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	Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		From publication until about 1700, few astronomers were convinced by the Copernican system, though the book was relatively widely circulated (around 500 copies are known to still exist, which is a large number by the scientific standards of the time).
		Copernicanism, however, also opened a way to immanence, the view that a divine force, or a divine being, pervades all things that exist — a view that has since been developed further in modern philosophy.
		Immanuel Kant captured the symbolic character of Copernicus' revolution — its transcendent rationalism — postulating that it was human rationality that was the true interpreter of observed phenomena.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Copernicus (3373 words)

	Copernican principle - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Copernican principle is the philosophical statement that no "special" observers should be proposed.
		The term originated in the paradigm shift from the Ptolemaic model of the heavens, which placed Earth at the center of the Solar system because it appears that everything revolved around Earth.
		A system of astronomy, on the Copernican or true principle;: With tables, containing the mean right ascension of the sum: and the right ascension and declination...
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /copernican_principle.htm (143 words)

	Copernican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Copernican Revolution Brief historical chronology of the development and acceptance of heliocentricity.
		Physics Time-Line From the Copernican Revolution to superstrings, a chronology of more than 500 of the greatest discoveries in natural philosophy.
		Kepler, Johannes German astronomer Johannes Kepler was a supporter of the Copernican model of the universe.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Copernican.html (138 words)

	The Copernican Model: A Sun-Centered Solar System
		The Copernican system by banishing the idea that the Earth was the center of the Solar System, immediately led to a simple explanation of both the varying brightness of the planets and retrograde motion:
		As a consequence, the Copernican model, with it assumption of uniform circular motion, still could not explain all the details of planetary motion on the celestial sphere without epicycles.
		We may also note that the Copernican model implicitly questions the third tenet that the objects in the sky were made of special unchanging stuff.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/retrograde/copernican.html (863 words)

	AllRefer.com - Copernican system (Astronomy, General) - Encyclopedia
		Copernican system, first modern European theory of planetary motion that was heliocentric, i.e., that placed the sun motionless at the center of the solar system with all the planets, including the earth, revolving around it.
		He retained the ancient belief that the planets move in perfect circles and therefore, like Ptolemy, he was forced to utilize epicycles to explain deviations from uniform motion (see Ptolemaic system).
		By liberating astronomy from a geocentric viewpoint, Copernicus paved the way for Kepler's laws of planetary motion and Newton's embracing theory of universal gravitation, which describes the force that holds the planets in their orbits.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Copernc-sy.html (275 words)

	William M. Sage and Peter J. Hammer, A Copernican View Of Health Care Antitrust, 65 Law & Contemp. Probs. 241 (Autumn ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		On the other hand, the Copernican disclaimer seems warranted to the extent that courts (and even regulators) apply the lessons of a more nuanced competition policy carefully to specific cases and controversies, rather than indulging in sweeping pronouncements about the social costs and benefits of marketplace activities.
		Third, a beneficial side-effect of Copernican heliocentrism was to put earth on the same footing as the other planets, avoiding the need to model its behavior as a special case that cannot be informed by observation of non-terrestrial bodies.
		Copernican analysis of medical market failure is likely to call for more complicated economic models and greater sensitivity to dynamic and not simply static efficiency concerns.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/lcp/articles/lcp65dAutumn2002p241.htm (17086 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Science \| Copernican System
		In Copernican astronomy one now had to assume that the orbit of the Earth was as a point with respect to the fixed stars, and because the fixed stars did not reflect the Earth's annual motion by showing an annual parallax, the sphere of the fixed stars had to be immense.
		In this system the elegance and harmony of the Copernican system were married to the solidity of a central and stable Earth so that Aristotelian physics could be maintained.
		During the sixteenth century the Copernican issue was not considered important by the Church and no official pronouncements were made.
	galileo.rice.edu /sci/theories/copernican_system.html (2158 words)

	S e r v i c e s
		Copernican spends the overwhelming majority of its time working on providing teachers with the tools they need for educational development.
		Copernican provides the guidelines for the establishment of CTLCs and consulting for its sustainability, supports the leadership, delivers curriculum support for teacher training and other educational endeavors.
		Copernican has been assembling a group of teacher experts from our membership who, together with our International Advisory Board, contribute their diverse and global expertise to Community Teaching and Learning Centers and, in particular, our Certificate of Teaching Mastery.
	www.copernican.org /prodsvs.htm (1967 words)

	International Catholic University: 29.7
		I have already mentioned that in late 1615 he had circulated a treatise in which he argued that the phenomenon of the ocean tides might provide the kind of evidence which would lead necessarily to the conclusion of the double motion of the Earth as the cause.
		It seems that the pope understood the "hypothetical" character of Copernican astronomy to mean that it cannot possibly be true.
		The arguments Galileo advanced for Copernican astronomy in the text did not claim to be a demonstration for the new astronomy, but nor did they take the form of mere fictive models to save the phenomena.
	home.comcast.net /~icuweb/c02907.htm (2972 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Galileo Galilei
		It is in the first place constantly assumed, especially at the present day, that the opposition which Copernicanism encountered at the hands of ecclesiastical authority was prompted by hatred of science and a desire to keep the minds of men in the darkness of ignorance.
		When therefore it spoke of the sun staying his course at the prayer of Joshua, or the earth as being ever immovable, it was assumed that the doctrine of Copernicus and Galileo was anti-Scriptural; and therefore heretical.
		At the same time, it must not be forgotten that, while there was as yet no sufficient proof of the Copernican system, no objection was made to its being taught as an hypothesis which explained all phenomena in a simpler manner than the Ptolemaic, and might for all practical purposes be adopted by astronomers.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06342b.htm (3170 words)

	Copernican System - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Thomas Digges, the Copernican system, and the idea of the infinity of the universe in 1576
		The Copernican system: The greatest absurdity in the history of human thought
		"Renaissance in embryo";: A quadricentennial counterpart, extension, and expansion of the "Copernican theory", 1540-1940
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /copernican_system.htm (129 words)

	The Copernican Revolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The revolution of knowledge that began with the publication of "On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" and led to the further discoveries by Johann Kepler (1571-1630), Galileo Galilei (1564-1642), and Isaac Newton (1642-1727) is rightly termed "The Copernican Revolution".
		The value of the Copernican Revolution, however, does not end in the fact that Copernicus brought about a complete shift in man's philosophical conception of the universe.
		There is a subtle but unmistakable distinction between the two, and that distinction is what the Copernican Revolution exemplified in the history of human consciousness.
	www.neo-tech.com /zero/part1.html (1157 words)

	The Copernican Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Copernican Group's affiliated senior consultants have over 100 years' experience in developing and managing systems based on artificial intelligence, object-oriented databases, intelligent agents, and other leading-edge software.
		Information retrieved from Copernican Group pages may be used for internal purposes only and may not be posted elsewhere without written permission.
		The CG logo is a trademark of The Copernican Group.
	www.copernican.com (367 words)

	Copernicus in China
		There was, in fact, only one untouchable aspect of Copernican astronomy, namely the heliostatic (or heliocentric) hypothesis, the revolutionary displacement of the center of the celestial orbits from the vicinity of the earth to the vicinity of the sun.
		Early assurances that the Tychonic and Copernican world pictures were equivalent, given equal credence with Benoist's sanguine description of their differences, were bound to cast doubt upon the rigor of Tycho as well as of Copernicus.
		In the Copernican system, which abolished the equant, three-quarters of the Ptolemaic eccentricity of the equant point is assigned to an eccentric deferent and one-quarter to an epicycle.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~nsivin/cop.html (19911 words)

	Impact of Copernican Timetables (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Copernican Plan was one version of timetabling change, initiated by a school superintendent in Massachusetts, Joseph Carroll.
		The name was chosen to indicate that changing the timetable of the secondary school has a revolutionary impact on the nature of the school, similar to that of astronomer Nicolaus Copemicus when he introduced the concept that the sun, not the earth, was the centre of the planetary system.
		Despite Carroll's claims of advantages of the Copernican Plan, and a positive review of the plan in practice by a team from Harvard, community dissent "scuttled" it at the original pilot Massachusetts high school.
	www.bctf.bc.ca /education/timetables/copernican.html (987 words)

	Copernican: Home: History
		Copernican Technologies, Inc. was founded in 1996 to solve this problem.
		Copernican Technologies introduced Boswell at MacWorld 2000 as a Beta release.
		Copernican Technologies is proud to announce the release of Boswell 3.1, a Mac OS X application that will also run on OS 9.
	www.copernican-tech.com /html/history.html (254 words)

	Ptolemiac & Copernican Equivalence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In the Copernican hypothesis, O is the sun, B the earth--which revolves through any angle COB--and D is a planet which in the same period revolves through angle COD.
		The Copernican representation is similar to that above, with the sun at 0, earth at B, planet at D, and the position given by line BD.
		In the Ptolemaic scheme the central earth is at 0, the sun at A, and the center of the planet's epicycle is on radius AO.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0052_ptolemiacCopernicanEquiv.html (425 words)

	Was the Copernican Revolution truly revolutionary?
		Copernican revolution was only given its name many years after the 'revolution' had taken place, and this is due to the fact that it took a lot of time to prove Copernicus'; theories to be true.
		The reason it was eventually given a title as an important event was because Copernicus was in fact correct all along with his theory of the heliocentric cosmos.
		So the Copernican revolution could not have even occurred if we see Aristarchus as the detector of the heliocentric cosmos, which tells us that the Copernican Revolution was not actually a revolution.
	www.coursework.info /i/23734.html (392 words)

	The Galileo Project \| Biography \| Inquisition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A committee of consultants declared to the Inquisition that the Copernican proposition that the Sun is the center of the universe was a heresy.
		Because Galileo supported the Copernican system, he was warned by Cardinal Bellarmine, under order of Pope Paul V, that he should not discuss or defend Copernican theories.
		In 1624, Galileo was assured by Pope Urban VIII that he could write about Copernican theory as long as he treated it as a mathematical proposition.
	galileo.rice.edu /bio/narrative_7.html (220 words)

	copernican (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Copernican System, systematic explanation of the movement of the planets around the sun; advanced in 1543 by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus.
		The Copernican system advanced the theories that the earth and the planets are all revolving in orbits around the sun, and that the earth is spinning on its north-south axis from west to east at the rate of one rotation per day.
		The Copernican system first described the precession of the equinoxes (see Ecliptic) but did not explain it.
	web.bryant.edu /~history/h453proj/spring_00/aaf1/copernican.html (204 words)

	science1.html
		He drew attention to the fact that even the geometric points employed in the diagram (slides 6and7) preserved in the Copernican works were phonetically identical to the same geometric points used in the diagram employed by Tusi three centuries earlier.
		But one should also equally hasten to say that Copernican heliocentrism is itself stressed (in a hindsight fashion) at the expense of the mathematical foundations of Copernican astronomy, foundations that Copernicus developed and used before he took the last step of displacing the center of the universe from the earth to the sun.
		It may be useful to stress here as well that this shift in the Copernican system from the earth to the sun makes no cosmological sense at the time of Copernicus, particularly because there was no theory of universal gravitation to account for the cosmological viability of such a system.
	www.columbia.edu /~gas1/project/visions/case1/sci.2.html (2707 words)

	washingtonpost.com: A Copernican Foreign Policy
		But we should consider the need for a Copernican revolution in the way we think about America and the world.
		As students of history recall, the 16th century Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus shattered conventional wisdom when he argued that Earth is not at the center of the solar system but is one of many planets revolving around the sun.
		He understands that however powerful and important the United States may be, it isn't the fixed center of the world.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A1334-2004Sep6?language=printer (783 words)

	Galileo's Considerations on the Copernican Opinion (1615) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If we reflect carefully, we find that there is more value in the authority of a single person who follows the Copernican opinion than in that of one hundred others who hold the contrary, since those who are persuaded of the truth of the Copernican system were in the beginning all very opposed.
		Therefore, given that absolutely no one can be dissuaded from the first idea by fallacious reasons, it follows as a necessary consequence that, if anyone is persuaded of the contrary of what he previously believed, the reasons arc persuasive and true.
		Therefore, it is true both that these reasons are effective and that the opinion does not deserve the label of ridiculous but the label of worthy of being very carefully considered and pondered.
	www.marxists.org /reference/subject/philosophy/works/it/galileo.htm (4480 words)

	'Elements of Grace' and 'Copernican Notes'
		Copernican Notes is a suite of multiple plate etchings in which text and diagrams from Copernicus' On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres (1543) are overlaid upon photographic images of moving figures.
		These etchings work particularly well in illustrating a real relationship between a mathematical abstraction and the workings of the human body, while others are less closely allusive, less layered - an apparently superficial similarity between a curve and a mouth, for example: the Platonic mathematical form echoed with human imperfection.
		The plate etchings within Copernican Notes copy facsimile pages from the manuscript of De Revolutionibus Caelestibus (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) by Nicholaus Copernicus, and superimpose them on blurred, shadowy photos of human bodies in motion, then in addition superimposing on both etched circles and orbits.
	plus.maths.org /issue22/reviews/exhibition1/index.html (1058 words)

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