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Topic: Copepod

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	Copepod - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Their moulted exoskeletons, faecal pellets and respiration at depth all bring carbon to the deep sea, and copepods are abundant enough to have an impact on the carbon cycle, and be significant to climate change.
		Copepods are sometimes found in the public mains water supply, especially systems where the water is not filtered, such as New York City and Boston, Massachusetts.
		Because clupeids (herrings) and copepods are both significant in terms of global biomass, this is the first record of what is one of the largest carbon flows of any animal food-chain transition in the oceans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copepod (863 words)

	copepod
		Copepods live just about everywhere there is fresh water, including damp soil and ditches.
		Copepods are frequently transported by birds to new places.
		Copepods help humans since they are an important food source for baby fish.
	www.fcps.k12.va.us /StratfordLandingES/Ecology/mpages/copepod.htm (424 words)

	Copepod Culture
		Copepods can also be collected by passing water through two in-line strainers, either by pumping or by scooping water with a bucket and pouring through the strainers.
		Copepods will be captured in the second strainer which should be set-up as follows: Obtain a piece of 200μm mesh netting large enough to cover a second strainer; push in the middle to roughly the shape of the strainer bowl and secure the edges to the strainer with a rubber band (Figures 3 and 7).
		Copepods are very hard to see at the beginning of the set up due to the low density.
	fmel.ifas.ufl.edu /culture.htm (1367 words)

	Breeder's Net
		In nature, many marine fish depend on copepods as their initial first food, but very few species of marine copepods have been successfully cultivated on a scale that is suitable for use in home aquaculture.
		Copepods have probably been important in the diet of many fish during their evolution and effective predation strategies have evolved for capturing copepods as primary foods.
		Those copepods, which feed by scavenging on detritus or by predation on ciliates or rotifers, have a larger proportion of fatty acids in their stores have been synthesized from bacteria rather from phytoplanktons.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/feb2003/breeder2.htm (2533 words)

	World of Copepoda, NMNH
		Copepod habitats range from fresh water to hypersaline conditions, from subterranean caves to water collected in bromeliad leaves or leaf litter on the ground and from streams, rivers, and lakes to the sediment layer in the open ocean.
		Copepods may be free-living, symbiotic, or internal or external parasites on almost every phylum of animals in water.
		Copepods also have the potential to act as control mechanisms for malaria by consuming mosquito larvae, and contrariwise are intermediate hosts of many human and animal parasites.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /iz/copepod (506 words)

	Copepod Printout - Enchanted Learning Software
		Copepods (meaning "oar feet") are small, shrimp-like crustaceans that swim in seas, lakes, and ponds.
		Predators: Free-swimming copepods are a component of zooplankton and are eaten by many organisms, including mussels, fish and fish larvae, squid, sea birds, and mammals (like baleen whales and some seals).
		Reproduction: The female copepod produces clusters of eggs that she carries in one or two egg sacs that are attached to her adbdomen.
	www.zoomschool.com /subjects/invertebrates/crustacean/Copepod.shtml (306 words)

	Copepod general biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A common feature uniting all the copepod orders is a single simple eye in the middle of the head, at least in the larval stage.
		Free-living copepods will be found only by towing very fine nets, certainly less than quarter-millimetre mesh, through a pond or sea-water, or by washing the fauna off marine algae through a net of this kind.
		Eggs produced by the female copepod are carried in clusters in one or a pair of egg-sacs attached to the base of the abdomen.
	www.museum.vic.gov.au /crust/copbiol.html (307 words)

	The Virtual Copepod Page: Copepod Introduction
		Copepods are a type of crustacean, the class of animals that also includes shrimps, lobsters, and crabs.
		Copepods are one of the most abundant animals on the planet.
		Copepods in the genus Euchaeta are planktonic and predatory.
	jaffeweb.ucsd.edu /pages/celeste/Intro (707 words)

	Food chain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This "chain" can be described as follows: Killer whales (Orca) feed upon seals, that feed upon squid, that eat small fish, that feed on copepods, that feed on microscopic algae.
		It is always the case that numbers—or at least biomass—decreases from the base of the chain to the top.
		In other words, the number and mass of phytoplankton cells are much greater than the number and mass of copepods being supported by the phytoplankton.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Food_chain (568 words)

	Calanoidea: Families - Index
		The calanoid copepod body is divided into two major parts: the prosome and the narrower urosome with the major articulation occurring between the fifth pedigerous and the genital somite (gymnoplean position) (Huys and Boxshall, 1991; see figure below).
		Recently the study of marine caves has revealed calanoid copepods of great importance to the study of evolutionary relationships between the various groups of copepods, as some of them appear to be amongst the most primitive forms (e.g.
		Copepods can be so abundant that their faecal pellets, produced at a rate of several per hour, are an important source of food for detritus feeders.
	www.crustacea.net /crustace/calanoida (1232 words)

	Copepod Neuroecology
		The study of specializations of the nervous system and the effector systems it controls, in relation to the particular ecological niche an organism inhabits, may be termed "neuroecology." This covers a broad area from sensory input and central processing to motor output and behavior, studied in an ecological and evolutionary context.
		Morphological studies of the substrates of sensory-triggering of the escape reaction have revealed that some, but not all, copepods have their nerve fibers ensheathed in a fatty multi-layered wrapping called "myelin." Myelin is the product that speeds nerve impulse propagation in vertebrates and allows a large animal to react rapidly enough to survive.
		Copepods lacking myelin are largely restricted to predator-evasion strategies such as diel vertical migration (migrate up several hundred meters at night to feed then migrate back down to dark regions to avoid visual predators during the day), bioluminescence, or inhabiting coastal zones where environmental variability is a major survival factor.
	www.pbrc.hawaii.edu /~petra/copepod.html (1614 words)

	Monterey Bay Aquarium: Online Field Guide
		Tiny copepods (the smallest look like specks of dust) live most everywhere in the ocean in numbers too vast to count.
		Copepods may be the most abundant single species of animal on Earth.
		Copepods are the single most important group of animal plankton.
	www.mbayaq.org /efc/living_species?hOri=0&hab=8&inhab=127 (183 words)

	High-Speed Video Analysis of the Escape Responses of the Copepod Acartia tonsa to Shadows -- Buskey and Hartline 204 ...
		The percentage of copepods responding to complete shadows (solid line) for copepods adapted to a range in light intensities, and the mean latency between escape responses and initiation of the change in light intensity.
		The escape behavior of marine copepods in response to a quantifiable fluid mechanical disturbance.
		Copepod photobehavior in a simulated natural light environment and its relation to nocturnal vertical migration.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/204/1/28 (4740 words)

	The Virtual Copepod Page: Animations & Movies
		In this sequence, the copepod, Temora longicornis, a 0.7 mm copepod from Long Island Sound, is entrained in flow, moving to the left.
		The purpose of this sequence is to show a freely swimming copepod as it moves against the flow.
		At 0 msec, the maxillepeds (mxp) are tucked in against the body (the arm-like appendage is the mxp in the upper frame and the straight appendages in the lower panel are the paired antennules extending to either side of the body).
	jaffeweb.ucsd.edu /pages/celeste/Animations (522 words)

	Copepod: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Copepods are very important food organisms for small fish fish quick summary:
		As clupeids (herrings) and copepods are amongst the biggest biomass biomass quick summary:
		(because copepods are very difficult to keep in the laboratory and lose most of their escape capacity, EHandler: no quick summary.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/co/copepod.htm (1299 words)

	NOAA Ocean Explorer - 2005 Deepscope Operation
		Copepods are crustaceans, and are extremely abundant in the oceanic plankton.
		Copepod eyes have never been studied using this technique, which is likely due to their small size.
		I present the copepod with a series of light flashes varying in color and intensity, and the electrical activity of the cells can be monitored using an amplifier and a computer.
	oceanexplorer.noaa.gov /explorations/05deepscope/logs/aug26/aug26.html (730 words)

	Biology of Copepods: An Introduction
		Although copepods can be found almost everywhere where water is available most of the more than 12.000 known species live in the sea.
		Although the species diversity in freshwater is not as high as in the sea copepod abundance may sometimes be great enough to stain the water.
		Some copepod species can be found in the leaf fall of wet forests or in a wet compost heap, sometimes in rather high densities.
	www.uni-oldenburg.de /zoomorphology/Biologyintro.html (940 words)

	Mather Field Vernal Pools - Copepod
		Copepods have four or six legs, a short tail, and long antennae.
		Copepods can reproduce in two ways: male and female Copepods can mate or female Copepods can produce cysts without the help of a male.
		In vernal pools, copepods are eaten by Vernal Pool Tadpole Shrimp, Flatworms, Aquatic Beetle larvae and other aquatic insect larvae, wading birds, Mallards and other ducks that filter them out of the water with their bills.
	www.sacsplash.org /critters/copepod.htm (395 words)

	EEK! - Critter Corner - Cyclops or Copepod, a Wonderful Wacky Water Critter
		The copepod is a small crustacean that looks like a swimming apostrophe mark (‘).
		A copepod clings onto plants and feeds on algae, bacteria and organic debris that passes its way.
		Copepods are part of the many microscopic plants and animals that altogether are called plankton.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /Org/caer/ce/eek/critter/watercritter/cyclops.htm (147 words)

	The World of Copepod - Techniques, NMNH
		After the proper degree of destaining is achieved, pass the copepod to methyl salicylate, which stops the destaining process.
		It often happens that a copepod is fixed in an undesirable position with the antennae wrapped around the body or the abdomen curled under.
		With the left hand, impale the copepod in a convenient area and anchor it to the bottom of the dish.
	www.nmnh.si.edu /iz/copepod/techniques.htm (5874 words)

	Digital Cinematography
		The holographic reconstruction at different depths in Z allows us to bring any individual into focus even though they were recorded out of focus.
		Many copepods, inluding Eurytemora generate this flow by flapping their appendages at high frequency in order to entrain particles which they wish to ingest.
		Flow field movie (1.7 Mb) around a free swimming copepod in triple exposure moving through Z (different planes of focus).
	www.me.jhu.edu /~lefd/shc/digital.htm (403 words)

	Cordell Copepod Gallery
		In the early 1980s it was the most abundant copepod in the tidal fresh region of the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta, but by the mid 1990s it had declined greatly.
		Harpacticus uniremis—Along with Dactylopusia and Tisbe, Harpacticus is a member of the "big three" group of harpacticoid copepod genera that provide much of the prey for juvenile chum salmon outmigrating from rivers into nearshore marine waters in the spring.
		Amphiascopsis cinctus—This harpacticoid is one of the largest and most colorful (it also comes in blue) copepods in nearshore algae and detritus habitats, yet is seldom seen in the diets of small fish.
	www.fish.washington.edu /people/cordell/gallery.html (395 words)

	The three-dimensional flow field generated by a feeding calanoid copepod measured using digital holography -- Malkiel ...
		In-focus, numerically reconstructed, dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of the same swimming copepod, from the hologram of Fig.
		Measured instantaneous velocity near the copepod (A) in the ambient frame of reference, and (B) in the copepod frame of reference.
		Chemoreception and the deformation of the active space in freely swimming copepods: a numerical study.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/20/3657 (4696 words)

	Copepod feeding currents: flow patterns, filtration rates and energetics -- van Duren et al. 206 (2): 255 -- Journal of ...
		signals from the copepod to organisms in its vicinity.
		(A) Animal in plane of focus, (B) plane of focus 0.25 mm to the ventral side of the copepod, (C) plane of focus 0.50 mm to the ventral side of the copepod, (D) plane of focus 0.75 mm to the ventral side of the copepod.
		(A) Animal in plane of focus, (B) plane of focus 0.25 mm to the lateral side of the copepod, (C) plane of focus 0.50 mm to the lateral side of the copepod, (D) plane of focus 0.75 mm to the lateral side of the copepod.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/2/255 (5272 words)

	GULF OF MAINE COPEPOD PRIMER (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		During any given season, over 80% of the total zooplankton abundance in the Georges Bank area of the Gulf of Maine is accounted for by just six copepod species.
		Due to its large (>3 mm as adults) size, the copepod Calanus finmarchicus is the most important contributor to the annual zooplankton biomass cycle, even though it is not the most abundant species numerically.
		This copepod is ubiquitous in coastal and open ocean midwater environments of the northern hemisphere.
	www.at-sea.org /missions/maineevent/docs/copprimer.html (609 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: DELAWARE BAY FISH HEALTH MONITORING: EVALUATION OF COPEPOD PARASITISM IN ATLANTIC MENHADEN ...
		However, the frequency of parasitism was not affected by changes in water temperature, dissolved oxygen, or salinity, nor by the presence of Pfiesteria-like-organisms or ulcerations on the fish.
		Histologically, the musculature at the site of copepod attachment showed a severe diffuse myositis often progressing to liquefactive necrosis.
		Gross examination of the copepods revealed fungal hyphae on the head of the parasites.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=161241 (270 words)

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