÃ¶sselsprung was the assembling of naval surface forces to achieve this.
		As further protection the convoy was to be tracked at about 200 miles by the Home Fleet battleships HMS Duke of York and USS Washington, two cruisers, eight destroyers, and the aircraft carrier HMS Victorious until it was past North Cape.
		The route took the convoy close to Svalbard, north of BjÃ¸rnÃ¸ya, and skirted the edge of the ice pack before turning south and following the coast of Novaya Zemlya before turning south-west across the Barents Sea and entering the White Sea, turning almost due south.
	en.allexperts.com /e/c/co/convoy_pq-17.htm (952 words)

	"TOLL OF HONOR: CONVOY PQ-17"
		The ships of Convoy PQ-17 were destined, however, for the port of Archangel, farther to the southeast in the White Sea, for the Luftwaffe had lately burned between one-third and one-half of Murmansk and put the port temporarily out of commission….
		In effect, the convoy served as the bait of a trap for the German warships.
		The specter of a convoy being bushwhacked by such a squadron was not a pleasant one; in savaging Convoy HX-84 in 1940 during her five-month raiding cruise, Admiral Scheer had shown what heavy surface raiders could do to convoys, given the chance.
	www.barking-moonbat.com /index.php/weblog/comments/toll_of_honor_convoy_pq_17 (4246 words)

	The Destruction Of Convoy PQ-17 / David Irving / World War II / Submarine Book Store
		The Story of a Major Naval Disaster of World War Two and of its Political Repercussions.
		The massacre cost the Allies 142,000 tons of shipping and countless lives.
		Here is the full and complete story of this ill-fated convoy.
	www.submarinebooks.com /ConvoyPQ17.htm (0 words)

	One of the worst convoy disasters
		The convoy of 24 American, eight British, one Dutch and two Russian vessels carrying tanks, aircraft, munitions and food supplies, set sail from Iceland at the end of June 1942.
		After two months of rest and recuperation, Alan and the other survivors of the PQ 17 rejoined their ships and set sail for home.
		Only seven merchant ships survived the outward journey of convoy PQ 17 - 26 ships in all were sunk in what was one of the worst convoy disasters of World War 11.
	www.lisburn.com /history/memories/convoy_disaster.html (797 words)

	[No title]
		She was the ship of the convoy commodore John C.K. Dowding CBE DSO RNR RD. The vessel exploded, broke in two and sank after being hit by two coup de grâce at 2105 and 2122.
		Although the development of airborne radar allowed Coastal Command aircraft to detect U-boats recharging their batteries on the surface at night, the minimum range of the radar often exceeded the maximum visual range at which the submarine could be identified and attacked.
		The master, the convoy commodore, six naval staff members, 38 crewmembers, eight gunners and 237 soldiers were picked up by HMS Cleveland and landed at Bougie 1943 - At 0330, the Maltran in Convoy GTMO-134 was torpedoed by U-759 about 70 miles west of Port Salut, Haiti.
	www.seawaves.com /newsletters/TDIH/july/05Jul.txt (4413 words)

	[No title]
		Further to the convoys normal escort were added, Rear Admiral L.H.K. Hamilton’s squadron which comprised four heavy cruisers of which two were American, and three destroyers and under Tovey’s command the Home Fleet made up of battleships Duke of York and Washington (USN), aircraft carrier Victorious, cruisers Nigeria and Cumberland and fourteen destroyers.
		Historians of the Arctic convoys, a lifeline from Britain to its Soviet allies, said this weekend that the MI5 file confirmed a long held suspicion among seamen on the convey that their shipmates had been sacrificed.
		The biggest threat to the warships guarding the convoy was the 50,000 ton Tirpitz, which was anchored in a Norwegian fjord from where it could menace the Arctic shipping routes with its eight fifteen inch guns.
	www.merchantnavyofficers.com /PQ.html (1311 words)

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