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	Copenhagen interpretation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bohr and Heisenberg extended the probabilistic interpretation of the wavefunction, proposed by Max Born.
		Their interpretation attempts to answer some perplexing questions which arise as a result of the wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics, such as the measurement problem.
		The original formulation of the Copenhagen Interpretation has led to several variants; one of these is based on Consistent Histories and the concept of quantum decoherence that allows us to calculate the fuzzy boundary between the "microscopic" and the "macroscopic" world.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation (1436 words)

	Many-worlds interpretation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The exact form of the quantum dynamics modelled, be it the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation, relativistic quantum field theory or some form of quantum gravity or string theory, does not alter the content of MWI since MWI is a metatheory applicable to all quantum theories and hence to all credible fundamental theories of physics.
		The other decoherent interpretations, such as many histories, consistent histories, the Existential Interpretation etc, either regard the extra quantum worlds as metaphorical in some sense, or are agnostic about their reality; it is sometimes hard to distinguish between the different varieties.
		The Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics proposed a process of "collapse" in which an indeterminate quantum system would probabilistically collapse down onto, or select, just one determinate outcome to "explain" this phenomenon of observation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Everett_many-worlds_interpretation (5437 words)

	THE COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS
		This is the philosophical essence of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory.
		Positivists of the Copenhagen Interpretation quickly dismiss the concept of "hidden variables" on the basis that it is meaningless to consider the existence of the unseen.
		By Einstein's statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics, however, an electron has a discrete position and momentum at all times during its flight, such that the wave function (and the Airy disk) is only meaningful as a statistical description of the behavior of a large number of particles -- not of an individual particle.
	www.benbest.com /science/quantum.html (5608 words)

	Quantum Mechanics - Ensemble Interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Quantum Mechanical Ensemble Interpretation may be regarded as the simplest interpretation and might better be taken as the "correct" interpretation, until any new information that contradicts such an interpretation is made available.
		The Ensemble Interpretation does not attempt any explanation as to why Quantum Mechanics is the way it is. It simply states the most rational way of interpreting and calculating the results without introducing the contradictions that are inherent in the simple Copenhagen interpretation.
		Quantum Mechanics lead to the introduction of the Dirac notation, and in part, this is why the Copenhagen Interpretation, although dubious, still persists today.
	www.anasoft.co.uk /quantummechanics (2148 words)

	Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		Today the Copenhagen interpretation is mostly regarded as synonymous with indeterminism, Bohr's correspondence principle, Born's statistical interpretation of the wave function, and Bohr's complementarity interpretation of certain atomic phenomena.
		The quantum mechanical description of the object differs from the classical description of the measuring apparatus, and this requires that the object and the measuring device should be separated in the description, but the line of separation is not the one between macroscopic instruments and microscopic objects.
		In general, Bohr considered the demands of complementarity in quantum mechanics to be logically on a par with the requirements of relativity in the theory of relativity.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-copenhagen (4423 words)

	Quantum Mechanics, 1925-1927: Triumph of the Copenhagen Interpretation
		We regard quantum mechanics as a complete theory for which the fundamental physical and mathematical hypotheses are no longer susceptible of modification.
		In later refinements of this interpretation the wave function of the unobserved object is a mixture of both the wave and particle pictures until the experimenter chooses what to observe in a given experiment.
		The fact that quantum mechanics did seem consistent only with statistical results and could not fully describe every motion was for Einstein an indication that quantum mechanics was still incomplete.
	www.aip.org /history/heisenberg/p09.htm (922 words)

	Bohmian Mechanics
		Bohmian mechanics, which is also called the de Broglie-Bohm theory, the pilot-wave model, and the causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, is a version of quantum theory discovered by Louis de Broglie in 1927 and rediscovered by David Bohm in 1952.
		The quantum potential suggests, and indeed it has often been stated, that in order to transform Schrödinger's equation into a theory that can, in what are often called "realistic" terms, account for quantum phenomena, many of which are dramatically nonlocal, we must add to the theory a complicated quantum potential of a grossly nonlocal character.
		Bohmian mechanics is manifestly nonlocal: The velocity, as expressed in the guiding equation, of any one of the particles of a many-particle system will typically depend upon the positions of the other, possibly distant, particles whenever the wave function of the system is entangled, i.e., not a product of single-particle wave functions.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/qm-bohm (11609 words)

	Science : Physics : Quantum Mechanics : Interpretations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics - The epistemological paradigm on which we could build a foundation of quantum mechanics has not been found yet.
		Foundations of Quantum Mechanics - John Bell and Bohmian QM Many-Worlds FAQ - This FAQ shows how quantum paradoxes are resolved by the "many-worlds" interpretation or metatheory of quantum mechanics.
		The Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - Criteria for a 'good' interpretation of QM Indeterminism and the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - In this essay it is argued that it is possible to subscribe to the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics without giving up indeterminism in nature.
	www.webguest.com /Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/Interpretations (642 words)

	The Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
		Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
		Quantum Mechanics, 1925-1927: Triumph of the Copenhagen Interpretation...
	www.rollingfelony.com /car-books-reviewed/0226031772.html (281 words)

	Quantum Mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation
		The recognition that the propositions of quantum mechanics are intrinsically statistical and probabilistic was the key to resolving the seeming paradox of the wave-particle duality.
		Since it led Heisenberg, with his incredible intuition, to the correct formulation of quantum mechanics, this mental crutch was of obvious value to the development of the theory, but it eventually became an impediment to a full understanding of quantum mechanics, especially by nonphysicists.
		Even as we admit that quantum mechanics generally does not allow us to speak of a photon "having" a certain polarization, we cannot resist saying sometimes that the observation "puts" the system in a definite state of polarization and "collapses" the wave function or state.
	web.gc.cuny.edu /ashp/nml/copenhagen/Merzbacher.htm (2676 words)

	Interpretations :: Quantum Mechanics
		Indeterminism and the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics: In this essay it is argued that it is possible to subscribe to the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics without giving up indeterminism in nature.
		Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics: The epistemological paradigm on which we could build a foundation of quantum mechanics has not been found yet.
		Relational Quantum Mechanics: An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system, absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Federico Laudisa and Carlo Rovelli.
	science.gourt.com /Physics/Quantum-Mechanics/Interpretations.html (733 words)

	Schrödinger's cat for a 6th grader
		The Copenhagen Interpretation is not a scientific theory and is not universally, or even widely, accepted by scientists.
		This is an interpretation that competes with the Copenhagen Interpretation, and did not exist at the time that Schrödinger described the cat experiment.
		He thought there was an aspect of the world described by the evolution of probabilities in quantum mechanics, and an aspect of the world that we observe.
	www.mtnmath.com /cat.html (891 words)

	is copenhagen interpretatiom of quantum mechanics incomplete
		General relativity fails to comply with the quantum rules that govern the behaviour of elementary particles, wheras on the opposite scale, fl holes are challenging the very foundations of quantum mechanics.
		The precise mechanism which achieves the transition from the superposition state to macroscopic observable world was supposedly explained by John von Neumann by creating a modified CI with a strong emphasis on the consciousness of the observer, and consciousness aspect was even more stressed in case of Eugene Wigner.
		In Wigner's interpretation of quantum theory, the minds of sentinent beings occupy a central role in the laws of nature and the organisation of the universe, for it is precisely when the information about an observation enters the consciousness of an observer that the superposition of waves actually collapsesinto reality.
	www.fi.uib.no /AMOS/fys210/fys210m6/copenhagen/quantum.htm (10283 words)

	The Physical Reality of Length Contraction
		It is an interpretation given to the formalism of modern physics in order to give a physical meaning of the terms used in the equations.
		One of the most important and disastrous consequences of the Copenhagen interpretation is revealed in the case of the dualist wave-particle interpretation of light.
		In quantum theory, however, we have to admit - if we use the word "atom" and "box" at all - that there is other possibilities which are in a strange way mixtures of the two former possibilities.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /faq/qm-why.html (1938 words)

	The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		A new interpretation of the formalism of quantum mechanics, the Transactional Interpretation (TI), is presented.
		The TI permits quantum mechanical wave functions to be interpreted as real waves physically present in space rather than as "mathematical representations of knowledge" as in the CI.
		The TI is shown to provide insight into the complex character of the quantum mechanical state vector and the mechanism associated with its "collapse".
	mist.npl.washington.edu /npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_toc.html (477 words)

	The Net Advance of Physics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Quantum Mechanics and the Copenhagen Interpretation by Eugen Merzbacher, 2000/03 [CUNY symposium lecture]
		On the Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, by John Marburger [Smithsonian Institution symposium lecture, 2003/03]
		Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in the Research on the Foundations of Quantum Physics: E. Wigner's Case by Olival Freire Jr.
	web.mit.edu /redingtn/www/netadv/Xcopenhage.html (187 words)

	Promulgation of Absurdities in Quantum Mechanics
		It is elusively known under several general names as: the interpretation of quantum mechanics, or the quantum interpretation of modern physics etc.
		However, when one considers all the popularity of the Copenhagen interpretation, and the fact that it is the only accepted interpretation, somebody must mean it.
		One of the most important and disastrous consequences of the Copenhagen interpretation is observed in the case of the dualist wave-particle interpretation of light.
	www.newtonphysics.on.ca /HEISENBERG/Chapter1.html (5470 words)

	Open Directory - Science: Physics: Quantum Mechanics: Interpretations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Indeterminism and the Bohm Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - In this essay it is argued that it is possible to subscribe to the Bohm interpretation of quantum mechanics without giving up indeterminism in nature.
		Many-Worlds FAQ - This FAQ shows how quantum paradoxes are resolved by the "many-worlds" interpretation or metatheory of quantum mechanics.
		Quantum Dreams Page - Papers and collections of thoughts on informational or Bayesian interpretions of quantum states by Christopher Fuchs.
	dmoz.org /Science/Physics/Quantum_Mechanics/Interpretations (694 words)

	What is the name for a phenomenon where the presence of the observer changes the nature of the observed?
		Since quantum theory says that the particle's behavior is indeterminate until its probability wave 'collapses' upon observation, the cat can be considered both alive and dead at the same time until the box is opened and one or the other condition is observed.
		There are other interpretations of 'quantum weirdness', but they all have strange aspects to them because of the unexpectedly bizarre nature of the quantum universe.
		They prefer to live in there quantum state wherein they are aware of all the possibilities and they can make their choices according to there de But that is fiction.
	www.physlink.com /Education/AskExperts/ae179.cfm (971 words)

	Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ: The Copenhagen interpretation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Bohr felt that the classical and quantum mechanical models were two complementary ways of dealing with physics both of which were necessary.
		Nonetheless he felt it was connected to conscious observation as this was the ultimate criterion by which we know a specific observation has occurred.
		Bohr, The quantum postulate and recent the recent development of atomic theory, Nature, 121, 580-89 (1928), Reprinted in Quantum Theory and Measurement, p 87, (1983).
	www.mtnmath.com /faq/meas-qm-faq-4.html (147 words)

	ABC-Directory - The Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		ABC-Directory - The Ithaca Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		On the Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of QM (Popularity:
		Interpretation and Philosophical Foundation of Quantum Mechanics (Popularity:
	www.abc-directory.com /site/486183 (193 words)

	Copenhagen interpretation Comparison Table (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		abstraction > hypothesis > theory > physics theory > quantum mechanics > quantum mechanics interpretation > Copenhagen interpretation
		Next quantum mechanics interpretation: many-worlds interpretation Up: quantum mechanics interpretation
		The view of quantum mechanics holding that prior to the measurement, a system has no physical existence and is describable only in terms of the probability of each possible result of a measurement.
	www.site.uottawa.ca:4321 /astronomy/Copenhageninterpretation_table.html (87 words)

	Time Travel Portal :: View topic - Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		Time Travel Portal :: View topic - Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
		Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics by Jan Faye.
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	timetravelportal.com /viewtopic.php?t=572 (434 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations
		Energy Citations Database (ECD) Document #5627004 - Quantum formalism via signal analysis
		Availability information may be found in the Availability, Publisher, Research Organization, Resource Relation and/or Author (affiliation information) fields and/or via the "Full-text Availability" link.
		For a journal article, please see the Resource Relation field.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=5627004 (117 words)

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